OLOGY [Bull. 170

1can 7. MARINE-NONMARINE RELATIONSHIPS IN THE CENOZOIC SECTION OF CALIFORNIA* .c, Childs, 1921, op. cit. BY J. WYATT DURHAM,t RICHARD H . JAHNS, t ltz, J. R., 1037, A late Cenozoic vertebrate fauna from the Coso Mountains, AND DONALD E . SAVAGE§ yo County, California : Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. No. 487, pp. 75-109. INTRODUCTION Latest Highly fossiliferous marine sediments of Cenozoic age are widely 1gtonian 111•', 1' k, Childs, 1921, op. cit. distributed in the coastal parts of central and southern California, C'_q·,~/, FR E Pleistocene flora from the asphalt land. Even more widespread are nonmarine, chiefly terrestrial, ) •'8 1'/ ' posits at Carpinteria, California: Carnegie Inst. 'Vnshington Pub. No. 415, sequences of Cenozoic strata, many of which contain vertebrate .\)~ I N Y 0 . 4u-79. faunas characterized by a dominance of mammalian forms. These

•A contribution from the Museum of Paleontology of the University of California, Berkeley ; Contribution No. 664, Division of the Geological Sciences, California Institute of Technology. t Professor of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley. t Professor of Geology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena. § Assistant Professor of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley.

( 59) 60 HISTORICAL GEOLOGY [Bull. 170 Chapt. III] CENOZOIC MARINE-NONMARINE RI

.c .c i 8_ Pacific Coast i 8. Pacific Coast S D . .2 u o u an 1ego Los Angeles ~ g microfounal ~ g meoafounol j Ventura County San Luis Obispo West side of Kern County County ~~ stage 8~ "staoe County County San Joaquin Valley ~ ~ 6t- I.LI Upper ,_6 LLI "Upp er • ' . ",. Posandl o1 4Vemar• d• n:•e~) X1 ~~ Hollian 1-- ~~ ~x x 1 SAN PEDRO ct. u Lower ~o "Lower• PLE ISTOC ENE un I Xi AREA Wheelerion --- LLI Son Joaquin PLI OCE NE LA~ , r~~AS PL;~~~~~~ ~E ______

~ Venturion ~ Etcheooin VENTURA ~ g AREA 3 Repettian · ~ Jocolitos ~ Jocolitos 0.. I PLIO~N~ fm lmorine) / J MIOCENE -- Chcnoc Im ~ x Sonia I X t--_J Neroly C0$1!l ., ~~;~~,~- .. ~ I/ Fta x\ Morqorilo SOUTH l"Modek tmoru1e1 ~";,:-"'I.no,... -<;; ,,; Delmont ion i---- fm. lmorinel COALING, Puen te 11 Im Post~~ - ~""'' ~ Temblor D ----' OISTRICl Cierbo Im (mon111 11 lmor1ne) CROCKER Moocopo m:~I;: -s I ~1 SPRINGS J-....--. Moocopo Mohnion --- LtJz ~ T shale Ix • shale IX ___ I emblor· (mo 1nly lmorinel ------i LLI Monterey monnel 'I ~ 11-_L_u_is_ia_n_---t g Temblor beds (monne PUENTE HILLS TE JON CAM MATTA ~ Relizian / ~ Vaqueros ~queros Vaqueros HILLS RANCH Im (CO MM AT Tl) tmor1nel i I Vaqueros :-- ~' -~: lm.lmodnel ~, ~l: I L___ 11 OUATAL ANO APACHE Soucesion I / t-- Blakeley M 10CEN E. l I _ _ espe CANYONS , OLIGOCENE XI Im (UPPER MIOCENE CUYAMA OLIGOCENE ~ I ~ DRAINAGE) \ / ~ t-----4 s.... ~ 1 \ Zemorrion o '"'· SOUTH gUJ ~ Lincoln MOUNTAI N Sespe -z ~ Im. 6 ~ Refu9ion ° Sue>• x ...... _ OLIGOCENE hn. X - ~~ EOCENE -- XI OLJ§.Qgfil Keasey ------EOCENE I ? ? I xi h?---l xl Coldwoler sandstone Tejon ~ ~ SES PE ~ ~ Llojo1fm I O?? CREEK u.i H---1 w "Transition and 1oun9er c · -:...._·~ g g Eoctn• bed1 Llojos EX PLANA T ION W w . MISSION (morine) m. (morine) Oomengine SAN DIEGO -- Section oroken within o for motion -1 Pos1i. ons ot 1euestriot verlebfoles w1th1n sechon LAS POSAS NORTH SI OE HILLS SIMI VALLEY ~ ~ General pos111on of ve rretirore ossembloqe m lerms 1...,--- of the vertebrate chrono109y shown of r19hl on lhe chart Cop a~ I .;.-- Unconformity w1thm section Formolion boundary w1th1n section EOCENE r --- PAi£OCEN£ --- unconformity represenhrMJ mo1or time ntervol I ~ Meoonos Formation boundary w1thm section, opproxrmately I --- IOCoted . B --- Section broken al formo11on boundary ~---- Ver11col pos 111ons ol formot1ons 1n section ore shown gn ---1 1n lerms ol mverlebrote megolouool sequence ~ ~ Formo11ons ore nonmorme unless otherwise designated ':. ~ I Martinez . vertical spocmg of Terl1ory chronolo91c units s based on es11mo1ed durohons 1n years The Pleistocene epoch 1s orb1trorily expanded

FIGURE 2. Summary of Cenozoic marine-nonmarine relationships in California, showing ,·urious correhttions of microfuunal, megufoull lid IPrrestrinl \'ertehrate occurrences with the }Juropean reference section. Based ii 1 :::ltirton ( llKil), 1her8 noted in tPxt. OLOGY [Bull. 170 Chapt. III] CENOZOIC MARINE- NONMARINE RELATIONSHIPS-DURHAM, JAHNS, AND SAVAGE 61

North u "0" European Los Angeles West side of Son Francisco Amedcon Ventura County r Son Luis Obispo I provincia l ~~ reference Kern County o; c County ages section County Son Joaquin Valley Boy area ~~ (terrestrial oo; (stages) vertebrates) ~ Po1osverd 1 s~ X1 i-- 6 sond 1morin1) Ro ncholobrean .... .,, SAN PEDRO

~ Vert ica l spacing of Tertiary chronolog1c units •S based on Drogonion I ""~ esh moted durations in years The Pl eis tocene epoch is Monti on orb1trorily expanded_

Puercon foe relationships in California, showing variom; correlatiom; of microfuunal, megafllullfud tnrt>strial ,·ertehrutt> occurrences with the }Juropean reference section. Based in part upon data from 'Veaver, et al. (1944), Simpson (1947), l::!tirton ( llJal)' •l1hers noted in !Pxt. Chapt. III] CENOZOIC MARINE-NONMARINE RE: 62 HISTORICAL GEOLOGY [Bull. 170 GENERAL FEATURES OF CORRELATION Two chronologies are now in common use in the Cenozoic ma sections of California. One chronology is based on '' metazoans,' more familiarly '' megafossils,'' and has been used as a stanc in the correlation chart of Weaver, et al. ( 1944). This chronolog based on the distribution of megafossil faunas within format Q; c and sequences of formations, and has evolved in a rather hapha: ::J 0 .,N c O been called stages and are based on the faunas of well known of present exposure presumably characteristic formations. Each stage is named after x x x x x x x x 6000 presumed typical formation; thus, for example, the "Vaqu x x x x x x stage" has been conceived from the "Vaqueros fauna" of 5000 ..,CD x Upper gray member x Vaqueros formation. Mint Canyon fm . x ;! x x x 4000 -., ~ The other marine chronology is based on distribution of For nifera in continuous sections (see, for example, Kleinpell, H • -.. -c • • Mint Canyon fm. • • 3000 c :: The units of this microfaunal chronology also are termed stages, '~ - -,"""',-/-.,,.,../ ..~7;,. ... )!,./) ,; , '-' !...~\1~\./,,'l:r):">~~,',\1,,\- '(-'~i'~'-,' 1\...... t'(.,-1 o variegated member • ·- ., 1 0 ., ii. -...~·\'..:"~1, .... ~,:,-,,":.. l'i... ..!').--; r<~' 1,,,,_,_,,-;1.... -;:..,/,,.... v~tL;IL.1(_' A-;v... r~'.!?.(-~:: ·.· -. o • \ ._ ·. o . . -:--:--==-----=----;:;-;:;;-----;-;::;;-;;;;;:;;;---;;;~ 2000 0 :! their names are not based on formational units. The studies lea ~-'1,.!..... ~1.- , ... , ~.'!,'!.-r; ...:--,.. /~ \ -/-:'~;-1_•~,"-,- ~',,1) ,-, .... ,1( L-,-,~/~-.... ,.,..,,. ...!-l.', .6 a\ " () - ·. . . \ . . . . • Tick • Canyon fm. • u 11 1 0 to the proposal of the various microfaunal stages have all ~~1-;.,,i,,/..!.~: Crystalline "basement" rocks :,t ...... 1/\,,.7-.,,1.... 11-\-'-',-,1~'-tf" · · .\ ' . . · . ', \Q\ ·\ ." \ ' \., 1 1',f°i'~7._l5'7..1'!_',?/<~l:...;((,,')!.,;l,_~\j/l~-...!,.."j.!..~,'1-:/~r~I\"/~>)_.:-\/~+ l~,.5,:::1,..:::i;~t~\-f 1 ~ ~ : \)j~/"1-\;-~ \~\/""'/ made within the last 25 years, and have resulted in a care '. /~t:_,'1'1'2/?,'i:1;::.~!,~f~\-~~~ll}:-,,?,,~\;1~~1b'/J~~,~1~'2'~~,'(,(1'...~)~~(\~~{~~'i)~,, •.a. a\ ·. o \~a.squez, .tm. \ ..\ .. ·. o .. o \o., .'\o·. <·' ~· .' S'.:cry;iOui~S ',~cf2 1000 -~ : 1 ~ 0 9 ., disciplined chronology applicable to beds that contain Foramini \1 ::;~ 1,!..1~~'[:~1!.-~:! ... l'-;. 1 .!.. -::, 1 ~ ...;.,.=--,~1~1;--'_/~ 1 .... ,,,::::1,-;\~1;-\:.... ;&'i',)'{/.... 'iJ' o·. &'. o\~. • . ·. ·\C ·\·· •, ·. \·\· • \.. '. ' \'~,-,-;.·•basement' : .:!..-~ .., 0 >- ~l/N~~:r,,~!;,~!.\f..!'< .. ·/~fQ~,::,'~)~,,,.>,'(~!;~/',,~ ... :,5~~~-...'.t-,)/ ... ,,'!..\... '-1'~~;:(-\,'~~,;l1 o' b .o o, ' ... b, ·. ' .. " ·. o. oo ' , . c . ,'· t~~~-;.,/,o,c~s, .i::.(~£ WEST ---l~'.-.....,- ... -:-'.\_- ...... -"".' ...... -\-\~--.-/\\_,-..._,_\..,,1,,1,..~... ~"".""'1-:""_-~l, ..... ,.... _,,_ o · · · 11 o• ' <:. I/ ...... - 1 -\.1~1..-_,/ The widely used mammalian chronology that has been appfa EAST terrestrial strata in North America comprises basic units that 0 1/2 I 2 been termed ''provincial ages.'' These provincial ages have Horizontal sca·1e in miles assigned epochal positions in the Lyellian chronology (i.e., refe1 to epochs such as Eocene or Oligocene); these positions do not i Prepared by Positions of Upper Mint Canyon fauna (or faunas) in all instances with the epochal positions assigned to correl R.H. Johns terrestrial verte­ 1952-1954 Lower Mint Canyon fauna intervals on the basis of invertebrate fossil assemblages, and v brates within {: Tick Canyon fauna brate paleontologists differ as to the extent of the disagreer section. Some lack of correspondence certainly exists, however, and for l<'IGURE 3. Diagrammatic section showing relations of stratigraphic units, vertebrate faunas, and occurrences of specifically identifiable fossils in the Tick Canron, Mint Canyon, and associated formations of the Soledad basin. reason discrepant age assignments commonly are given to the formations by the invertebrate and the vertebrate paleontolo1 as noted for several California occurrences in the following sec of this paper. \Vhen these discrepant epochal assignments are lyzed, however, they may be found to refer to the same "absol age. It is to be hoped that, in the future, vertebrate and invertel -=· paleontologists can agree on identical boundaries for the LyE epochs. Lyellian dating of Pacific Coast Cenozoic strata involves rep1 reference to, and comparison with, the type Eurgpean sectim the Tertiary as defined by Lyell and Deshayes. This immedi raises certain complications, in part because the types of the va ,• series do not occur in superposition and thus their boundarie1 not adequately controlled, and in part because there is disagree among geologists and paleontologists with respect to the posi and relative ages of vertebrate and invertebrate fossils in ce parts of the European section. Chapt. III] CENOZOIC MARINE-NONMARINE RELATIONSHIPS-DURHAM, JAHNS, AND SAVAGE 63 )LOGY [Bull. 170 GENERAL FEATURES OF CORRELATION Many investigators believe that the mammalian geochronology, Two chronologies are now in common use in the Cenozoic marine based on the common occurrence of mammalian genera in different sections of California. One chronology is based on '' metazoans, '' or continental areas, offers the greatest possibilities for refinement in more familiarly '' megafossils,'' and has been used as a standard Cenozoic intercontinental correlations. This view is founded mainly in the correlation chart of Weaver, et al. ( 1944). This chronology is upon the following premises : based on the distribution of megafossil faunas within formations 1. Mammalian genera that at present are considered significant to intercon­ and sequences of formations, and has evolved in a rather haphazard tinental correlation are characterized by limited chronologie ranges in comparison G; c N to similarly widespread genera of other groups of animals in the Cenozoic. ::> 0 .. c CT >- ::> 0 and undisciplined manner. The units within the chronology have ::> c CT >- 2. Genera of restricted chronologic range are found in both Europe and Cali­ 0 0 .. c 0 0 been called stages and are based on the faunas of well known and fornia. m <.> > <.> present exposure presumably characteristic formations. Each stage is named after the 3. These genera were able to disperse and migrate in a manner relatively x f-6000 independent of environmental control as compared to most other organisms. K X presumed typical formation; thus, for example, the "Vaqueros x stage'' has been conceived from the ''Vaqueros fauna'' of the 4. The critical mammalian genera moved rapidly enough so that the lag of x f-5000 .: time in their dispersal and the time differential of their appearance on different member x Vaqueros formation. continents (homota:ris) are insignificant in time-stratigraphic terms of stage-age ~ magnitude. x x 4000 - ~ The other marine chronology is based on distribution of Forami­ • ..., -c nifera in continuous sections (see, for example, Kleinpell, 1938). Others argue that inter-continental migrations of mammalian >-3000 -c .. • • ·- ~ The units of this microfaunal chronology also are termed stages, but genera can be effectively blocked by narrow marine barriers for • Lower voriegated member " Q. a . • >-2000 g ~ their names are not based on formational units. The studies leading epochs of geologic time, and hence that a complete and accurate to the proposal of the various microfaunal stages have all been \'. ·., Q"\. ', "· '. .. \··\ ·. • , 0 0 • Tick • Canyon fm. • .. -0 record of land connections might be critical in evaluating certain . . ' ' . . . , o , ~' a .. o ' ' . I ,-1 - c · fm · '\·\" ·' '"''\ ··''- ,ll· /1-\1-..1,_,,,, f-1000 ~ : made within the last 25 years, and have resulted in a carefully I) asquez • ' ' D • \ . 0 . 0 . I-;,.1 \' \ -· ,,..., ....., / - '-1 differences in mammalian forms on different continents. Knowledge 1 · · o • · ' · ·. · o ,; · '\. ' ·'- 0 • • .,,~Cry.stalline -:_1-::, ..~ ..,0 disciplined chronology applicable to beds that contain Foraminifera. . . .. , · \' • . , .. \·. \ • .. . \ ." .· . · \,•. l.'..,-,~"basemenl"·1-',,- "'- f-0 >- of the geography and chronology of such connections is still far 1 ', •. ·\' · ,. · . ·.o ,o 0 ,· t::i• ,. t,...<- ...... :. rocks .. ;./;~- 1 1 The widely used mammalian chronology that has been applied to ~ . o 0 o • ' 't>' . · 1 from complete, but points 1 and 2 above would suggest that this li' !.)/'., !i'J.,1.\i'-J"?/<"i~ EAST w terrestrial strata in North America comprises basic units that have difficulty need not be a serious one. It also is argued that the 2 I been termed ''provincial ages. '' These provincial ages have been epochal boundaries in the marine section commonly correspond to les assigned epochal positions in the Lyellian chronology (i.e., reference major episodes of tectonic activity, and hence constitute logical to epochs such as Eocene or Oligocene) ; these positions do not agree breaks in the sequence, but the available data suggest that this , fauna (or faunas) in all instances with the epochal positions assigned to correlative concept is considerably over-simplified. i fauna intervals on the basis of invertebrate fossil assemblages, and verte­ It cannot be denied that marine invertebrate fossils ordinarily brate paleontologists differ as to the extent of the disagreement. are much more abundant and widespread than terrestrial vertebrate Some lark of correspondence certainly exists, however, and for this fossils, but this oft-repeated point has little real bearing on the basic mas, and occurrences of specifically identifiable fossils in the Tick Can~·on, ~ reason discrepant age assignments commonly are given to the same problem in a region where fossiliferous marine and nonmarine strata formations by the invertebrate and the vertebrate paleontologists, appear in various parts of the same section. In California, for ex­ as noted for several California occurrences in the following sections ample, there is no lack of marine-nonmarine tie-ins within the of this paper. 'Vhen these discrepant epochal assignments are ana­ lyzed, however, they may be found to refer to the same "absolute" upper Miocene-lower Pliocene part of the section, where the most vexing discrepancies between vertebrate and invertebrate dating age. It is to be hoped that, in the future, vertebrate and invertebrate occur. Thus it should be quite feasible to bring the Lyellian epochs ;- paleontologists can agree on identical boundaries for the Lyellian epochs. of the marine invertebrate chronology into adjustment with those of Lyellian dating of Pacific Coast Cenozoic strata involves repeated the mammalian chronology, especially if paleontologists can reach reference to, and comparison with, the type Eur9pean sections of agreement as to the positions of the epochal boundaries in the type the Tertiary as defined by Lyell and Deshayes. This immediately areas of Europe. raises certain complications, in part because the types of the various It is not the purpose of this paper to recommend specific adjust­ , series do not occur in superposition and thus their boundaries are ments between the vertebrate and invertebrate chronologies, but it not adequately controlled, and in part because there is disagreement does seem desirable to indicate the position and magnitude of some among geologists and paleontologists with respect to the positions of the discrepancies that are known to exist. These are summarized and relative ages of vertebrate and invertebrate fossils in certain graphically in figure 2, which indicates the stratigraphic and paleon­ parts of the European section. tologic relationships in 20 areas of Cenozoic rocks in California.

' 64 HISTORICAL GEOLOGY [Bull. 170 Chapt. III] CENOZOIC MARINE-NONMARINE RE

The vertical positions of the rock units in each area are plotted in brontothere (" titanothere "), and an amynodont rhinoceros. The 1932a), but in places the two formations appear to be conform accordance with the invertebrate megafaunal sequence, which is total aspect of the assemblage indicates that it is in about the same (Stipp, 1943). According to Lai ming ( 1941), the youngest ma shown on the left-hand side of the chart. The occurrences of terres­ stage of evolution as the W agonhound fauna of the Rocky Mountain beds of the Llajas are to be referred to his B-lA zone, which is ei trial vertebrate fossils within each section are shown as accurately region, Uintan provincial age (late Eocene), although there are .no late Domengine or ''Transition'' age in the megafaunal seqm as possible, and the adjacent vertical bars indicate the positions of species in common (except possibly one) between the two areas. The Tapo Ranch fossil vertebrates constitute the earliest n these assemblages in terms of a vertebrate chronology that is em­ Four genera of carnivores are common to Europe and North America malian assemblage known from the Sespe formation, and are ployed by many, though not all, vertebrate paleontologists. This in late Eocene time, but none of these has yet been found in the sidered to be of about the same age or a little younger than chronology is shown on the right-hand side of the chart. Thus any Poway beds; hence, no direct comparison with Europe is possible. Poway fauna. Two faunal stages are recognized (Stock, 1934: discrepancy between the invertebrate and vertebrate scales is re­ The Poway fauna must be compared with the early faunas of the 150; 1934b, p. 349) from the fossiliferous part of the Tapo R. flected by a difference between the vertical position of that part of Sespe formation or with the Uinta faunas, which in turn are sug­ section. A part of the assemblage is Uintan (late Eocene) , ar the rock unit in which the vertebrates are found and the position gested to be contemporaneous with the European mammals reported thought to be contemporaneous with the Myton fauna (Uintf of the bar corresponding to the vertebrate assemblage in question. to represent the Bartonian or Ludian stages. The position of the of Utah. Species of l'iverravus and Miacis( Y), two-carnivores, Boundaries between Lyellian epochs are indicated by horizontal Poway mammals with respect to the invertebrates recorded from a means of comparison with species of these genera reported : lines across the chart except in the instance of the Miocene-Pliocene the formation by Hanna (1927b), Dusenbury (1932), and· Cushman deposits of the Ludian stage, from the type area of the Eocer boundary, which is at different levels in the vertebrate and inverte­ and Dusenbury (1934) is not clear, but examination of Hanna's France, although the Ludian may be younger than Uintan. A brate sequences that are shown. This conflicting boundary assign­ map (1927a) would suggest that the brontothere was obtained from tinctly younger part of the assemblage seems to correspond tc ment arises because the vertebrate-bearing rocks assigned to the about the same stratigraphic position as Dusenbury's faunule. On fauna from deposits that overlie the Upper Uinta (Uinta C) s1 Pontian and Sarmatian of Europe, which commonly are regarded the basis of the meager data now available, the relative stratigraphic of the Uinta Basin (Stock, 1932a, p. 523; 1934e, p. 625 ) , and h as equivalents of the Hemphillian, Clarendonian, Nerol~T' Cierbo, positions of the other mammal occurrences are uncertain. is probably Duchesneau (latest Eocene). and Delmontian (fig. 2 ), do not occur in the type areas of the According to the chart in Weaver, et al. (1944), as well as the Although the position of this uppermost Eocene fauna is Miocene and Pliocene section in Europe and were not included in investigators listed above, the marine fossiliferous part of the Poway patible with that of the invertebrate fauna of the underlying mi the type description. Assignment of the Pontian and Sarmat\an conglomerate is to be correlated with the Tejon stage. This is about strata, complications with respect to the Duchesneau are recog1 (or their subdivisions or correlatives) to an epochal position has early upper Eocene in local terminology, and is considered equiva­ in other regions. As pointed out by G. E. Lewis (personal comn varied chiefly according to the paleontologic discipline involved. lent to the Bartonian stage of Europe as shown in the Weaver cation ), N otiotitanops, a titanothere found in situ in the Li In the mammalian chronology, Pontian and Sarmatian correlatives chart. Cushman and Dusenbury (1934) also correlate their foram­ formation of the middle Claiborne group in Mississippi, is clos often have been placed in the Pliocene, whereas in the marine iniferal faunule with the upper Claiborne faunas of the Gulf Teleorodents, a underlying marine Llajas formation by an erosion interval (Stock, on Santa Paula Creek, indicating a Tejon age, but Clements (J 1LOGY [Bull. 170 Chapt. III] CENOZOIC MARINE-NONMARINE RELATIONSHIPS-DURHAM, JAHNS, AND SAVAGE 65 tothere (" titanothere "), and an amynodont rhinoceros. The 1932a), but in places the two formations appear to be conformable and others have stated that the Sespe formation rests unconformably aspect of the assemblage indicates that it is in about the same (Stipp, 1943). According to Laiming (1941), the youngest marine on the Coldwater sandstone. Thus evaluation of the age relationships · of evolution as the W agonhound fauna of the Rocky Mountain beds of the Llajas are to be referred to his B-lA zone, which is either is somewhat uncertain, except that the Sespe of the type area is •n, Uintan provincial age (late Eocene), although there are .no late Domengine or ''Transition'' age in the megafaunal sequence. younger than the Coldwater sandstone. es in common (except possibly one) between the two areas. The Tapo Ranch fossil vertebrates constitute the earliest mam­ In the South Mountain area, about 20 miles southeast of the type · genera of carnivores are common to Europe and North America malian assemblage known from the Sespe formation, and are con­ Sespe area, a few mammals have been found in the Sespe formation .te Eocene time, but none of these has yet been found in the sidered to be of about the same age or a little younger than the between 400 and 2,000 feet beneath its contact with the conformably ty beds; hence, no direct comparison with Europe is possible. Poway fauna. Two faunal stages are recognized (Stock, 1934a, p. overlying marine Vaqueros formation. These mammals include oreo­ Poway fauna must be compared with the early faunas of the 150; 1934b, p. 349) from the fossiliferous part of the Tapo Ranch donts and rodents (Stock, 1934d), and are considered to be of prob­ e formation or with the Uinta faunas, which in turn are sug­ section. A part of the assemblage is Uintan (late Eocene), and is able Arikareean age (early Miocene). The overlying Vaqueros for­ d to be contemporaneous with the European mammals reported thought to be contemporaneous. with the Myton fauna (Uinta C) mation in this area is considered to represent the "lower" Vaqueros :present the Bartonian or Ludian stages. The position of the of Utah. Species of Viverravus and Miacis( Y), two carnivores, offer by I_Joel and Corey ( 1932, correlation table). ty mammals with respect to the invertebrates recorded from a means of comparison with species of these genera reported from Fossil vertebrates also have been obtained from the upper part ormation by Hanna (1927b), Dusenbury (1932), and Cushman deposits of the Ludian stage, from the type area of the Eocene in Dusenbury (1934) is not clear, but examination of Hanna's of the Sespe formation in the Las Posas Hills, approximately 6 miles France, although the Ludian may be younger than Uintan. A dis­ south-southeast of the South Mountain area (fig. 1). An erosional (1927a) would suggest that the brontothere was obtained from tinctly younger part of the assemblage seems to correspond to the t the same stratigraphic position as Dusenbury's faunule. On break separates the terrestrial beds from overlying marine strata fauna from deposits that overlie the Upper Uinta (Uinta C) strata of Miocene age (fig. 2). The fauna, which is large and includes much •asis of the meager data now available, the relative stratigraphic of the Uinta Basin (Stock, 1932a, p. 523; 1934e, p. 625), and hence ions of the other mammal occurrences are uncertain. relatively complete material, is wholly different from the other Sespe is probably Duchesneau (latest Eocene). faunas (Stock, 1933a, b, 1935c; Wilson, 1949b). The rhinoceroses, :cording to the chart in Weaver, et al. (1944), as well as the Although the position of this uppermost Eocene fauna is com­ horses, camels, carnivores, rodents, and other forms are represented, 1tigators listed above, the marine fossiliferous part of the Poway patible with that of the invertebrate fauna of the underlying marine but oreodonts are absent. Although the fauna can be correlated in lomerate is to be corr-elated with the Tejon stage. This is about strata, complications with respect to the Duchesneau are recognized a general way with that from the lowest fossiliferous beds of the upper Eocene in local terminology, and is considered equiva­ in other regions. As pointed out by G. E. Lewis (personal communi­ Sespe formation at South Mountain (Stock, 1934d, p. 523), it ap­ to the Bartonian stage of Europe as shown in the Weaver cation), N otiotitanops, a titanothere found in situ in the Lisbon pears to be Whitneyan (late Oligocene), rather than Arikareean ;. Cushman and Dusenbury (1934) also correlate their foram­ formation of the middle Claiborne group in Mississippi. is closer to (early Miocene), in age (Stock, 1933a, pp. 26-27; 1933b, p. 31; ral faunule with the upper Claiborne faunas of the Gulf Teleodus of the Chadron and Duchesne River assemblages than to Wilson, 1949b, p. 63). t. According to the correlation chart of the Gulf Coast region any other genus, although there are resemblances to Diplacodon, ke, et al., 1943), the upper Claiborne is about equivalent to Prot1:tanotheriiurn, and Eotitanotheriurn of the Uinta (Gazin and Tecuya Formation. At Tecuya Creek, about 40 miles north of the \.uversian stage (next older stage than Bartonian) of Europe. Sullivan, 19-12). The marine Lisbon formation, however, is gener­ South Mountain area (fig. 1), a fauna of Arikareean age occurs in he other hand, the middle Claiborne has yielded a titanothere ally regarded as a correlative of the Lutetian stage, or distinctly red beds of the Tecuya formation on the north side of the Tehachapi :e Uintan to Duchesneau type ( Gazin and Sullivan, 1942), which older in terms of the European reference section (fig. 2). Mountains (Stock, 1920, 1932c). The fauna includes squirrel, rhi­ s some complications (fig. 2). It would appear that there is noceros, oreodont, dog, and a small deer-like animal. According to The upper part of the Sespe section on the north side of Simi ml but not precise agreement that the age of at least a part the available evidence, the Tecuya beds both underlie and inter­ Valley has yielded a sparse vertebrate fauna that includes Arcl111eo­ e Poway conglomerate is about early upper Eocene. finger with strata of the Vaqueros formation (fig. 2). Loel and -Corey lagns (?) and a leptauchenid (Wilson, 19-19b). These forms, which ( 1932, correlation table) regard the Vaqueros formation of this area ~pe Formation. The Sespe formation, which is widely dis­ are regarded as Arikareean (early l\Iiocene) in age, occur strati­ -. as considerably younger than the basal Vaqueros at South Mountain, ted in parts of the Transverse Range and Peninsular Range graphically belo"· an interfingering contact between the Sespe strata and consider it to represent their "upper" Vaqueros. mces of southern California, has yielded vertebrate faunas of and overlying marine Vaqueros strata (fig. 2), and hence are in al different ages. The Tapo Ranch faunas of Stock (1934a, b, c) reasonably good agreement with the mega-i1iyertPbrate chronology. Thus in two places, South Mountain and Tecuya Creek, terrestrial beds that lie beneath the Vaqueros formation are dated as lower Wilson ( 1940a, c; 1949a, c) are contained in the lower half of Stock ( 1938b) described Tcleodus, a brontothere, from thr type Miocene in the vertebrate chronology, although it is well to note that ,400 feet of sediments referred to the Sespe in the Simi Valley Sespe formation of Sespe Creek, north of Ventura (fig. l). This the Aquitanian stage of Europe, with which the lower Arikareean sprcimrn is dated as Duchesneau (latest Eocene), and it was found (fig. 2), and mammals of this fauna occur between 1,830 feet is correlated (Simpson, 194 7), is not contained in Lyell's type Mio­ 400 feet to 700 feet above the Coldwater sandstone (fig. 2) . The J,270 feet above the base of the formation (Stock, 1932a). Here cene, and that it has been considered as part of the upper Oligocene 10nmarine Sespe section is reported to be separated from the paleontological collections of the University of California contain specimens of Turritella m:asana sargeanti from the Coldwater strata by some investigators. If the vertebrate evidence is significant, it rlying marine Llajas formation by an erosion interval (Stock, on Santa Paula Creek, indicating a Tejon age, but Clements (1943) would appear that the Vaqueros "stage" must be at least in part a 66 HISTORICAL GEOLOGY [Bull. 170 Chapt. III] CENOZOIC MARINE-NONMARINE RE: correlative of the upper Aquitanian or perhaps even the lower Bur­ which it occurs are now included in the Tick Canyon formation, faunal successions, which is fundamental to correlation of t digalian of Europe. This contrasts with the correlation indicated for which is separated by a slight erosional break from the overlying chronologies with the Lyellian epochs. The problem is summar the "micro" classification in the chart of Weaver, et al. (1944), Mint Canyon formation as redefined (Jahns, 1940, pp. 163-166). in figure 4, in which the positions of the Mint Canyon forma where the Vaqueros is indicated as being at least in part as old as Further study has shown that at least two distinct vertebrate and overlying marine strata are plotted, according to each of the Rupelian stage of Europe. faunas are present in the Mint Canyon formation as now restricted. chronologies, with respect to a horizontal line denoting the Mioc Nonmarine Beds of the Caliente Range. From the Caliente The older of these is in large part undescribed, so far as the pub­ Pliocene boundary. Range, near the southeast corner of San Luis Obispo County (fig. lished record is concerned. It occurs in the lower one-fourth to one­ Puente Formation. Somewhat similar problems of dating half of the formation, which is characterized by relatively fine­ 1), Dougherty ( 1940) has described land mammals that occur in a posed by oceurrenees of fossil mammals in the marine Puente fo· thick section of nonmarine beds. After detailed study of the inter­ grained and variegated strata (fig. 3). Fossil material from the tion of the Puente Hills, in southeastern IJos Angeles County Bouquet Canyon and San Francisquito Canyon areas includes rep­ grading relationships between marine and nonmarine sediments in 1). These scattered remains include Hipparion, and may occt this area, he concluded that the fossiliferous beds are at the same or resentatives of the horses, rhinoceroses, camels, antelopes, and carni­ strata that contain a lower Mohnian microfauna. There appea· at a slightly lower stratigraphic level than rocks corresponding to the vores, and corresponds very closely to the assemblage from the Bar­ be some doubt, however, as to the true stratigraphic relatiorn stow formation of the Mojave Desert region. Thus the lower part upper part of the Relizian stage, and that they are to be correlated of the only definitive vertebrate material, a horse tooth. with the uppermost type Temblor formation and with a part of of the Mint Canyon formation is Barstovian, or late Miocene, in the overlying Gould shale (fig. 2). Much of the mammalian assem­ age (fig. 2). Maricopa Shale. A thick section of Maricopa shale, in v blage described by Dougherty is characteristic of Hemingfordian The younger mammalian material in the Mint Canyon formation, fossiliferous nonmarine strata are present, is well exposed in Q· (mid-Miocene) faunas, but other parts of the assemblage may be Bar­ which occurs in an upper sequence of coarse-grained, prevailingly and Apache Canyons, in the upper part of the Cuyama River d stovian (late Miocene) or :munger. Indeed, the antilocaprid found light-colored strata (fig. 3), may comprise two faunas of differing age near the northwest corner of Ventura County (fig. 1) . highest in the section at Padrones Spring (Calif. Inst. Tech. Loe. ages. It includes a Hipparion very similar to a well-known species vertebrate assemblage includes horses, oreodonts, a camel, a rr 170 and Univ. California Mus. Paleo. Loe. V2704) is a type that from the Ricardo fauna of the Mojave Desert region. This is a horse dont, a carnivore, rodents, and birds, and in part appears to · might be dated as not older than Clarendonian (early Pliocene). with higher-crowned teeth as compared to 1lferychippus of the Bar­ Barstovian age. It is distinctly younger than the fauna oJ The nonmarine sediments of the Caliente Mountains area appear to stow formation. Largely on the basis of this horse, the upper part Tecuya formation, and perhaps is in part of the same age a represent a large span of later Cenozoic time (fig. 2), and the verte­ of the Mint Canyon formation is dated by many vertebrate paleon­ Barstovian fauna from the Mint Canyon formation ( Gazin, 19! brate assemblages may represent two or more distinct faunas, each tologists as later Clarendonian (early, but not earliest Pliocene of 63). On the other hand, some of the forms appear to be of Cl of which can be correlated with a different part of the marine sec­ the mammalian chronology). Other vertebrate paleontologists, in donian age, and it seems best to divide the known vertebrate a tion (Eaton, Grant, and Allen, 1941, p. 230). It is clear that this contrast, regard this occurrence as representing the first appearance blage into two distinct faunas ( C. L. Gazin, personal comm1 area of marine and terrestrial sediments offers interesting strati­ of Hipparion in North America during Barstovian (late Miocene) tion). Further stratigraphic study of the fossil occurrences 1 graphic problems for future study. time, whence the genus migrated to Europe. In Europe the genus well disclose relations similar to those of the Mint Canyon form The Maricopa shale is underlain by the marine Vaqueros f, Mint Canyon and Tick Canyon Formations. The Mint Canyon first appears in strata of the Sarmatian stage, which is regarded by these same investigators as latest Miocene in age. tion (fig. 2), and is overlain unconformably by marine " : formation of the Soledad basin, in northwestern IJos Angeles County Margarita'' strata of late Miocene age. Marine beds withi! (fig. 1), has been the major focal point in southern California about The l\Iint Canyon strata are overlain with distinct angular un­ Maricopa section permit dating of the vertebrate-bearing str~ which controversy over the Miocene-Pliocene boundary has swirled. conformity by the marine Castaic formation C'Vinterer and Durham, Eastern Ventura basin Map Sheet, this volume), the Modelo(?) or Temblor (Gazin, 1930, p. 61) or slightly younger. Thus a B The difficulties have stemmed in part from a discrepancy between vian age for the vertebrate-bearing strata is reasonably comp the invertebrate and some of the vertebrate chronologies, as noted "Modelo" formation of earlier im·estiirators. These marine beds con­ tain molluscan, echinoid, and foraminiferal faunas that have been with the age indicated by the megafaunal invertebrate seq1 in a foregoing section of this paper, and in part from interpretations but a younger age assignment for some of the veterbrate re dated as of probable " Cierbo" age in part and as of "Nerol~·" ag·e in based upon vertebrate faunas whose stratigraphic positions were once again would raise the Miocene-Pliocene boundary problen imperfectly known. A detailed study of some of the nomnarine strata the megafaunal sequence, and in part as of Mohnian age in the microfaunal sequence (Durham, 1948; White and Buffington, 1948; already has been discussed. in the Soledad basin (Jahns, 1940) demonstrated that a well-defined Wright, 1948 ). In both marine classifications the assigned ages are Santa Margarita and Chanac Formations. Vertebrate foss fauna, comprising forms distinctly older than all the others known referred to the upper l\Iiocene. cur beneath the marine part of the ''Santa Margarita'' format from the section, represents the lowermost beds of the Mint Canyon These relations point up a srrious discrepancy between the in­ the Comanche Point area of the Tejon Hills, south-southe. formation as originally defined by Kew (1924, pp. 52-54). This fauna vertebrate chronology and the vertebrate chronology that is favored Bakersfield (fig. 1). Four miles south-southeastward, a slightly comprises rodent, horse, camel, and oreodont remains of Arikareean by many paleontologists (fig-. 2), a discrepancy that can be resolved assemblage (the lower fauna of Tejon Hills) is present ir and possibly earliest Hemingfordian age (fig. 2), and the beds in only by agreement among paleontologists as to the formational and that also are regarded as nonmarine parts of the "Santa Marg. OLOGY [Bull. 170 Chapt. III] CENOZOIC MARINE-NONMARINE RELATIONSHIPS-DURHAM, JAHNS, AND SAVAGE 67 ch it occurs are now included in the Tick Canyon formation, fauna! successions, which is fundamental to correlation of these section. This older fauna has been interpreted as latest Miocene in ch is separated by a slight erosional break from the overlying chronologies with the Lyellian epochs. The problem is summarized age by some investigators (e.g., Drescher, 1941, p. 8), and as t Canyon formation as redefined (Jahns, 1940, pp. 163-166). in figure 4, in which the positions of the Mint Canyon formation Clarendonian in age by others (e.g., Stirton, 1939a). Marine fossils urther study has shown that at least two distinct vertebrate and overlying marine strata are plotted, according to each of the from the "Santa Margarita" strata (Nomland, 1917, p. 302) indi­ 1as are present in the Mint Canyon formation as now restricted. chronologies, with respect to a horizontal line denoting the Miocene­ cate a Neroly age in the megafaunal sequence, and thus the rela­ older of these is in large part nndescribed, so far as the pub­ Pliocene boundary. tions of the vertebrate and invertebrate chronologies correspond, in ~ d record is concerned. It occurs in the lower one-fourth to one­ general, to those in the Mint Canyon area. Puente Formation. Somewhat similar problems of dating are ' of the formation, which is characterized by relatively fine­ The younger fauna, from strata beneath marine beds of the ''Santa posed by occurrences of fossil mammals in the marine Puente forma­ ned and variegated strata (fig. 3). Fossil material from the Margarita" formation, appears to be Clarendonian in age (Durham tion of the Puente Hills, in southeastern I,os Angeles County (fig. quet Canyon and San Francisquito Canyon areas includes rep­ and Savage, 1954). A third, still younger, fauna has been obtained 1). These scattered remains include H ipparion, and may occur in ntatives of the horses, rhinoceroses, camels, antelopes, and carni­ from the conformably overlying beds of the Chanac formation, and strata that contain a lower Mohnian microfauna. There appears to is, and corresponds very closely to the assemblage from the Bar­ is of later Clarendonian age (fig. 2). r formation of the Mojave Desert region. Thus the lower part be some doubt, however, as to the true stratigraphic relationships of the only definitive vertebrate material, a horse tooth . At Cammatta (Commatti) Ranch, on the Highland monocline .he Mint Canyon formation is Barstovian, or late Miocene, in about 20 miles southeast of Paso Robles (fig. 1), a vertebrate fauna (fig. 2). Maricopa Shale. A thick section of Maricopa shale, in which has been obtained from what appears to be an interval just below he younger mammalian material in the Mint Canyon formation, fossiliferous nonmarine strata are present, is well exposed in Quatal the base of the marine Santa Margarita formation. This fauna is !h occurs in an upper sequence of coarsergrained, prevailingly and Apache Canyons, in the upper part of the Cuyama River drain­ Clarendonian in age (Durham and Savage, 1954), whereas the age t-colored strata (fig. 3), may comprise two faunas of differing age near the northwest corner of Ventura County (fig. 1). The of the associated marine strata would approximately correspond to :. It includes a Hipparion very similar to a well-known species vertebrate assemblage includes horses, oreodonts, a camel, a masto­ the boundary between the Mohnian and Delmontian stages of the o. the Ricardo fauna of the Mojave Desert region. This is a horse dont, a carnivore, rodents, and birds, and in part appears to be of microfaunal sequence (Kleinpell, 1938, fig. 6). t higher-crowned teeth as compared to Merychippus of the Bar­ Barstovian age. It is distinctly younger than the fauna of the The occurrence of the fossil dog Osteoborus in the marine Santa ' formation. Largely on the basis of this horse, the upper part Tecuya formation, and perhaps is in part of the same age as the Margarita formation at Crocker Springs (VanderHoof, 1931; Bar­ he Mint Canyon formation is dated by many vertebrate paleon­ Barstovian fauna from the Mint Canyon formation ( Gazin, 1930, p. bat and Weymouth, 1931), on the west side of the San Joaquin gists as later Clarendonian (early, but not earliest Pliocene of 63). On the other hand, some of the forms appear to be of Claren­ Valley (fig. 1), is thought by many vertebrate paleontologists to mammalian chronology). Other vertebrate paleontologists, in donian age, and it seems best to divide the known vertebrate assem­ suggest an early Clarendonian age. These strata would be regarded .rast, regard this occurrence as representing the first appearance blage into two distinct faunas ( C. L. Gazin, personal communica­ as upper Miocene in terms of the invertebrate chronology. lippan'.on in North America during Barstovian (late Miocene) tion). Further stratigraphic study of the fossil occurrences might Neroly Formation. The marine Neroly formation, on the west ', whence the genus migrated to Europe. In Europe the genus well disclose relations similar to those of the Mint Canyon formation. side of Mount Diablo in the San Francisco Bay region, yields fossil appears in strata of the Sarmatian stage, which is regarded by The Maricopa shale is underlain by the marine Vaqueros forma­ e same investigators as latest Miocene in age. remains of the horse N annippus tehonensis (Merriam). This indi­ tion (fig. 2), and is overlain unconformably by marine "Santa cates an early Clarendonian age (Stirton, 1939b, p. 350). A few he l\Iint Canyon strata are overlain with distinct angular un­ Margarita'' strata of late Miocene age. Marine beds within the miles southeast along the strike from the Neroly occurrence and :ormity by the marine Castaic formation (Winterer and Durham, Maricopa section permit dating of the vertebrate-bearing strata as about 2,000 feet higher stratigraphically, the well-preserved Black tern Ventura basin Map Sheet, this volume), the Modelo(?) or Temblor (Gazin, 1930, p. 61 ) or slightly younger. Thus a Barsto­ Hawk Ranch mammalian fauna (Macdonald, 1948; Richey, 1948) )(lelo" formation of earlier investigators. These marine beds con- vian age for the vertebrate-bearing strata is reasonably compatible ""· from the continental GJ(een Valley formation indicates a later molluscan, echinoid, and foraminiferal faunas that have been with the age indicated by the megafaunal invertebrate sequence, Clarendonian age, and may be in general correlative with the upper ~d as of probable "Cierbo" agP in part and as of "Ne roly" ag-e in but a younger age assignment for some of the veterbrate remains fauna of the Mint Canyon formation (fig. 2). It will be recalled that megafaunal sequence, and in part as of l\fohnian age in the once again would raise the Miocene-Pliocene boundary problem that this upper Mint Canyon fauna is from beds that lie unconformably :ofaunal seq1m1ce (Durham, 1948; White and Buffington, 1948; already has been discussed. b-eneath the marine correlative of the Neroly and Cierbo formations. ght, 1948). In both marine classifications the assigned ages are This discrepancy in marine and nonmarine correlations between rred to the upper l\Iiocene. Santa Margarita and Chanac Formations. Vertebrate fossils oc­ cur beneath the marine part of the ''Santa Margarita'' formation in central and southern California is one of the outstanding problems hese relations point up a snious discrepancy between the in­ the Comanche Point area of the Tejon Hills, south-southeast of of current stratigraphic interpretations in the State. ebrate chronology and the vertebrate chronology that is favored Bakersfield (fig. 1). Four miles south-southeastward, a slightly older Strata of the Coalinga-Kettleman Hills Area. In the North Coa­ nany paleontologists (fig-. 2), a discrepanc;\' that can be resolved assemblage (the lower fauna of Tejon Hills) is present in beds linga district (fig. 1), northwest of Tulare Lake and about half-way · by agreement among paleontologists as to the formational and that also are regarded as nonmarine parts of the ''Santa Margarita'' up the west side of the San Joaquin Valley, abundant vertebrate 68 HISTORICAL GEOLOGY [Bull. 170 Chapt. III] CENOZOIC MARINE-NONMARINE REl remains have been taken from a locality known as the M erychippus Pacific North The San Joaquin formation is the uppermost of the more pu quarry (or ill erychippus "zone") . The fauna contains four canine Coast American marine units in the San· Joaquin Valley. Customarily it has 1 c me9a­ provincial c.c: o.c: 0 " genera, one species of rodent, two species of Merychippus (a grazing­ ·-":o launal 091s ·- 0 referred to the upper Pliocene (Woodring, 1952) in both the ma· .. Cl. =a. >o .. "stage" (terrestrial .... browsing horse), three other species of horses, a rhinoceros, a masto­ >o and nonmarine chronologies of the Pacific Coast. It is to be no ..J vertebrates) -' dont, a peccary, a cervid, and three species of camels (Merriam, >­ however, that if the vote of the last International Geological ( 0 gress ( 1948) to place the beginning of the Pleistocene epoch at 1915; Bode, 1934, 1935). The genera relative to which this assem­ "..J 0 blage could be compared directly with mammals from the Miocene z beginning of the Calabrian (marine) = Villafranchian ( nonmari San 0 series of Europe are the mastodont, Amphicyon, Hem icy on ?, and Joaquin a:: stage (Moore, 1949) is followed, the San Joaquin formation p :i:: He,.phillion Monosaulax (G. E . Lewis, personal communication), but thus far the w <.> ably can be regarded as basal Pleistocene, because it can be refei z .... dating of this fauna has been based exclusively on the evolutionary ...... "' z to the Blancan provincial age of the North American mamma 0 Etche901n a::...... chronology, at least part of which in turn can be correlated advancement of the exclusively North American merychippine 0 Ill 0 horses relative to the horses in other, more complete, North America ..J ...."' 0 general way with the Villafranchian stage of Europe. Marni Q.. a:: ..J Q.. found in the San Joaquin strata (Woodring, Stewart, and Richa faunas. On this basis the North Coalinga site is believed to be > "'z Barstovian (late Miocene) in age, possibly early Barstovian. The Clarendonian 1941, pp. 97-98) include camels, peccaries, Equus (Plesipp quarry is a short distance stratigraphically above the "Button Bed" Jocolitos Castor (beaver), Odocoileus (deer), and Pliomastodon. The hor; of the marine Temblor formation, and thus corresponds either to .Mini very similar to European species from deposits termed Villaf eon yon the upper Relizian stage or about to the boundary between the ~----~ -1- chian or Astian by different authors. These deposits include stra1 I---+------.,___ I Im. Relizian and Luisan stages (mid-Miocene of the mircofaunal classi­ tnon-morine) the type area of the Pliocene series. fication). It is at. the top of the Temblor formation and "stage" Strata of Quaternary Age. The name "Equus cf. occidentG Neroly (mid-Miocene of the megafaunal classification). Here, therefore, eorstovlon has been applied to numerous isolated bones and tooth fragm there is little discrepancy of dating between the terrestrial and coataic obtained from beds called San Pedro or Las Posas (Bailey, 1 (Modelo") marine classifications. Pressler, 1929; Woodring, 1952), and this name even has been 1 Im . llJllJJ Terrestrial vertebrates are known from both marine and non­ as characteristic for the equid material in formations ~f post-PlE (marine) marine strata elsewhere in the North Coalinga district (fig. 2). cene age in the succession of the Los Angeles area (Natland, H The horse Pliohippus coalingensis (Merriam) was found about mid­ Cierbo The name Equus occidentalis has come to mean a large horse Hemin9lordion parable to that found in the Rancho La Brea tar pits, but mo way in the type section of the marine Jacalitos formation by W. P. .... 1,_ .... z z the specimens concerned could be referred to any of the l~ Popenoe (unpublished data), and in the so-called "nonmarine J aca­ ? ., ? 0 ...... :.---·--:__ "..J 0 litos'' beds as well as in the overlying marine Etchegoin strata 0 0 0 species of Equus. The frequent applfoation of this name to s 0 z northeast of Coalinga (Nomland, 1916). The horse Neohipparion -Sri ones 0 :E mens that actually are indeterminable has given to it a halo of :E a:: :i:: molle (Merriam) also was found in the "nonmarine Jacalitos." The <.> ciseness and chronological specificity that is wholly syntheti~ pointed out by Savage ( 1951), one of the two type teeth of J acalitos formation is conventionally considered to be lower Pliocene .... Mint "'C( in the marine chronology based on mollusca and echinoids, whereas Temblor 1 species was obtained from deposits of Blancan (late Pliocene) Canyon a:: Arikoreeon the horses would indicate a later Hemphillian age (late mid-Plio­ Ill in Kern County, and the other was obtained from gravels ir 11 Im...... cene) in the terrestrial mammalian chronology of many paleontolo­ non-marine) a: Sierra Nevada at an unspecified locality in Tuolumne County. ~ gists. "'> type material from the Kern County locality indicates a Bla Woodring, Stewart, and Richards (1941, p. 98) cite the occur­ age. According to Woodring (1952), the. Santa Barbara form~ the San Pedro formation of Bailey, the Las Posas formation, rence of horse teeth in the Siphonalia and Patinopecten "zones" Vaqueros the type San Pedro formation are all of a Pleistocene age yot of the Etchegoin formation of the Kettleman Hills district. These lllml than the San Joaquin formation. teeth were identified by Stock as belonging to the genus Pliohippus, Insofar as known mammalian remains are concerned, the and were thought by him and others to indicate a Clarendonian age CORRELATION IN MARINE CORRELATION IN TERRESTRIAL plex of intergrading formations that have been termed Sa MEGAFOSSIL CHRONOLOGY MAMMALIAN CHRONOLOGY in terms of the mammalian chronology. It seems possible, however, Santa Barbara, San Pedro, and Las Posas in the Ventura basir that the teeth could as well represent a horse of Hemphillian age l!'IGURE 4. Chart showing discrepancy between vertebrate and inverte­ Los Angeles basin, and in border areas probably range in age brate chronologies, as applied to the u1>per part of the Mint Canyon forma­ Blancan (late Pliocene) through Irvingtonian (earlier Pleistoc (middle Pliocene). The Etchegoin formation is considered to be tion and to the overlying marine strata. Positions of the stratigraphic units are plotted, on the basis of the respective chronologies, with reference to a and perhaps through Rancholabrean (later Pleistocene). ThE middle Pliocene in the marine sequence, also ("Weaver, et al., 1944). horizontal line that denotes the l\Iiocene-Pliocene boundary. dence thus far marshalled, however, is purely suggestive. )LOGY [Bull. 170 Chapt. III] CENOZOIC MARINE-NONMARINE RELATIONSHIPS-DURHAM, JAHNS, AND SAVAGE 69

Pacific North The San Joaquin formation is the uppermost of the more purely One of the youngest marine-nonmarine "tie-ins" in southern Coo st American c .c marine units in the San· Joaquin Valley. Customarily it has been California occurs in the Palos Verdes sand in San Pedro, at the .c mega­ provincial u ou 0 founol ages ·- 0 referred to the upper Pliocene (Woodring, 1952) in both the marine Lumber Yard locality of various writers (Woodring, Bramlette, and a. = a. ,., "stage'" (terrestrial Cl> Cl> and nonmarine chronologies of the Pacific Coast. It is to be noted, Kew, 1946, p. 86). Here a Rancholabrean (later Pleistocene) age vertebrates) ...J"" >­ however, that if the vote of the last International Geological Con­ is indicated by the presence of Bison and species of smaller mam­ 0 ..J gress ( 1948) to place the beginning of the Pleistocene epoch at the mals that still survive in the area. The Palos Verdes sand is con­ 0 z beginning of the Calabrian (marine) = Villafranchian ( nonmarine) sidered to be no older than late Pleistocene by practically all Son 0 Joaquin a: stage (Moore, 1949) is followed, the San Joaquin formation prob­ paleontologists (Woodring, 1952, pp. 405-406, fig. 1), no matter :c He,.phillion w " ably can be regarded as basal Pleistocene, because it can be referred what criteria are used. The terrace on which this deposit occurs. is z .... w to the Blancan provincial age of the North American mammalian the lowest of 13 upper Pleistocene marine terraces that are present w < z 0 Etchegoin a: -· w chronology, at least part of which in turn can be correlated in a in the Palos Verdes Hills. 0 .... 0 ...J ...."' 0 general way with the Villafranchian stage of Europe. Mammals a.. a: ...J Summary. As indicated in figure 2 and in the foregoing para­ .... a.. found in the San Joaquin strata (Woodring, Stewart, and Richards, > graphs, discrepancies between invertebrate and some vertebrate z 1941, pp. 97-98) include camels, peccaries, Equus (Plesippus), Jocolitos Clarendonion correlations are present at many localities in California where Castor (beaver), Odocoileus (deer), and Pliomastodon. The horse is both marine and nonmarine strata are juxtaposed or show inter­ _Mini very similar to European species from deposits termed Villafran­ Canyon fingering relations. This is scarcely surprising when it is recalled chian or Astian by different authors. These deposits include strata in -+------+-- ~----~ -+- I Im. that the terrestrial vertebrate chronology and the marine mega­ the type area of the Pliocene series. lnon-morine) r faunal and microfaunal chronologies have been established more or Strata of Quaternary Age. The name "Equus cf. occidentalis" less independently on the basis of relations in widely scattered areas, Neroly earstovian has been applied to numerous isolated bones and tooth fragments very few of which include localities discussed in this paper. The Costoic obtained from beds called San Pedro or Las Posas (Bailey, 1943; most serious of the discrepancies involves the interval upper Mio­ (Modelo") Pressler, 1929; Woodring, 1952), and this name even has been cited Im. llJJlJJ cene-lower Pliocene, and involves problems of faunal and strati­ as characteristic for the equid material in formations of post-Pleisto­ (marine) graphic correlation, as well as some purely terminologic difficulties. cene age in the succession of the Los Angeles area (Natland, 1953). At the present time, the available evidence is ·not adequate to Cierbo The name Equus occidentalis has come to mean a large horse com­ resolve many of the difficulties in correlation and dating, but the Hemingfordion w 1 w parable to that found in the Rancho La Brea tar pits, but most of following possibilities should be considered : z > z the specimens concerned could be referred to any of the larger w -;; ? ? "'0 w 1. The indicated correlations of any or all of the three chronologies with the ~ ..J 0 <..> 0 0 species of Equus. The frequent applioation of this name to speci­ European reference section may be incorrect. D z "Briones 0 :::;: mens that actually are indeterminable has given to it a halo of pre­ 2. The time spans of some units in any of the chronologies may be greater :;; a: :c ciseness and chronological specificity that is wholly synthetic. As than is ordinarily estimated. ".... pointed out by Savage ( 1951), one of the two type teeth of this 3. Many fossils now considered to be time-stratigraphic indices are not such, , Mint .... but instead are only facies indicators . Temblor < species was obtained from deposits of Blancan (late Pliocene) age Canyon a: Arikareean 4. The time span involved in dispersal of faunas, or certain critical members in Kern County, and the other was obtained from gravels in the 11 Im. "'< of faunas, may be greater than is currently recognized. non·morine) ...... a: Sierra Nevada at an unspecified locality in Tuolumne County. Topo­ 5. Some of the European reference stages may be facies of other stages rather > type material from the Kern County locality indicates a Blancan than sequential to them (cf. Gignoux, 1943, and Movius, 1949). age. According to Woodring (1952), the. Santa Barbara formation, 6. The stratigraphic relations between terrestrial vertebrate-bearing strata and marine invertebrate-hearing strata may be incorrectly reported or im­ Vaqueros the San Pedro formation of Bailey, the Las Posas formation, and perfectly understood in some areas. the type San Pedro formation are all of a Pleistocene age younger mllll than the San Joaquin formation. REFERENCES Insofar as known mammalian remains are concerned, the com­ Bailey, T. L., 1943, Late Pleistocene Coast Range orogenesis in southern Cali­ CORRELATION IN MARINE CORRELATION IN TERRESTRIAL plex of intergrading formations that have been termed Saugus, fornia : Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 54, pp. 1549-1568. MEGA FOSSIL CHRONOLOGY MAMMALIAN CHRONOLOGY Santa Barbara, San Pedro, and Las Posas in the Ventura basin, the Barbat, W. F., and Weymouth, A. A., 1931, Stratigraphy of the Borophagus littoralis locality, California: Univ. California, Dept. Geol. Sci., Bull., vol. 21, •'IGUBE 4. 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