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Lower Triassic Conodont Stratigraphy

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Lower Triassic Conodont Stratigraphy GEOLOGICA BALCANICA, 25. 3-4, Sofia, August. 1995, p. 97-109 Lower Triassic conodont stratigraphy 1 Kiril Budurov , Milan Suda,-2 'Geologica/Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia 1Faculty of Mining and Geology. University of Belgrade, 11 000 Belgrade (submitted 19. 01. 1995; accepted for publication 24. OJ. 1995) K. liyoypoe, II. Cy0a6. Hu:NCHempuac06aJI KOHOOOHmHaJI cmpamui!pa(/jUJI. npoBe,D;eHO KOHO.D;OHTHoe CTpaTHrpacj>H'Iecxoe pac'fJieHeHHe HHliCHero TpHaca c o6cYJK.ll.eHHeM Bonpoca o rpaHHLte nepMb-TpHac. C.D;eJiaHo o6o6w.eHHe H aKTyaJIHJaLtHJI noJI}"feHHbiX .D;aHHbiX Ja nocne.D;HHe ro.n;bl, HO aKLteHT nocTaBJieH Ha pe3yJibTaTbl HCCJie.D;OBaHHJI co6palfHbiX aBTopaMH KOHO.D;OHT H3 fHMaJiaeB H H3 pa3HbiX 'taCTeH EBponbl. KoHBeHLtHOHaJibHall rpaHHI.(a nepMb-TpHac nona.n;aeT B CTpaTHrpacj>H'feCKHH oXBaT Clarkina subcarinata-Anchignathodus typicalis C.-R.-Z., HO xaK aJibHepHaTHBHaJI B03MOlKHOCTb no KOHO.D;OHTaM, aMMOHHTaM H .n;pyrOH cj>ayHe YJCa3aHbl HH3bl Kashmirel/a kumme/i R.-Z. noJIHOe KOHO.D;OH THOe pac'fJieHeHHe HHlKHero TpHaca 060CHOBaHO Ha 14 KOHO.D;OHTHbiX 30Hax, a HMeHHO: .n;JIJI rpHHC6axa (HHlKHHH HHACKHH 11pyc) - C/arkina subcarinata-Anchignathodus typica/is C.-R.-Z., Anchignathodus parvus l.-Z., lsarcicel/a isarcica R.-Z., C/arkina carinata A.-Z.; .n;JIJI .D;HHepcxoro (BepXHHH HHACKHH 11pyc)- Kashmirel/a kummeli R.-Z., N eospathodus dieneri-Neospathodus cristagalli C.-R.-Z. H 'laCTb Kashmirel/a nepalensis R.-Z.; .n;JIJI CMHTCKOfO (HHlKHHH OJieHeKCKHH llpyc) cpe.n;HHe H BepXHHe 'laCTH Kashmirel/a nepa/ensis R.-Z., Neospathodus waageni A.-Z., Scythogondolel/a milleri R.-Z. H Parachirognathus-Furnishius Beds; .D,JIJI cnaTcKoro (BepxHHH oneHeKCKHH .Rpyc) - Neospathodus triangularis-Neospathodus hommeri A.-Z., Platyvil/osus-Foliel/a Beds H Kashmirel/a timorensis R. -Z. YcTaHoBJieHHeM Kashmirel/a gondolelloides R.-Z. npoBe.n;eHa rpaHHLta MelKD.y HHJKHHM H cpe.aHHM TpHaCOM. Abstract. A conodont stratigraphic subdivision of the Lower Triassic is made, and considerations about the Permian{friassic boundary are developed. Data received during the last few years are gener­ alized with emphasis laid on results obtained on conodonts found by the authors in their samples from the Himalayas and different parts of Europe. The conventional Permian{friassic boundary is situated in the stratigraphic range of Clark ina subcarinata-Anchignathodus typicalis C.-R.-Z. although as an alter­ native possibility (based on conodont, ammonite and other faunas) the base of Kashmirella kummeli R.­ Z. is indicated. The conodont subdivision of the Lower Triassic is based upon 14 conodont zones as follows: Clark ina subcarinata-Anchignathodus typica/isC.-R .-Z .,Anchignathodus parvus l.-Z., lsarcicella isarcica R.-Z., Clarkina carinata A.-z. - for the Griesbachian (Lower Induan); Kashmirella kummeli R.-z., Neospathodus dieneri - Neospathodus cristagal/i C.-R.-Z., and parts of Kashmirel/a nepalensis R.-z. - for the Dienerian (Upper lnduan); middle and upper parts of Kashmirel/a nepa/ensis R. -Z., Neospathodus waageni A.-Z., Scythogondolella milleri R.-z. and Parachirognathus - Furnischius Beds -for the Smlthian (Lower Olenekian), and Neospathodus triangularis - Neospathodus hommeri A. -Z., Platyvil/osus- Foliella Beds and Kashmire/la timorensis R.-Z., - for the Spathian (Upper Olenekian). The boundary between the Lower and Upper Triassic is set with proving of theKasmire/la gondolelloides R.-z. Introduction Detailed investigation on Early Triassic conodont fauna provided for this presenta­ tion of our understanding of conodont stratigraphy of the lowermost Triassic. The studies were primarily based on rich collections from various localities (Guryul Ra- 7 Geologica Balcanica, 25, 3-4 97 vine, Mandakpal and Khrew around Srinagar- Jammu and Kashmir State India, collected personally by K. J. Budurov during 1980) of Kashmir Himalayas, and from Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, etc. Moreover, all published data on Early Triassic conodonts have been considered. The so compiled Early Triassic conodont stratigraphy of the Tethyan-Pacific conodont area is a part of the our earlier proposed Triassic con­ odont zonal standard (B u d u r o v et a!., 1983, 1985) and has been partly published several times (B u d u r o v et a!., 1986, 1987, 1988) but never as complete as now. Early Triassic conodont faunas contain the stratigraphically important sepa­ rate-element conodont genera: Anchignathodus, Isarcicella, Neospathodus, Spathoicriodus, Kashmirella, Clarkina and Borinella. With their specific blade and cavitus, representatives ofAnchignathodus possess the aspect of Paleozoic conodonts. Recently, they have been more often considered as components of the multielement genus Hindeodus. The rapid development and the subsequent flourishment of the probably monoelement genera Neospathodus and Kashmirella control the stratigra­ phy within the time span Dienerian Stage -Spathian Stage. These conodonts differ morphologically in a drastic manner from the Griesbachian Anchignathodus and Isarcicella. Representatives of Neospathodus are simply organized, and consist of a thin blade with considerable welded denticles, and a narrow basis which broadens only around the small cavitus. Quite different from them, the species of Kashmirella (with type species Kashmirel/a albertii Budurov, Sudar & Gupta) possess a more massive blade with considerably free denticles and a lateral thickenning near the basis; the basis is broader, often with rectangular outline from the bifurcating loop; thus they are even similar to some Late Triassic platform conodonts. Species ofClarkina penetrate in the Early Triassic, and especially when favoured by the facies control they show a good development; a rapid development during the Smithian and Spathian age show the representatives of Borinella (with type species Neogondolella buurensis Dagis). The proposed (B u d u r o v et a!. 1986, 1987, 1988) Early Triassic conodont zonal standard is based upon the combination of the ranges of taxa of the Early Triassic conodont genera. Conodont successions of the Griesbachian and the Permian-Triassic boundary The boundary beds of the Lower Griesbachian (Otoceras woodwardi Zone) are penetrated by Upper Dorashamian conodonts Clarkina subcarinata (Sweet) and single Clarkina orienta/is (Barsakov & Korovela). The principal conodont is Anchignathodus typicalis Sweet. In fact, almost the whole range of the Griesbachian (without Proptychites strigatus Zone) is characterized by representatives of the Pa­ leozoic genus Anchignathodus. The lower part of the Lower Griesbachian (the lower part ofOtoceras woodwardi Zone) is relatively poor in conodont fauna. The characteristics of the first conodont zone is given by Anchignathodus typicalis Sweet. Clarkina subcarinata (Sweet) and Clarkina carina/a (Sweet) are also found. According to Sweet et. a!. (1971), this interval equals Otoceras concavum Zone (the lower part of the Lower Griesbachian). We found these conodont species in Guryul Ravine, in the lower parts of the Dorashamian (Changxingian) equivalent to unit D of Zewan Formation, and in the lower parts of the Lower Griesbachian, equivalent to parts of Otoceras woodwardi Zone or to units E1 and E2 (part) of Zewan Formation. This indicates that the use of Anchignathodus typicalis conodont Zone (with a very wide stratigraphic range) is not very correct and leads to incorrect stratigraphic characteristics. Instead of this Zone we suggest the Clarkina subcarinata-Anchignathodus typicalis C.-R.-Z. with a range that, though narrower, defines the upper parts of the Dorashamian- the lower parts of the Lower Griesbachian. In all cases the assumed Permian-Triassic boundary falls 98 CONODONT ZONAL >- AMMONOID ZONES (I') a:: LLJ ...: AGE STANDARD c::l CANADA TETHYS -a:: z: LLJ ::::> (Tozer,l967,em. (Budurov emend.) (I') 0 (Dagis, et al., 1987, Q:l by Da g is , l985) 198 5) LOWER ANISIAN (part) Kashmirella gondolel/aides R.-z. Keyserlingites Tazeriteras Kashmirel/a timorensis R.- Z. subrobustus pakistanum z < ( Prohungarites} Neospathodus triangularis - H "Keyserlingites" :I: E- pilaticus Neospathodus hommeri A. -z. c..< Vl Spi. collin- soni A. - z. z Tirolites - I < Platyvillosus - H Columbites ~ ? Folie /Ia Beds "'z Wasatchites A. pluriformis Scy. mil/eri ...:I R. -z. "'0 tardus Meekaceras < > z gracilitatis Neospathodus < Parachirognathus - H waageni :I: Furnischius E- H A. -z. Beds ~ ;I! u Vl "' H Euflemingites Flemingites )-ocr> Vl c.:.-."" Vl romunderi flemingianus < . < Ksh . nepa/ensis ~ H R. ~ -:z,... >- a: - -- ::>OS ... E- Vavilovites Rotundatus - 0 ..... .......... svedrupi Vo/utus =..... "' E- .c "';.: z > ..... 0 < Neospathodus dieneri - 0..0' ...:I H "' ... 0 Neospathodus cristagalli ~;:3 "'p.. "'z E-::3 c. -R. -z. "'"'Vl<Q H"' ..., ~ <.;) "'<.;)4-< N= Proptychites Cy ronites ::>u Vl~ candidus frequens z Ksh . kummeli R.-~ < ~ :::> Proptychites - Cl. carinata A.-Z/ ~ - ...>- z strigatus ~ - >- ..... H ... -- ...:I C.: ..... z lsarcicella isarcica R.- Z. << ..... < Ophiceras Ophiceras z~ H oz .c..... :I: commune tibeticum >-<:::> u E-0 < H<Q "' Ophiceras Ophiceras 0 = ~ "'p.. Vl Anchignathodus parvus I. -z. boreale woodwardi ~f;' "'H E-0.. ... <.;) Ophiceras "' C/arkina subcarinata - ...."' concavum Anchignathodus typicalis .. UPPER PERMIAN (part) C.-R. -Z. Fig. I. Lower Triassic Conodont Zonal Standard and the possibilities of Permian-Triassic boundary definition Some genera: CI.=C/arkina; Ksh. = Kashmire/la; Scy. = Scythodondolella; Spi. = Spathoicriodus in the middle of this conodont zone and for this reason
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