Index

Abadan refinery Arab Gas Pipeline (AGP) 37 and riots 47–8, 61–2 Arab League 47, 61 Abu Dhabi 59 Arab oil 46, 57, 59, 60 Abu-Dayyeh, A. 41–2 Arab Spring 9, 14, 17, 26–8, 42, 65, 88, Adriatic area 4, 16–17 116 Aegean Sea 37 Arab–Israeli conflict 57 Afghanistan 62 Arab–Israeli war 47, 58, 60 Africa 49, 53, 75–6, 86 Arabian Peninsula 26 African continent 32, 35 Arabs 46–7 African countries 53, 76 Arezki, R. 27 AGIP (Italian General Oil Company) Ashkelon 39 52–3 Asia 2, 18, 27, 34, 36, 109 Agovino, M. 70–72, 74 Asian countries 34 AGP (Arab Gas Pipeline) 37, 41 Asian oil 37 Ain Al-Asad (air base in Iraq) 9 Assad (regime) 9, 65 AIOC (Anglo–Iranian Oil Company) Aswan (Dam) 50, 94 47–8, 53 Atallah, S. 40 al-Assad, B. 65 Athens 33 al-Sarraj, F. 1, 10, 33, 110 Atshan (Libya) 56 Alabi, L.O. 25 Australia 35, 109 Alaska’s North Slope 60 Austria 51 Albania 4, 16, 29, 119–30 Azerbaijan 1, 35, 37–8, 106, 108, 110 Alfieri, M. 54 Algeria 55, 57, 59, 61, 65, 75, 77–8, Baghdad 9, 54, 111 80–89, 94–6, 99–100, 104–7, 110, Bahgat, G.101 114–15, 119–30 Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan (BTC) 37 Algerian Desert 38 Baku–Tbilisi–Erzurum (BTE) 37 Allen, R. 68 Balkans 7, 91–2 American Oil Company Aramco 47 Balta, P. 31 American oil multinationals 51 Barcelona Conference 3, 31, 87–8 Anatolian peninsula 33 Barcelona Declaration 87 Anatolian–Balkan area 4, 24 Barcelona process 87–8 Anderson, I. 44 Bartoletto, S. 4, 9, 13, 28, 30–31, 48, Anglo–Dutch Shell 34 67–9, 72, 77, 84, 107, 118 Anglo–Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) 2, Baumeister, C. 27 47 Beddawi power plant 41 Angola 55 Begin, M. (Israeli Prime Minister) 60 Ansani, A. 8–9 Belgium 45, 85 Aphrodite (gas field) 40, 110 Bellodi, L. 105 Arab cause 31, 57 Bellù, L. G. 15 Arab countries 31, 46, 53, 55, 57, 59, 63, Ben Bella, A. 53 64, 105

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Benelux 45 CO2 emissions 1–3, 5–7, 11–2, 24, 27, Beni Saf (Algeria) 35 71, 73–4, 84, 87, 90–91, 97–104, Benoit, G. 105 109, 113–117, 128–129 Berlin Wall 63 coal consumption 19, 21, 58, 72, 103 biofuels 75–7, 82–3, 92 coal production 19, 45, 87, 126 biomass 67, 92, 95 Cold War 2, 22, 44–6, 51, 63, 106, 113 Black Sea 37–8 Colitti, M. 52 Blanchard, O. J. 27 Colombia 109 Bloomberg 85, 89 Comeau, A. 86 Bloomfield, J. 88 Communist bloc 63 Blue Plan 6 Communist Party 51 Blue Stream Pipeline 37 Copsey, N.132 Bongiorni, R. 34 Cordoba 35 Borissov, B. (Bulgarian Prime Minister) Croatia 4, 17, 22, 29, 119–30 38 Cuñado 26 Bosnia 4, 17, 119–31 Cypriot territorial waters 33 Bosporus strait 38 Cyprus 33, 40, 97, 102–3, 107, 110–111, Bosporus waterway 37 119–30 Botes 37 Cyrenaica 57 Bourguiba, H. 53 Czechoslovakia 45, 49 Bouteflika, A. 35, 104–5 Bowen, A. 84 Daniele, V. 8–9 BP (British Petroleum) 53 Dardanelles waterway 37 Brent crude 25 De la Torre, J. 22–3 Bretton Woods System 16, 60 Denmark 45 Britain 40, 47–51, 57, 59 Desert Shield (military operation) 64 British Navy’s 47 DESERTEC 88 BTC pipeline 38 Bush, G. (US President) 64–5 Earth Summit 98 East Asia 27 Cairo 6, 89, 110 Eastern Mediterranean 33, 36, 40, 89, Camp David (Maryland) 60 110 Campbell, R.W. 52 Eastern Mediterranean Gas Forum 33 Canada 35, 55, 90 Economic Cooperation Administration Caorso (nuclear plant) 22 (ECA) 45–6 Capasso, S. 4 Economou, A. 25–6 Cape of Good Hope 51 Ecuador 55–6 Carter, J. 61 Egypt 77–9, 89, 92–6, 100, 104, 107, Caspian basin 37 110–115, 119–30 Caspian Sea 38, 110 Egyptian area 4 Caviaga 52 Egyptian Government 49–50, 110 Cepsa 35 El-Katiri, L. 41 Chancel, L. 98 Electricity 6, 11, 18–19, 21–2, 39, 41, charcoal 67–8, 76, 92 44, 61, 68–70, 85, 89, 92–6, 100, Chauhan, V.18 102–3, 107, 115 China 11, 18–19, 25–7, 34, 73–4, 85, Ellinas, C. 40, 43 104, 108 ENEA 92 Churchill, W. 44 Energy Community Treaty 88 Clô, A. 63–4, 85, 104

Silvana Bartoletto - 9781788977555 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/28/2021 12:16:55PM via free access 140 Energy transitions in Mediterranean countries energy dependency 2, 39, 42, 82, 87, Ferragina, E. 132, 134 101–2, 104, 106–10, 117 Fezzan (Libya) 56–7 energy intensity 1, 3, 11, 68, 70–83, 109 Filippini, M. 133 energy productivity 68–70, 73, 75 Finland 60, 85 Engemann, K. 26 Firewood 67–8, 70, 76, 92 ENI (Italian National Hydrocarbon First, R. 55–6 Authority) 34, 36–7, 52–4, 89, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 110 (FYROM) 17 ENI–AGIP 53 fossil fuels 6, 16, 19, 21–3, 41, 67–8, 70, ENI–NIOC agreement 54 74, 76–7, 84 Erbil 9 Fouquet, R. 67, 84, 86, 116–18 Erdoğan, R.T. (Turkish President) 9–10, France 4, 6, 8, 12–14, 18–19, 22, 29–31, 33, 37–8, 110 33–4, 40, 45, 50, 51, 53, 59–60, Esso 53 65, 68, 80, 92, 96–7, 102, 104–5, Esso Standard 56 107, 114–15, 119–30 EU Energy and Climate Change Package fuelwood 67–8, 76–7 90 Fukushima (Japan) 19, 23 EU ETS 90–91 Euphrates river 94 Gabon 55, 66 EURATOM 51 Gaddafi 7, 14, 24, 32–3, 56, 60, 82, Euro–Mediterranean Conference 31, 87, 104–5 116 Garigliano (nuclear plant) 22 Euro–Mediterranean cooperation 1, 3, Garofalo, A. 131 86, 88, 116 Gasyle pipeline 41 Euro–Mediterranean integration process Gaza 51 3 Gazprom 37–8 Europe 2, 16, 18, 23, 29–40, 44–51, 55, GECOL 96 57–8, 60–62, 64, 67–70, 85–9, Gela 34 104–6, 109–10, 115–8, 122, 129 geothermal 94 European Coal and Steel Community Germany 19, 33–4, 51, 57, 59, 85 (ECSC) 45 Ghawar 46 European Coal Organisation (ECO) 45 Gilpin 44 European Commission 133 Gini index 3, 15–17, 103–4, 113, 115 European countries 1–2, 4, 5, 9, 17, 23, Greece 4, 6–7, 9, 13, 24, 29–31, 33, 29, 33–5, 38, 44–5, 51, 58–60, 62, 37–8, 45, 96–7, 102–3, 111 65, 68, 70–71, 85, 91, 97, 99, 102, Green Growth paradigm 117 104, 107–8, 113, 117 Greenstream pipeline 34, 111 European crisis 8 Gulf countries 30 European Parliament 133 Gulf of Suez 36–7 European Recovery Programme 2, 44 Gulf War 63, 65 European Union (EU) 3–4, 29, 87, 113, 120, 122 Haftar, K. 1, 10, 32–3, 38, 110 Evans, J. 75 Haifa 46 Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) 33, 39 Hall, R.112 Exxon Mobil 34 Hamilton, J. 26, 48, 62 Hassi R’Mel 35 Farouk I (King) 49 Hepburn, C. 84 Fascist period 49 Herzegovina 4, 17, 119–31 Fattouh, B. 25–6, 40–41 Hippe, R. 117 Ferragina, A. 7

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Hoover, H. 48, 66 Kennedy administration 51 Hunt, L. 133 Keramane, A. 30 Hussein, S. 62–5 Khomeini, R. (Ayatollah) 31, 61–2 Hydroelectric power plants 84 Kilian, L. 26–7 Kim, D. 26 Iceland 60 Kirkuk (Iraq) 40 Idris of Libya (King) 57 Kirkuk–Ceyhan pipeline 37 IMF 8, 32, 35 Kliesen, K. L 133 Indonesia 34, 66 Krauss, C. 25 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Krsko nuclear power plant 22 Change (IPCC) 92, 98 Kuwait 48, 55–7, 59, 63–4 International Authority for the Ruhr Kyoto Protocol 70, 85, 90–91, 99, 114 (IAR) 45 International Energy Agency (IEA) 60 Labbate, S. 31 IPC pipeline 40, 51 Lamsal, L.N. 135 Iran 1, 10, 25, 28, 30–32, 37, 39, 46–9, Larderello (Tuscany) 94 52 Latin area 4, 12–13, 16, 23, 92 Iran–Iraq war 62 Latina (nuclear plant) 22 Iran–Turkey Pipeline 37 Lebanon 2, 4, 24, 29, 31, 40–42, 46–7, Iranian Consortium 48 96, 101, 104, 114–15, 119–30 Iranian oil 48, 52–54, 62 Lebanon Petroleum Company 40 Iraq 8–9, 26–7, 30, 32, 37, 40–42, 49, 51, Leviathan (gas field) 39, 43, 102, 110 55–58, 62–65, 106, 108–9, 111 Liberati, P. 15 Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC) 40, 51, Libya 1–2, 4–7, 9–10, 13–14, 24, 26, 57, 58 28–35, 38, 54–61, 65, 75–7, 82–3, Israel 1–2, 4, 10, 13, 16, 21, 24, 29, 88, 92–3, 96, 100, 104–7, 110, 31, 33, 39, 40–41, 46–7, 50–51, 113, 116–7, 119–30 57–60, 63, 89, 93, 96, 101–2, Libyan oil 27, 32, 56, 65, 105–6 110–11, 115, 117, 119–30 Libyan–Egyptian area 4, 31 Istanbul 6, 38 Lomborg, B. 84 Italian General Oil company, see AGIP Luciani, G. 30, 55–7, 60 Italy 48, 51–4, 58, 68, 71–2, 80, 85, Luxembourg 45 91–2, 94, 96–7, 102, 105–7, 111, 115, 118–30 Macedonia 17, 119–30 Maghreb 4–5, 7, 24, 31, 35, 104 Jabal Terbol (Lebanon) 40 Maghreb–Europe Gas (MEG) 35 Jalilvand, D. 11, 26–7, 104 Malanima, P. 9, 132, 135 Japan 23, 54–5, 58, 61–2, 64, 90 Malta 4, 6, 12, 29, 97, 102, 107, 119–30 Jentleson, B.W. 51 Marmara (Sea) 37 Jiménez Rodríguez, R. 26 Marshall Plan 23, 40, 45–6, 55, 113 Jordan 29, 31, 37, 40–42, 49–50, 57, 59, Mattei, E. 35, 52–4 65, 96, 101, 114–5, 119–30 Matus, K.118 Mazara del Vallo (Sicily) 35 Kander, A. 67 MEDA programme 88 Kapstein, E. 31, 44, 45, 47, 50, 59, 60, MEDENER 93–4, 96 61, 66 MEDENER-OME 93–4, 96 Karish (gas field) 40 Medgaz 35 Kazakhstan 37 Mediterranean area 1–2, 8, 12, 25, 30, 35, 57–9, 73, 87, 89, 104, 114–15

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Mediterranean region 1–11, 13, 20–23, North Africa 3–9, 11–12, 14, 17, 20, 26, 28–32, 35, 38, 47, 65, 68, 71, 29–31, 38, 55, 58–9, 61, 68, 76, 86–8, 92–4, 97–9, 102–4, 107, 86, 88, 91–2, 95–6, 98–100, 102, 109–11, 113–17 104–6, 113–17, 120, 122, 129 Mediterranean Renewable Energy North African countries 2, 14, 65, 75–80, Programme (MEDREP) 93 82, 88–9, 94 Mediterranean Sea 36, 102 North America 27, 36 Mediterranean Solar Plan (MSP) 1 North Berkin Basin (Algerian Desert) 38 MENA (Middle East and North Africa) North Sea 60 countries 26, 88 Northern Cyprus 33 Meri (gas field) 39 Norway 35, 45, 101, 106 Michaels, L. 89, 102 Nuclear 2, 17, 19, 21–3, 44, 51, 58, 68, Middle East 1–5, 7, 9, 17–18, 20, 24, 26, 92, 97, 99, 102, 107, 114 29–32, 37–40, 44–50, 52–3, 55–6, Nunziante, G. 7 58–65, 88, 96, 101–2, 104–6, 108–9, 111, 114–17, 120, 122, O’Garra, T. 97 129 OECD countries 11, 26, 58, 60, 73, 113 Middle Eastern countries 1–3, 5–6, 11, see also non-OECD countries 15–16, 39, 71, 96, 98, 101, 104, oil consumption 18, 21–4, 36, 58, 61–3, 109, 114 72 Mobil 34, 53 oil demand 47, 55, 60, 63, 108 modern energy sources 16, 67–8 oil exports 16, 31, 35–6, 51–2, 54, 56–7, Mohammed V (King of Morocco) 53 62, 65, 105–6, 116 Montenegro 4, 119–30 oil fields 30, 32, 37, 40, 56–7 Morocco 2, 4–6, 8, 14, 17, 21, 24, 29, 35, oil imports 51, 58, 60, 64, 105–8 53, 65, 76–7, 81–2, 85, 92, 94–6, oil pipelines 36–7, 46, 105 100–101, 115, 119–30 oil prices 8–9, 25–8, 31, 40–42, 48, Mossadegh, M. 47–8 54, 56, 61, 63–4, 74, 99, 105–6, Mubarak, M.H. 8, 26 108–9, 116 oil production 8, 26–7, 32–6, 47–8, 54, Nam, K.135 56–7, 59, 61–2, 75–6, 108, 124 Nasser, G. A. 49–51, 53, 59 oil supply 18, 50–51, 58, 62 National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) oil trade 30, 51 48 OME 93–4, 96 National Oil Corporation (NOC) 34 OPEC (Organization of Petroleum natural gas 2, 8–9, 11, 17–18, 21–3, 30, Exporting Countries) 2, 19, 25–7, 32, 34–5, 37–41, 52, 54, 62, 65, 31–2, 35, 39, 54–5, 60, 62–4, 68, 72, 74, 78, 82, 89, 94–5, 99, 105–8, 111 101–2, 105–7, 114–15, 117, 125 Organisation for Economic Co-operation Negri, A. 111 and Development see OECD Netherlands, The 45, 53, 59 countries New Zealand 55 Organisation for European Economic Nicosia, Cyprus 33 Co-operation (OEEC) 55 Nigam, S. 86 Organization of Arab Petroleum Nigeria 55, 75 Exporting Countries (OAPEC) 59 Nile River 94 Ottoman Empire 40 Noa (gas field) 39 Oumansour, B. 104–5 non-OECD countries 11, 13, 73 Owyang, M.T. 133 Nordhaus, W.D. 84

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Pace, G. 88 SEMCs (Southern and Eastern Pahlavi, R. (Shah) 53, 61–2 Mediterranean Countries) 6, 9, 92 Palestine 4, 24, 31, 46–7, 59, 93, 117 Sen, A. 18 Paltsev, S. 135 Senussi power 57 Paris Agreement 91 Serbia 4, 13, 119–30 Pedro Duran Farell 35 Sette Sorelle (Seven Sisters) 52 Pérez de Gracia, F. 26 shale gas, 18, 27, 68, 98 Persia 44, 47, 53 shale oil 17–18, 68, 98 Persian Gulf 2, 36–7, 47, 51, 55–6, 61–4 Shell 34, 53 Philbin, B. 37 Sicily 34–35 Piketty, T. 98 Sidon (Lebanon) 47 Po Valley 22, 52 Sinai 59, 61 Poland 18, 45 SIRIP 54 Polish coal 45 Six-Day War 57–8, 60 Portugal 4, 6–7, 9, 12–13, 29–31, 68, 97, Slovenia 4, 6–7, 13, 16, 22, 29, 97, 102, 102, 119–30 107, 114, 119–30 Putin, V. 9, 38, 110 solar energy 27, 85–6, 88, 92–5, 100–101, 115 Qatar 33, 35, 55, 66 Soleimani, Q. 9–10, 25, 111 Quadri, S. 111 Sonatrach 35, 38 Sonelgaz 35 Red Line Agreement 40 South Caucasus Pipeline 37 Red Sea 36–7, 49 Southern Europe Reed, S. 25 Southern Gas Corridor(SGC) 110 Reilly, J.M. 135 Soviet oil 51 renewables 19, 21, 23, 70, 82, 84–5, Soviet Union 1, 16, 22, 30, 32, 37, 45–7, 87–9, 91, 93–7, 114–15, 117 49–52, 59–60, 62–3, 108 Rettig, E. 39, 43 Spain 4, 6, 8–9, 12–13, 22, 29–31, 34–5, Reynolds, D.B. 70 59, 68, 71–2, 96–7, 102–5, 107, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) 90, 98 114–15, 118–30 Rowe, C. 132 Standard Oil California 46, 53 Rubio-Varas, M.d.M. 22–3, 118 Standard Oil New Jersey 53 Russia 1, 9–10, 19, 23, 28, 32, 36, 38, 39, Stern, D.I. 70 51, 65, 90, 101, 106, 108–11, 116 Strait of Hormuz 25 Russian Federation 19, 35, 63 sub-Saharan Africa 86, 104, 115 Russian gas 37–8 Suez Canal 1–2, 36–7, 47–51, 56–9, 105 Russian–Turkish pipeline 111 Suez Crisis 2, 49, 51–2, 113 Sumed (Suez–Mediterranean) pipeline 36–7 Sadat, A. 59–60 Sweden 51 Sahara Desert 86, 104, 115 Syria 1–2, 4–6, 8–9, 14–16, 24, 26, Saharan Blend 35 29–31, 36–8, 41–2, 46, 51, 57, 59, Saida (port) 40 65, 88, 93, 96, 101, 104, 109–10, Sánchez, M. 26 113, 116–17, 119–30 Saudi Arabia 26–8, 32, 41, 46–8, 51, 55–7, 59, 61–4, 106, 108 Scholl, E. 109 Tabriz (Iran) 37 security of energy supply 1, 5, 46, 57, 59, Tal, A. 89, 102 62, 65, 99, 109 Talbot, V. 33 Selin, N.E. 135 Tamar (gas field) 39, 43, 110 Tanin (gas field) 40

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Tapline (Trans-Arabian pipeline), 40, Unione Petrolifera 108 46–7, 57 United Arab Emirates 32, 55, 63 Tehran 10, 31, 48, 54, 60–62, 111 US Energy Information Administration Texaco 53 136 Thomas, N. 86 USA 1, 11, 17–19, 22–3, 25–7, 31, 33–4, Tigris river 94 36, 38, 40, 44–51, 53, 55, 57–68, traditional energy sources 67–8, 70, 118 73, 85, 90, 105–6, 108, 110–11, Trans-Balkan Pipeline 109 117 Trans-Mediterranean (Transmed) USSR 22 Pipeline 35 Transjordan 46 Varvelli, A. 33, 65 Trino Vercellese (nuclear plant) 22 Venezuela 51, 55 Tripoli (Lebanon) 40 Vigfusson, R. J. 26 Tripoli 32–3, 38, 65, 110 Vucic, A. (Serbian President) 38 Tripolitania 57, 111 Trump, D. 111 Warde, P. 135 Tunisia 2, 4, 14–15, 17, 24, 26, 29–30, water 74, 92–3, 98, 115–16 35, 65, 76–80, 94–6, 100, 114–15, water mills 84 119–30 West Texas Intermediate (WTI) 25 Turkey 1, 4, 6, 8–10, 21, 24, 29, 31–3, Westphal, K. 26–7, 104 37–8, 45–6, 65, 93–4, 103, wind 27, 74, 85, 92, 94–5, 100–101 109–10, 114, 116, 119–30 windmills 84 Turkey–Greece–Italy Interconnector wood 74, 76, 92, 95, 118 37–8 working animals 74 Turkish straits 1, 37 Turkmenistan 35 TurkStream pipeline 38 Yemen 26, 65 Tuscany 94 Yergin, D. 47, 57–8, 60–61 Yom Kippur 31, 59–60 Yugoslavia (former) 5, 16–17, 21–2, UK 34, 45, 47–51, 53, 59, 65 119–30 UN Conference on Environment and Development(UNCED) 98 UN Framework Convention on Climate Zelten (Libya) 56 Change (UNFCCC) 90 Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali 26 Union for the Mediterranean (UfM) 88, Zohr gas field 36, 40, 110 116 Zupi, M. 4–5

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