God Beyond Knowing: Clement of Alexandria and Discourse on God

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

God Beyond Knowing: Clement of Alexandria and Discourse on God GOD BEYOND KNOWING: CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA AND DISCOURSE ON GOD Annewies van den Hoek* In his great study on Methodius of Olympus, Lloyd Patterson often emphasized the influence of theologians such as Irenaeus of Lyons and Clement of Alexandria on later generations of Christian Greek authors. In his opinion, scholars had neglected to explore these influences ade- quately, and it was Clement who supplied Methodius with basic ele- ments for the interpretation of Christian life—ascetic life in particu- lar. Acknowledging that assessment and achievement, this contribution will explore some of Clement’s thoughts, not so much about human or ascetic life, but about God in relationship to human life. It is not intended to be a survey of everything Clement has written about the concept of God, but it will touch on a few basic themes, trying to put them in the context of Clement’s theology. It also aims to sketch out an emerging necessity for someone like Clement to compete with other traditions and to use common philosophical language, albeit for his own religious goals. The passages in which Clement speaks about God show a wide variety of subjects: the discussion may be about creation or creational power and might. It may refer to the positive and negative elements in the perception of God in language reflecting philosophical modes of speech. Clement frequently describes God as the One, and these dis- cussions about the unity or uniqueness of God have a complex back- ground. They may draw either directly or indirectly on a Platonic passage or a biblical text; they may also be inspired by a polemical discussion in which the author targets Marcionite or gnosticizing con- stituencies. The same holds true for his remarks on God’s wisdom and goodness; they can occur in their own right, often tied to a biblical pas- sage, but they also appear in an adversarial context, in which the reader * Annewies van den Hoek lives in Dedham, Massachusetts and teaches Greek at Harvard Divinity School. 38 annewies van den hoek easily detects Clement’s polemical agenda. Another intrinsic part of Clement’s discourse about God has to do with the relationship to the Logos, the divine intellectual power, often identified by Clement as the Son or Christ. Related is the discussion about human assimilation to God and the search for knowledge of God. Finally there is the intrigu- ing aspect of the male and female elements in Clement’s perception of God. To illustrate the theme, this essay will translate a few passages from the works of Clement as starting points for discussion. Lloyd Patterson once said that translating a difficult ancient text (and which Greek text does not qualify as such?) was in his view one of the most demanding tasks of the trade. He did not consider it a technical skill or a mere practicality that one had to overcome quickly to arrive at higher the- ological ground. He thought that the core of all patristic work was to carefully balance words, detect subtle inflections, and give satisfactory interpretations, all through translation of texts. Naming God In a passage of the fifth book of the Stromateis, a book that contains most of the relevant material for the subject, Clement sums up the difficulties in speaking about God. The passage was characterized by Eric Osborn as Clement’s “most comprehensive philosophical state- ment about God.”1 “Indeed, in the discussion about God this is the most difficult question to tackle: for since it is hard to find out the principle of everything, it is even harder to prove the first and oldest principle, which is also the cause for all others to come into being and to exist thereafter. How can words express that which is neither a general kind nor a difference nor a distinct species nor an individual nor a number; it is not even something that occurs accidentally, nor is it subject to accident. One can not rightly call him “Whole,” for the whole belongs to the order of (quantifiable) magnitude, and God is the father of the whole universe. One should not speak about God’s parts either; for the One is indivisible and therefore also infinite; not understood in terms of space or time but as a continuum and without limit and, therefore, formless and nameless. If we should give it a name, improperly calling it either 1 Eric Osborn, The Philosophy of Clement of Alexandria (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni- versity Press, 1957), 27..
Recommended publications
  • Northern Caribbean University School of Religion and Theology
    NORTHERN CARIBBEAN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF RELIGION AND THEOLOGY SUMMARY OF THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHURCH IN SOCIETY: GREEK PHILOSOPHICAL BACKGROUND An Assignment Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Course: THST 660: CHURCH AND SOCIETY by Lascelles James December 2015 Introduction Confrontation in the Near East where Christianity originated was abated by the iron might of the Roman Empire at its zenith in the 1st and 2nd centuries (96 to 180 CE). The religion came to prominence at a time when the Roman peace (Pax Romana) of Caesar Augustus brought a network of roads to the empire and formal religious toleration allowed religions to flourish. Christianity rode this crest of opportunity and its adherents multiplied exponentially. The atmosphere was rich with religious diversity including Judaism, Roman state religion, the mystery cults and the schools of Greek philosophy. It must be noted here that Greek philosophy provided the ideas that steered the minds of Roman citizens of the Empire and shaped their religion. Philip Curtin emphasizes that the growth of the Roman Empire provided an articulating framework for the cultural synthesis that Greek Philosophy generated. 1 This brief, reflective research looks analytically at the impact of Greek philosophy on Christianity from three perspectives. They are: 1) the challenge that it presented to Christianity, 2) the signs of syncretism, and 3) Christian differentiation despite assimilation of aspects of Greek philosophy. Though not exhaustive because of its brevity, the study may help with discussions on the backgrounds of Christianity, and also stimulate an interest in the religion, politics, and history of the Levant in the first century.
    [Show full text]
  • The Protrepticus of Clement of Alexandria: a Commentary
    Miguel Herrero de Jáuregui THE PROTREPTICUS OF CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA: A COMMENTARY to; ga;r yeu'do" ouj yilh'/ th'/ paraqevsei tajlhqou'" diaskedavnnutai, th'/ de; crhvsei th'" ajlhqeiva" ejkbiazovmenon fugadeuvetai. La falsedad no se dispersa por la simple comparación con la verdad, sino que la práctica de la verdad la fuerza a huir. Protréptico 8.77.3 PREFACIO Una tesis doctoral debe tratar de contribuir al avance del conocimiento humano en su disciplina, y la pretensión de que este comentario al Protréptico tenga la máxima utilidad posible me obliga a escribirla en inglés porque es la única lengua que hoy casi todos los interesados pueden leer. Pero no deja de ser extraño que en la casa de Nebrija se deje de lado la lengua castellana. La deuda que contraigo ahora con el español sólo se paliará si en el futuro puedo, en compensación, “dar a los hombres de mi lengua obras en que mejor puedan emplear su ocio”. Empiezo ahora a saldarla, empleándola para estos agradecimientos, breves en extensión pero no en sinceridad. Mi gratitud va, en primer lugar, al Cardenal Don Gil Álvarez de Albornoz, fundador del Real Colegio de España, a cuya generosidad y previsión debo dos años provechosos y felices en Bolonia. Al Rector, José Guillermo García-Valdecasas, que administra la herencia de Albornoz con ejemplar dedicación, eficacia y amor a la casa. A todas las personas que trabajan en el Colegio y hacen que cumpla con creces los objetivos para los que se fundó. Y a mis compañeros bolonios durante estos dos años. Ha sido un honor muy grato disfrutar con todos ellos de la herencia albornociana.
    [Show full text]
  • Clement of Alexandria's Methodological Framework
    Adam PRYOR Clement of Alexandria’s Methodological Framework and its Relation to the Biblical Virtues in Light of Concepts of Faith, Knowledge, and Gnosis P h i l o s o p h y ’s relation to theology has always been a topic of much debate. From the time of the Pre-Socratics to our current age, philosophers and theologians alike have contested the degree to which these two methodologically similar disciplines are related. In the tract of this long lineage of discussion, Titus Flavius Clemens, better known as Clement of Alexandria, has made a significant contribution. His conception of the relationship between philosophy and theology as taking different paths to a single conception of truth opens the door for a host of theological issues that conflict with some of the dogmatics and doctrines of the Church. More impor- t a n t l y, Clement’s attempt to incorporate philosophical thought as an aggrandizing principle in relation to the Biblical virtues resulted in a set of axiomatic statements and a methodological framework that is inexorably rooted in an anti-ecumenical paradigm, while simultaneously rooting itself in a solely faith-based perspective of Christianity that lays emphasis on the individual’s plight to act upon an ever- increasing understanding of God’s call in this world for each of us. Principles of Clement’s Theology Clement of Alexandria was born c. A.D. 150 to pagan parents. We know very lit- tle about the life of Clement beyond this. We know he had a thirst for knowledge and this led to him doing a great deal of traveling to places like Italy, Palestine and Syria, while searching for a satisfactory instructor.
    [Show full text]
  • "Selections from 'Christian Spirit'" by Judith and Michael Oren Fitzgerald
    ou are a world within a world. Become quiet and look Y within yourself, and see there the whole creation. Do not look at exterior things but turn all your attention to that which lies within. Gather together your whole mind within the intellectual treasure-house of your soul, and make ready for the Lord a shrine free from images. Nilus of Ancyra (363-430) here is then only one God, Maker of souls and bodies; T one Creator of heaven and earth, the Maker of angels and archangels.… This Father of our Lord Jesus Christ is not circumscribed in any place, nor is He less than the heavens; but the heavens are the works of His fi ngers, T he contemplation of nature abates the fever and the whole world is held in His grasp: He is in all of the soul, and banishes all insincerity and things and around all things. presumption. Cyril of Jerusalem (315-386) Basil the Great (329-379) Monastery of the Syrians, Egypt 22 Christian Spirit or he who holds possessions, and gold, and houses, as the gifts of God, and ministers from them to God who gives them for the salvation of men, and knows that he possesses them more for the sake of the brethren than his own, and is superior to the possession of them, not the slave of the things he possesses, and does not carry them about in his soul, nor bind his life within them, but is ever laboring at some good and divine work, even should he be deprived of them, this man is able with cheerful mind to bear their removal equally with their abundance.
    [Show full text]
  • The Latin Fathers the 3Nd
    GOOD SHEPHERD LUTHERAN CHURCH Gaithersburg, Maryland The History of the Early Christian Church Unit Two – The Early Church Fathers “Who Were They?” “Why Do We Remember Them?” The Latin Fathers The 3nd. of Three Sessions in Unit Two The 7th Sunday of Easter - The Sunday after the Ascension – May 14, 2020 (Originally Scheduled / Prepared for the 4th Sunday of Lent, 2020) I. Now Just Where Were We? It has been a long time since we were considering the Church Fathers in Unit 2. This is a “pick up session,” now that we have completed the 14 other sessions of this series on The History of the Early Christian Church. Some may remember that we were giving our attention to the early Church Fathers when the interruption of the Covid19 virus descended upon us, and we found ourselves under stay at home policies. Thanks to our pastor’s leadership ond our well equipped communications equipment and the skill of Pilip Muschke, we were able to be “on line` almost St. Jerome - Translator of Latin Vulgate instanetly. We missed only one session between our live class 4-5th Century and our first on line class. Today, we pick up the session we missed. We had covered two sessions of the three session Unit 2. The first of these sessions was on The Apostolic Fathers. These were those who had either known our Lord or known those who did. Among those would have been the former disciples of Jesus or the early first generation apostles. These were the primary sources to whom the ministry of our Lord was “handed off.” Saint Paul was among them.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to Saints and Symbols in Stained Glass
    Guide to Saints and Symbols in Stained Glass In churches and chapels, stained glass windows help create the sense of a sacred space. Stained glass windows of the saints can provide worshipers with inspirational illustrations of the venerated. The various saints may be depicted in stained glass either symbolically or in scenes from their lives. One of the challenges facing church designers, building committees and pastors doing church construction or remodeling is finding the right stained Saint Matthew Saint Mark glass images for your church or chapel. Panel #1001 Panel #1000 To help you, Stained Glass Inc. offers the largest selection of stained glass in the world. You will find Stained Glass Inc. windows to be of the finest quality, affordable and custom made to the size and shape of your window. If your church or organization is looking for a stained glass window of a saint, we can help. Not all the saints are listed here. If you are looking for a particular saint and you don’t find him or her listed here, just contact us, we can create a stained glass artwork for you. Saint Luke Saint John Panel #1005 Panel #1006 4400 Oneal, Greenville, TX • Phone: (903) 454-8376 [email protected] • www.StainedGlassInc.com To see more Saints in stained glass, click here: http://stainedglassinc.com/religious/saints-and-angels/saints.html The following is a list of the saints and their symbols in stained glass: Saint Symbol in Stained Glass and Art About the Saint St. Acathius may be illustrated in Bishop of Melitene in the third century.
    [Show full text]
  • The Angelic Spirit in Early Christianity: Justin, the Martyr and Philosopher*
    The Angelic Spirit in Early Christianity: Justin, the Martyr and Philosopher* Bogdan G. Bucur / Duquesne University In the conclusion of his article entitled “The Angelic Spirit in Early Judaism,” John R. Levison invited the scholarly community to use his work as “a suitable foundation for discussion of the angelic spirit” in early Christianity.1 A few years later, in his study of angelomorphic chris- tology, Charles A. Gieschen highlighted the need for similar work in the field of early pneumatology.2 The case for angelomorphic pneu- matology has been argued at length with respect to the Book of Reve- lation, the Shepherd of Hermas, and Clement of Alexandria.3 This essay contributes to the discussion by pursuing the occurrence of the “an- gelic spirit” in the writings of Justin Martyr.4 * I am grateful to Fr. Michael Slusser, SJ, for his helpful critique of an earlier draft of this article. 1 “Discussions of the spirit of God in Early Judaism and Christianity . ought to consider . interpretations of the spirit as an angelic presence. The texts included in the present analysis serve . to provide a suitable foundation for discussion of the angelic spirit in the Fourth Gospel, the Shepherd of Hermas, and the Ascension of Isaiah” ( John R. Levison, “The Angelic Spirit in Early Judaism,” Society of Biblical Literature Seminar Papers 34 [1995]: 464–93, 492), and see also The Spirit in First Century Judaism, Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Urchristentums 29 (Leiden: Brill, 1997). 2 Charles A. Gieschen, Angelomorphic Christology: Antecedents and Early Evidence, Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Urchristentums 42 (Leiden: Brill, 1998), 6: “Ig- norance concerning the influence of angelomorphic traditions has also plagued scholarship on early Pneumatology.
    [Show full text]
  • The Psukhē in and Behind Clement of Alexandria's Paedagogus
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2016 Psukhai That Matter: The Psukhē in and Behind Clement of Alexandria’s Paedagogus Phillip Jay Webster University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, and the Religion Commons Recommended Citation Webster, Phillip Jay, "Psukhai That Matter: The Psukhē in and Behind Clement of Alexandria’s Paedagogus" (2016). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2088. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2088 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2088 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Psukhai That Matter: The Psukhē in and Behind Clement of Alexandria’s Paedagogus Abstract This dissertation aims to investigate the ideology and mechanics of the ancient soul’s materiality as witnessed in Clement of Alexandria’s late second- or early third-century work, the Paedagogus. I focus on four ways in which Clement refers to the soul: (1) as an entity in need of punishment and healing, (2) as vulnerable to substances and the activities of the body, (3) as made visible through the body’s appearance, and (4) as an internal moral-core. Through the lens of the Paedagogus, this dissertation introduces recent theoretical work on “materiality” and “the body,” especially as developed in gender studies, into the broad scholarly conversation about the ancient soul. In the process, it shows how Clement uses the interactions between the ancient soul and the ancient body in his attempt to produce and police Christian subjects.
    [Show full text]
  • Clement of Alexandria Epiphanius (Κατὰ Μαρκιωνιστῶν 29; Cf
    Verbum et Ecclesia ISSN: (Online) 2074-7705, (Print) 1609-9982 Page 1 of 11 Original Research Documents written by the heads of the Catechetical School in Alexandria: From Mark to Clement Author: The Catechetical School in Alexandria has delivered a number of prolific scholars and writers 1 Willem H. Oliver during the first centuries of the Common Era, up to its demise by the end of the 4th century. Affiliation: These scholars have produced an extensive collection of documents of which not many are 1Department of Christian extant. Fortunately, there are many references to these documents supplying us with an idea Spirituality, Church History of the content thereof. As the author could not find one single source containing all the and Missiology, University of documents written by the heads of the School, he deemed it necessary to list these documents, South Africa, South Africa together with a short discussion of it where possible. This article only discusses the writings of Corresponding author: the following heads: Mark the Evangelist, Athenagoras, Pantaenus and Clement, covering the Willem Oliver, period between approximately 40 CE and the end of the 2nd century. The follow-up article [email protected] discusses the documents of the heads who succeeded them. Dates: Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: The potential results of the proposed Received: 02 May 2017 Accepted: 16 Aug. 2017 research are a full detailed list of all the documents being written by the heads of the School in Published: 10 Nov. 2017 Alexandria. The disciplines involved are (Church) History, Theology and Antiquity. These results will make it easier for future researchers to work on these writers.
    [Show full text]
  • Clement of Alexandria and Early Christian Views of Martyrdom By
    Clement of Alexandria and Early Christian Views of Martyrdom By Lindsey Helms Senior Honors Thesis Religious Studies University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill April 6, 2017 Approved ______________________________ Zlatko Pleše, Thesis Advisor Evyatar Marienberg, Reader Acknowledgments The completion of this thesis would have not been possible without my advisor, Zlatko Pleše, who has shown me immense patience and endured many headaches on my behalf over the past two semesters. It was because I took your Varieties of Early Christianity course during my sophomore year that I became a Religious Studies major, which has been one of the best decisions I have made at UNC. I chose to write a thesis in hopes that I would be challenged to grow as a writer, and that I would have the opportunity to go more in-depth on the subject of early Christian diversity than a regular class would allow. It is because of your willingness to advise me that I have been able to accomplish both of these things, and I could not be more grateful. I also must thank Evyatar Marienberg, who challenged me to go beyond my comfort zone in his class and instilled me with the confidence I needed to complete this thesis. Thank you for showing interest in my work, and for your willingness to sacrifice your time to be a reader. Mom and Dad, thank you for your continued support and encouragement in everything I choose to do. Michael Hensley, thank you for taking me seriously, and for constantly making me feel as though I have something worth saying.
    [Show full text]
  • The First Epistle of St. Peter
    THE FIRST EPISTLE OF ST. PETER 1999 FR. TADROS YACOUB MALATY St. George’s Coptic Orthodox Church Sporting – Alexandria Translated by: FERIAL MOAWAD St. Mark’s Coptic Orthodox Church Chicago - Illinois Reverend Father Tadros Y. Malaty has kindly permitted that his books be published in the COeRL. He has requested that we convey that any suggestions or amendments regarding their translation are welcome, and should be forwarded to: [email protected] 2 3 4 5 INTRODUCTION THE WRITER OF THE EPISTLE 1. The scholars and the Fathers of the Church have unanimously agreed that St. Peter was the writer. 2. St. Ireneaus was the first to excerpt some sayings from the epistle mentioning St. Peter’s name. However, we find some excerpts in the writings of early and later Fathers following him, like what came in the epistle of St. Barnabas1, the writings of St. Clement of Rome2, the book of the Shepherd by Hermas3, and the writings of St. Polycarp the Martyr. 3. St. Clement of Alexandria, Tertullian, Eusebius of Caesarea have mentioned that the epistle of St. Peter is widely accepted by the church, without any doubt. 4. The epistle is in harmony with the style of his sermons mentioned in the book of Acts, for example: First: He referred to God as Judge who judges with no partiality (Chapter 1:7 with Acts 10:34). Second: He emphasized the talk about the Father who raised Christ. (Chapter 1:21 with Acts 2:32 & 3:15, 10:40. Third: His declaration that the Lord Jesus is the Chief Cornerstone.
    [Show full text]
  • Byzantium and France: the Twelfth Ec Ntury Renaissance and the Birth of the Medieval Romance Leon Stratikis University of Tennessee - Knoxville
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 12-1992 Byzantium and France: the Twelfth eC ntury Renaissance and the Birth of the Medieval Romance Leon Stratikis University of Tennessee - Knoxville Recommended Citation Stratikis, Leon, "Byzantium and France: the Twelfth eC ntury Renaissance and the Birth of the Medieval Romance. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 1992. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/2521 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Leon Stratikis entitled "Byzantium and France: the Twelfth eC ntury Renaissance and the Birth of the Medieval Romance." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Modern Foreign Languages. Paul Barrette, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: James E. Shelton, Patrick Brady, Bryant Creel, Thomas Heffernan Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official student records.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation by Leon Stratikis entitled Byzantium and France: the Twelfth Century Renaissance and the Birth of the Medieval Romance.
    [Show full text]