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Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development EXPLORING ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES in SOME SELECTED SPICES FARMING ENTERPRISE in O

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Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development EXPLORING ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES in SOME SELECTED SPICES FARMING ENTERPRISE in O www.jard.edu.pl http://dx.doi.org/10.17306/J.JARD.2020.01228 Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development pISSN 1899-5241 1(55) 2020, 85–92 eISSN 1899-5772 Accepted for print: 1.02.2020 EXPLORING ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES IN SOME SELECTED SPICES FARMING ENTERPRISE IN ONDO STATE, NIGERIA Victoria Adeyemi Tanimonure1, Raphael Mayowa Yewande1, Oreoluwa Grace Fayemi1 1Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria Abstract. This study explored the current economic issues INTRODUCTION and isolated constraints involved in the spice business in Ondo State, Nigeria. A quantitative research approach was Spices are dried part of plants that usually have strong used to elicit information from 60 randomly selected respond- and special smells/flavors. They can come from different ents through an individual interview schedule with the aid of parts of a plant, including: seeds, fruit, roots, bark, stems, a well-structured questionnaire. Data collected was explored using descriptive statistics, and budgetary and multiple regres- rhizomes or flowers. There are about 50 spices of inter- sion analyses. The results showed that most (57%) respond- national importance and thousands of other less known ents were male, and 87% were married with a mean household local spices used for traditional cooking. Although many size of 7. Most (77%) had at least a primary education, and of these spices originated from Latin America, the Car- all of them were members of an association with the major- ibbean and Asia (especially India, China and Indonesia), ity (78%) engaged in cooperative marketing of spices. Also, many of them are now successfully grown across Africa. of the four selected spices, Aframomum melegueta, Piper gu- The best-known use of spices is in food prepara- ineese, Monodora myristica, Sylopia acthipea, only Aframo- tion and cooking. Traditionally and by research studies, mum melegueta was cultivated, others were gathered from the spices have been known to function more than just been wild. The prominent constraints identified were the inability to propagate Piper guineese, Monodora myristica, and Sylopia flavorants. It has found important use in ethno-medicine acthipea; the lack of technology to harvest and dry Sylopia ac- (Nasri et al., 2014; Awasthi and Pandey, 2016; Yashin thipea to meet the standard of the buyers; and the lack of ac- et al., 2017), and this is the reason why consumers are cess to high-value markets. The rate of return on investment turning more towards ethnic cuisine, spicy foods and was 0.98, and the factors that determine the profitability of the the development of new uses for spices. Consequent- spice business included the level of education, household size, ly, this has led to a drastic increase in the demand for labor and value addition. Research efforts should be focused spices among other herbs in the world market (UNIDO on the propagation of P. guineese, M. myristica, S. acthi- and FAO, 2005). In fact, the global demand forecast pea, the technology for drying and harvesting of S. acthipea, for herbs and spices, especially for their use as dietary and capacity building on value addition to increase business profitability. supplements in complementary alternative medicine or orthodox medical practices, shows that it will continue Keywords: spices, profitability, enterprise, constraints on the upward trend. This provides a development op- portunity for pharmaceutical raw materials. World markets for spices and herbs, particularly in industrializing countries and in local markets, are Victoria Adeyemi Tanimonure, Obafemi Awolowo University, P.M.B. 13 Ile-Ife, Osun, 220282 Nigeria, e-mail: vicofgodng@ yahoo.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6490-3482 © Copyright by Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Poznaniu Tanimonure, V. A., Yewande, R. M., Fayemi, O. G. (2020). Exploring economic opportunities in some selected spices farming en- terprise in Ondo State, Nigeria. J. Agribus. Rural Dev., 1(55), 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17306/J.JARD.2020.01228 expanding and can offer good returns to small-scale 4°20’E and 6°03’E. It is bounded by Edo and Delta farmers. According to FAO data, there has been an in- States on the east, Ogun and Osun States on the west, crease in the quantity of spices produced globally. For Ekiti and Kogi States on the north, and the Bight of Be- instance, 2.10 million tons of spices were produced in nin and the Atlantic Ocean on the south. The state occu- 2012 globally, compared to 2.81 million tons in 2017. pies a land area of about 15,000 km2 with a population Asia is recorded to contribute about 94% to global spic- of 3,441,924 according to the 2006 census. The state has es production. India is the main producer in the conti- eighteen (18) Local Government Areas, with Akure as nent, in 2017, 1.94 million tons of spices were produced the capital city and the largest settlement. Agriculture is in India (Factfish.com, 2020). In Nigeria, the potential believed to be the mainstay of the people of Ondo State. in spices production is underutilized, and there is lack of information on how to cultivate and use them de- Sampling procedure spite their economic importance (Adebayo et al., 2011). A multistage sampling technique was used in selecting the Therefore, there is good trade potential for small-scale respondents for the study. At the first stage, Ondo East Lo- farmers; they can benefit from spices as higher-value, cal Government Area was purposively selected because low-volume cash crops to enhance their income and thus of the presence of spice farmers in the area. Five villages improve their livelihoods. A large proportion of spices (Bomodeoku, Oboto, Itaoba, Adaja and Akinseye), where traded in both local and export markets are produced spice farmers are organized into groups, were purposive- by small-scale farmers. On a worldwide basis, trade in ly selected at the second stage. At the third stage, twelve spices provides multi-billion U.S. dollar earnings for farmers were randomly selected from the list of spice farmers in each village to give a total of sixty respondents. small-scale farmers (Ulhan et al., 2006; FAO, 2011). Meanwhile, a literature review revealed that consid- Data collection and analytical techniques erable work had been carried out to discover the impor- This study used a mixed-method research design in- tance of spices around the world. Most authors focused volving both quantitative and qualitative research ap- on the medicinal value of spices (De Milto and Fray, proaches to elicit information from the respondents se- 2005; Nasri et al., 2014; Damanhouri and Ahmad, 2014; lected. Primary data was used for this study. Data was Fasoriyo, 2015; Yashin et al., 2017; Prasad et al., 2017). collected using a well-structured questionnaire; a Focus Also, there is a number of studies focused on spice Group Discussion was conducted to gain an in-depth consumption (Shinoj and Mathur, 2006; Akinpelu and understanding of various activities that are carried out Salman, 2015). Olife et al. (2013) and Adebayo et al., in the spice business. Quantitative data collected was 2011 surveyed the production of spices in Nigeria but analyzed using descriptive statistics, and budgetary and neglected the economic aspect. Akinpelu et al. (2011) multiple regression routines. In turn, discourse analysis also worked on the economic analysis of spices but their was used for qualitative data. focus was on the marketing. Therefore, this research addresses four selected spices that are cultivated and/ Budgetary technique or gathered by farmers in Ondo East Local Government The budgetary technique was used to analyze the costs area of Ondo State: Alligator pepper (Aframomum me- and return rates of the selected spices business. The net legueta), African nutmeg (Monodora myristica), Eeru revenue (NR) and profitability ratio were used to exam- (Sylopia acthipea) and iyere (Piper guineese). The study ine the profitability. seeks to explore the current status of spice production in Revenue analysis is given by: the area, the profitability of the business, the constraints GM = TR – TVC (1) facing the spices enterprise and the factors that deter- NR = GM – TFC or TR – TC (2) mine the profitability of the enterprise in the study area. where: GM: Gross Margin, the difference between total rev- METHODOLOGY enue generated from the sales of the spices and total variable costs Descriptions of the study area TR: Total Revenue, the sum of the quantity of spices The study area was Ondo State, located at latitudes gathered or harvested multiplied by the average between 5°45’N and 7°45’N and longitudes between price per kilogram 86 www.jard.edu.pl Tanimonure, V. A., Yewande, R. M., Fayemi, O. G. (2020). Exploring economic opportunities in some selected spices farming en- terprise in Ondo State, Nigeria. J. Agribus. Rural Dev., 1(55), 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17306/J.JARD.2020.01228 TVC: Total Variable Cost, the sum total of all the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION variable costs in the production of spices during the period Demographic characteristics of spice farmers NR: Net Revenue, the difference between total rev- The demographic characteristics of the respondents are enue generated and total costs of inputs used in presented in Table 1. The results showed that the aver- the production of spices age age of farmers involved in the spice business was TC: Total Cost, the sum of both variable and fixed costs TFC: Total Fixed Cost, the cost of variables that are Table 1. Distribution of spice farmers by demographic char- fixed in the
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