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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 76-9968 FOSTER, Thomas Warren, 1936- DRUG THERAPY FOR SOCIOPATHIC OFFENDERS: AN EXPERIMENTAL TREATMENT PROGRAM UTILIZING IMIPRAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1975 Sociology, criminology Xerox University Microfilms ,Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. DRUG THERAPY FOR SOCIOPATHIC OFFENDERS: AN EXPERIMENTAL TREATMENT PROGRAM UTILIZING IMIPRAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Thomas W. Foster, B.S, M.A. ****** The Ohio State University 1975 Reading Committee: Approved By Alfred C. Clarke, Ph.D. Joseph E. Scott, Ph.D. Simon Dinitz, Ph.D. Advisor v/ Advisor Department of Sociology For Joyce, Cindy and Mark ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author is indebted to all of the scholars who took part in the study upon which this dissertation is based. Working with this multidisciplinary group was an instructive, stimulating and truly enjoyable, experience for him. Deep est thanks are first expressed to Dr. Simon Dinitz of the Department of Sociology for his advice, guidance and friend ship. The author's appreciation is also extended to Dr. Harry Allen of the Center for the Study of Crime and Delin quency, to Dr. Alfred Clarke of the Department of Sociology, to Dr. Harold Goldman of the Department of Pharmacology and to Dr. Lewis Lindner of the Department of Psychiatry. In addition, the author wishes to convey his gratitude to two excellent Research Assistants— Susan McCormick and Amiah Barak— both of whom brought understanding and empathy, as well as efficiency, to their work with our inmate-subjects. Finally, the author is thankful for the efforts of Mrs. Jane Ott, in diligently preparing and typing the manu script and for the loyal and capable help of his three inmate assistants, "Mac," "Mama" and "Irish," without whom the author could not have possibly succeeded in his role as Project Field Coordinator. iii VITA September 12, 1936 ............. Born, Chicago, Illinois 1 9 5 8 ............................ B.S., University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 1966 ............................ M.A., Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 1966-1970........................ Instructor of Sociology, Lima Campus, The Ohio State University, Lima, Ohio 1970-1972 ...................... Teaching Associate, Depart ment of Sociology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1972-1974 ...................... Research Associate, The Program for the Study of Crime and Delinquency, The Ohio State University Research Foundation, Columbus, Ohio 1974 ............... .............Assistant Professor of Sociology, Ashland College, Ashland, Ohio PUBLICATIONS A Designed Treatment Program of Sociopathy by Means of Drugs: A Summary Report. A Monograph in the Criminal Justice System Series, Number 29, Program for the Study of Crime and Delin quency, The Ohio State University, December, 197 4, with H. Allen, S. Dinitz, H. Goldman and L. Lindner. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Fields: Criminology, Social Theory, Social Organization iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................................... iii LIST OF TA BLES .............................. .. vii Chapter I. INTRODUCTION .................................. 1 Background ..................................... 1 Early Writings ................................. 9 Clinical Formulations ......................... 10 Incidence of Sociopathy ....................... 14 Etiology ....................................... 15 Related Research .............................. 17 II. SETTING OF THE RESEARCH: THE P R I S O N ........ 26 III. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND PROCEDURES .......... 40 Experimental Design ........................... 40 Procedures ..................................... 43 IV. POPULATION AND SUBJECT CHARACTERISTICS .... 54 V. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS ..................... 190 Case Reviews of Medication Reactions ......... 190 Group Reactions to Treatment ................. 216 APPENDIX .............................................. 2 57 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................... 253 v LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Selected Summary of Background Character istics of 412 Consecutive Admissions ....... 30 2. Rank Order of Five Most Frequent Offenses for Four Population Groups .................. 59 3. Rank Order of Four Most Frequent Counties of Commitment for Four Population Groups .... 60 4. Mean Age of Four Population Groups ........... 61 5. Racial Distribution of Four Population Groups ........................................ 61 6. Residential Background of Four Population Groups ............................ 62 7. Mean Marriages for Four Population Groups.... 62 8. Mean Years of Formal Education of Subject for Four Population Groups .................. 63 9. Mean Years of Formal Education of Father for Four Population Groups .................. 63 10. Mean Years of Formal Education of Mother for Four Population Groups .................. 64 11. Religion of Four Population Groups .......... 64 12. Mean Number of Full Siblings for Four Population Groups ............................ 65 13. Mean Months of Military Service for Four Population Groups ....................... 6 5 14. Distribution of Honorable Military Discharges Among Four Population Groups .... 66 15. Evidence of Family History of Criminality for Four Population Groups .................. 66 vi Table Page 16. Mean Adult Arrests of Four Population Groups... 67 17. Mean Arrest Rate of Four Popultation Groups.... 67 18. Evidence of Head Injury or Epilepsy for Four Population Groups ......................... 68 19. Mean Number of Current Offenses of Four Population Groups ............................... 68 20. Background of Childhood Institutionalization for Four Population Groups ...... 69 21. Mean Mental Hospital Admissions for Four Population Groups .............................. 69 22. Mean Adult Incarceration Rate for Four Population Groups .............................. 70 23. Mean Escapes from Adult Correctional Institutions for Four Population Groups ...... 70 24. A Comparison of Prison Diagnoses of Sociopathy and Study Diagnoses of Sociopathy for Four Population Groups ......... 71 25. Mean IQ Scores of Four Population Groups ...... 26. Mean Lykken Scores of Four Population Groups... 72 27. Mean CMI Scores for Three Population Groups ... 72 28. Mean Zuckerman Scores for Three Population Groups .......................................... 73 29. Mean Court Calls for Three Population Groups... 73 30. Drugs Used by Four Population Groups ........... 74 31. Mean Institutional MMPI Scores for Four Population Groups ............ 75 32. Statistically Significant Baseline Differences Between 16 Sociopaths and 63 Non-Sociopaths .............................. 76 33. Psychiatric Diagnoses for 79 Consenting Inmates ......... 76 vii Table Page 34. Summary of 41 Subjects Length of Time In Project, Psychiatric Diagnoses Maximum Drug Dosage and Phase Completed ...... 188 35. Number of Subjects Completing and Not Completing Treatment by Diagnostic Cate gory ............................................. 218 36. Thirteen Subjects Beginning, but not Completing, Medication Regimen and Reason ..... 219 37. Major Side-Effects Reported by 9 Socio- pathic Subjects During Initial Placebo Period .......................................... 221 38. Major Side-Effects Reported by 9 Socio- pathic Subjects During Drug Period ............. 222 39. Major Side-Effects Reported by 9 Socio- pathic Subjects