THE OSWALD Review Undergraduate Research and Criticism in the Discipline of English: Volume 7 Fall 2005
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The Oswald Review: An International Journal of Undergraduate Research and Criticism in the Discipline of English Volume 7 | Issue 1 Article 9 2005 THE OSWALD Review Undergraduate Research and Criticism In the Discipline of English: Volume 7 Fall 2005 Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/tor Part of the American Literature Commons, Comparative Literature Commons, Literature in English, Anglophone outside British Isles and North America Commons, Literature in English, British Isles Commons, and the Literature in English, North America Commons Recommended Citation (2005) "THE OSWALD Review Undergraduate Research and Criticism In the Discipline of English: Volume 7 Fall 2005," The Oswald Review: An International Journal of Undergraduate Research and Criticism in the Discipline of English: Vol. 7 : Iss. 1 , Article 9. Available at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/tor/vol7/iss1/9 This Full Issue is brought to you by the College of Humanities and Social Sciences at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Oswald Review: An International Journal of Undergraduate Research and Criticism in the Discipline of English by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE OSWALD Review Undergraduate Research and Criticism In the Discipline of English: Volume 7 Fall 2005 This full issue is available in The sO wald Review: An International Journal of Undergraduate Research and Criticism in the Discipline of English: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/tor/vol7/iss1/9 THE OSWALD Review An International Journal Of Undereraduate Research and Criticism In the Discipline ofEnelish To acknowledge the generosity of James and Mary Oswald, whose love ofthe written word has inspired innumerable others to a deeper appreciation ofthe complexity and richness of the English language and its literatures, The Oswald Review is named in their honor. THE OSWALD Review An International Tournai Of Undergraduate Research and Criticism In the Discipline of English Volume VII Fall2005 THE OSWALD Review An International Journal of Underr:raduate Research and Criticism in the Discipline o(Enr:lisll Editor: Tom Mack Department of Eng! ish Uni1·ersitr o(Soulh Carolina Aiken Aiken, SC 2980 I tomm(a·usca.edu Associate Editor: Phebe Davidson Distinguished Professor Lmerita University o(South Carolina Aiken Editorial Intern: Katherine McPherson Junior, English University ofSouth Carolina A ikcn Editorial Review Board: Josephine A. Koster Winthrop University Rock Hill, SC Ron Lunsford Universitv of' North Carolina Charlotte Daniel Pigg UniversitJ' oj'Tcnncssce at Martin Susan Stiritz Washington Universi/v St. Louis, MO Patricia Ward College o!Charleston Charleston, SC Ron West iv!etrupolitan Communitv College Omaha, Nebraska THE OSWALD Review A 11 lntcrnar ionul ./ournit! _o[ L'ndi/_J_'Jf.ruduufc Research and Crif icis111 juL!L(~_[)j.lciJliinc '1[ !Cm!.l i.1h Tile Oswald Rel'iew i~ published annual!~ b;. the Department ol' l·nglish, llniversity of South Carolina Aiken, 4 71 llni\ ersity !'arb\ ay_ Aiken, SC 29XO I. TOR accepts submissions in the discipline of English ti-OJn undergraduates, \\ith a professor's endorsement (sec submission guidelines at the hack ofthc journal). The\ ie\\ s of the\\ ritcrs represented in the journal do not necessar ily rctlcct the scholar!;. or critical vic\\s ofthc editors. All reasonable care is taken to assure academic honesty. TOR docs not accept responsibility for copyright infringement on the part of the \\ritcrs. r:or more information about The Oswald Review, please visit the journal's web site at bttp:/ /\\\\\\. usca.cdu/cnul ish/pubs/oswald/oswald.html Cop;.right 2005 by the Department otTngli~h, lJni\ersity of South Carolina Aiken I SSN 1520-96 79 Address correspondence and inquiries to Dr. Tom Mack, Editor, The Oswald Review, Department of Eng! ish, lJ nivcrsity of South Carol ina Aiken, 471 Uni versity I' arb\ ay. Aiken, SC 29XO I. The Univcrsit;. of South Carolina Aiken provides affinnative action and ad heres to the principle of equal education and employment opportunity with nut regard to race. color, religion, sex, creed, national origin. age, disability or veteran status. This policy extends to all programs and activities sup ported by the llni\crsity. The University of South Carolina Aiken is accred ited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to a\\ard associate, baccalaureate. and master's degrees. Individual subscriptions: One year: $5.00 Five years: $20.00 To subscribe, please make a check out to The Oswald Review and mail it to Dr. Tom Mack. Editor. THE OSWALD Review CONTENTS: Lions and Tigers and Bears and Environmental Activists, Oh My! 1 An Eco-critical Reading of L. Frank Baum's The Wonderjitl Wizard of Oz Mollie Barnes and Rebecca Weber A;;nes Scott Colle;;e Decatur. Geor;;ia Redefining Ars Moriendi in J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings 47 Heather Harman Winthrop University Rock Hill. SC Language in the Silent Space: 61 Virginia Woolf's To the Lighthouse Elizabeth Hirt Messiah Colle;;e Grantham, PA The Greater of Two Evils: 73 Distinguishing between Machiavellians and Tyrants in Shakespeare's "The Rape of Lucrece" and Milton's Paradise Lost Mark Crisp Simon Fraser University Burnaby, BC Canada The Essential but Forgotten Woman: 93 A Feminist Reading of Chaim Potok's My Name is Asher Lev Kerry Brooks Messiah College Grantham, PA I~ ! Lions and Tigers and Rears and Environmental Activists, Oh My! An Eco-critical Reading of L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Mollie Barnes & Rebecca Weber Agnes Scott College Decatlll: Gem:e,ia n L. Frank Baum 's The Wonder/it! Wizard ofOz. Dorothy I and three friends, the Scarecrow, the Tin Woodman, and the Lion, travel to Emerald City in search of happiness. In the process, they also find home. The characters' journey through the Land ofOz is not a linear progression; rather, it is a jumbled passage through the forests and the fields to the city-and then back again. The confusion that Dorothy and her companions experience during their seemingly aimless travels in Oz reflects the confusion that many Americans experienced during the 1900s in the developing Midwest: the conflict between economy and ecology. Baum, who lived in the Dakotas, saw the dustbowl transformed into an in dustrial frontier. His fictional Kansas and Oz reflect this reconstruction of the natural world. lie sets a gray but real 2 Kansas prairie against a rich but illusory Emerald City that, in many \vays, resembles Chicago after the 1893 Columbian Exposition. In this way, Baum situates his novel at the nexus of the cmironmcntalist debate. Published in 1900, The Wonder/it! Wizard ofOz speaks to a young generation faced with a new set of ideological questions. Dorothy and the Tin Woodman are products of their natural envi ronments and their socioeconomic environments. Through out the story, these two characters waver between acting for themselves and acting for their environments. They arc both wild and domestic. They arc both protectors and destroyers. The first American ecologists were tum-of-the-cen tury writers and politicians. While nineteenth-century es sayists like Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau wrote about the value of the American environ ment, twentieth-century activists like John Burroughs and John Muir wrote about the vulnerability of the American environment: "although the roots of an environmentalist consciousness can be found in Romanticism and ... Tran scendentalism, environmentalism in its modern sense which implies an active effort to conserve and protect na ture-is little more than a hundred years old" (Rahn, "Green Worlds for Children" 151 ). Baum lived and wrote during this transitional period. His story captures the beginning of an American identity crisis historically and geographi cally. David B. Parker, Professor of History, explains that Bamn published The Wonder/it! Wizard of Oz "when the United States was in a tremendous state of t1ux, its rural agrarian society steadily giving \vay to cities and factories. Some Americans championed the new urban/industrial or der, while others mourned the loss of a more traditional life and the values and virtues that had accompanied it" (:2). Dorothy represents this divided American population because she comes from Kansas, a state in the heart of an American Midwest that was in a period of transition. The characters in The Wonder/it! Wizard of' Oz experience the tensions of Baum's time as they travel across the Munchkins' fields towards the Wizard's Emerald City. The publication of The Wonderjitf Wizard ol Oz marks an important moment in American children's litera ture and in American environmental literature. In "Green Worlds for Children," Suzanne Rahn explains the deep rooted connection between the tv,o: [N ]ot surprisingly---if one believes, like the Ro mantics, that children and the green world be long together-children were informed and in volved from the outset. In fact, merely by study ing old volumes of St. Nicholas Magazine that children read in the 1870s and '80s and '90s, one can trace the changes in attitudes toward the wilderness and its creatures with which en vironmentalism began. ( 151) Activists created the first green magazines and organiza tions in the late I ~WOs and early 1900s for children, not for adults. Consequently, these children were tbe fir~t Americans \\1dely c'l.poscd to conservationistthinkmg. Baum speaks to the ch1ldrcn of th•s generation through the nct•om. of Dorothy, a httlc girl. Fred Erisman "rites, "Baum \~rotc for children--children who would become the adu lts of the next genera tion. He presents to them a twofold picture of'lhc wllrld: in one form it is flawed, but still posscsse~. in truclitionu l volucs, the seeds of perfection; in the other, it is perfect" (qtd.