The Royal Society of Edinburgh research awards reception

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monday 1 september 2014 Front cover images: 1. Professor Lynn Abrams – Scottish Government Arts & Humanities Network, p. 23 2. Dr Geraldine Parsons – Scottish Government Arts & Humanities Small Grant, p. 29 3. Dr Kamusella Tomasz – Scottish Government Arts & Humanities Small Grant, p. 27 Map of official languages in Central Europe, 1721 4. Mungo Campbell – Scottish Government Arts & Humanities Workshop, p. 18 William Hunter 1718–1783 by Allan Ramsay 5. Dr Gareth Lloyd – Scottish Government Personal Research Fellowship, p. 11 Crystal structures, produced by X-ray Crystallography, of a molecular porous material with two important gases, carbon dioxide (top) and acetylene (bottom), captured within the structure 6. Professor James Loxley – Scottish Government Arts & Humanities Workshop, p. 18 7. Professor Murdo Macdonald – Scottish Government Arts & Humanities Small Grant, p. 27 Detail of ionisation caused by X-rays, CTR Wilson, 1912 8. Dr Bertalan Pusztai – CRF European Travel Fellowship – Visit to Scotland, p. 16 Reenactment and place branding – jousting at the Bruce Festival in Dunfermline 9. Dr Anita Quye and Dr Klaus Staubermann – Scottish Government Arts & Humanities Network, p. 22 ReCREATE network logo 10. Dr Genevieve Lennon and Professor Clive Walker – Scottish Government Arts & Humanities Workshop, p. 19 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH

RESEARCH AWARDS RECEPTION 2014

PROGRAMME

5.00 pm Guests arrive and seated by 5.30 pm

5.30 pm Welcome from the President: Sir John Arbuthnott MRIA

5.35 pm Research Awards Convener: Professor Steve Beaumont OBE Report on 2014 Awards Programme Announcement of Scottish Crucible Project Awards Launch of RSE Enterprise Fellowships Promotional Film

5.45 pm President’s Concluding Remarks

5.50 pm Poster Displays and Buffet Supper

8.00 pm Finish Welcome by Sir John Arbuthnott MRIA The President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh

The Research Awards reception is a true highlight of the Royal Society of Edinburgh’s annual events calendar. It lets us celebrate and reflect upon the important research work being done across academia and business here in Scotland. It also allows us to recognise the forging of new international research connections, and reinforces the strength of our existing collaborations. Gathered here this evening we have over 100 distinguished individuals whose achievements and discoveries not only help progress knowledge in their respective subject areas, but also serve to revitalise the RSE’s 230-year history of supporting excellence across all areas of academic, public and scientific life in Scotland: from science and engineering, to medicine, and the arts and humanities, I am once again heartened by the sheer breadth of research that is being supported by our various awards. These awards are made possible through the continued support of our many funding partners. For this I want to extend my warm thanks to BBSRC, BP, Scottish Enterprise, the Scottish Funding Council, the Scottish Government and the STFC. Finally, I would like to offer my congratulations to each of the inspiring individuals whose successes and abilities are being celebrated here this evening. They represent the continuing ferment of inspired research that typifies the RSE.

Welcome by Professor Steve Beaumont OBE Research Awards Convener

Welcome to the RSE’s annual awards reception. I am Professor Steve Beaumont, from the University of Glasgow, and I am the Research Awards Convener here at the RSE. Many of you will have met me when you came for your interviews earlier in the year. This evening gives us the opportunity to celebrate with the 2014 Research Fellows, Enterprise Fellows, Scholars and Students. You will find their details and information about their projects in the following pages of this programme. The RSE is Scotland’s National Academy of both Science and the Arts and it is very fortunate to be able to offer awards across all disciplines, reflecting the founding aim of the Society which is “the advancement of learning and useful knowledge.” We have awarded Scottish Government-funded Research Fellowships, a BP Trust Research Fellowship and a Caledonian Research Fund (CRF) Research Fellowship this year. The RSE welcomes the funding it receives from its partner organisations, the logos of which you will find on page 5, which make these awards possible. The RSE employed a new PR and Marketing Officer late last year and this evening we will see the fruits of his labours as we launch the Enterprise Fellowships promotional film and new marketing materials. Application numbers continue to be high for these awards and we anticipate they will become even more competitive when the new materials take effect. The Arts and Humanities awards remain very popular and the next deadline for applications is approaching on 15th September. Earlier this year, the RSE selection panel selected 30 Scottish Crucible participants and they have now completed their career development ‘labs’. We will announce the winning group projects at this event and you will find more information about Scottish Crucible, and its participants, at the end of this programme. I wish all the 2014 awardees every success with their projects over the coming year and into the future.

4 5 Research Awardees 2014

Cormack Vacation Research Scholarships

Craig McNeill School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews Analysis of Sunspot Rotation on the Simulation of an Emerging Toroidal Flux Tube The wide scope in the reporting of sunspot rotation merits a study of the mechanisms driving this motion. Several reports have noted that rapidly rotating sunspots have accompanied coronal mass ejections and solar flares, giving the study of sunspot rotation particular significance (recent studies include reports by Török et al. [2013] & Wang et al. [2014]). A suggested method of the mechanism is due to the untwisting of an emerging toroidal flux tube through the photosphere. This project used data from simulations of the toroidal flux tube described by Hood et al. [2009] to analyse the magnetic field and plasma velocity at both the photosphere and the solar interior. This was to determine if the flux tube was untwisting and what its rate of rotation was at the photosphere, in order to compare it with previous reported findings from observational data.

Laura Moran School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews Detecting Earth-size Planets I have always had a fascination with space and, in particular, planets orbiting stars other than our own. The prospect of life in other planetary systems, or even another planet for humans to live on, used to be science fiction, but thanks to more powerful telescopes we are now able to discover and characterise these alien worlds – albeit from afar! Extra-Solar planet detection is a relatively new field in Astronomy. Improving the radial velocity method (one of the most common techniques used to find these planets) allows us to measure the mass of small planets. By monitoring a star’s radial velocity, we can detect a planet and measure its mass. This leads to estimating its density and hence the bulk composition and structure of the planet. The aim of this project is to determine the masses of small Earth-size planets.

Aneesh Naik Department of Physics, University of Oxford Visiting: School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews Onset of turbulence and inverse cascade in the ISM The stellar IMF (initial mass function) is the mass distribution of stars. This turns out to be a universal function; i.e., it is the same wherever we look in the sky. There are various different strands of theories regarding the origins of this universal function; e.g., theories based purely on statistics, theories based on accretion processes, theories based on turbulence, etc. I played around with the latter case. In the first part of my project, I investigated the assumptions underpinning Padoan and Nordlund's turbulence-based theory of 2002, while in the second part I considered the effect on the IMF of turbulence arising via the 'inverse cascade'; i.e., turbulence rising from small length scales to large length scales, as opposed to the conventionally assumed 'direct cascade', the opposite case.

6 Research Awardees 2014

Cormack Vacation Research Scholarships

Anna Mary Rice School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews Equilibrium Chemistry in Extra-Solar Objects The LEAP project, based at the University of St Andrews, studies charge processes in planetary atmospheres, with the aim of understanding how atmospheric ionisation mechanisms change in the transition region between stars and planets. These charge processes could potentially influence the occurrence of life by electricity. Key to this is understanding what the dominating electron donor species are in such objects, and what global parameters are required for an atmosphere to become an ionised plasma. Over the course of this project, we use simulations produced by the Drift-Phoenix atmosphere grid and apply a chemical equilibrium routine to them, to calculate chemical compostion. By using a broad range of simulations with varying global parameters such as effective temperature and metalicity, we are able to understand how the ionising species in an atmosphere change at varying atmospheric depths for different types of object.

Magnus Woods School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Glasgow Investigating small X-ray flares outside of Solar active regions Flares are rapid bursts of energy released in the Sun’s atmosphere, observed as flashes of light over many wavelengths. The largest flares always occur in active regions, locations of strong magnetic field. This characteristic appears to continue down to smaller flares, known as microflares. This is supported by data from NASA’s Solar X-ray satellite RHESSI. Some flare positions found with RHESSI lie outwith active regions and although this is often due to instrumental artifacts, it would be important for understanding how the solar atmosphere is heated to find flare-like energy releases occurring throughout the Solar atmosphere, not just in active regions. Since 2010, there have been near continuous EUV images of the Sun from NASA’s SDO/AIA and so the aim of this project is to identify microflares that appear to be located outside of active regions, confirming whether they are real events through this combination of EUV and X-ray observations.

Piazzi Smyth Research Scholarship

Katriona Goldmann School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh Visiting: School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews Linking the 3D-shape of bulges with its dynamics Galaxies can only be observed in the 2D plane of the sky, thus their unknown 3D shape could hold invaluable information about their evolution and formation. Although previous studies have investigated the overall intrinsic shapes of elliptical galaxies, the slightly more complicated disk or spiral galaxies have not been studied quite so extensively. This project investigated the shapes of a sample of spiral galaxies using data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. This was achieved by firstly constructing a 2D model of the galaxy using photometric observations. From this, the most probable intrinsic shape could be constrained in all three dimensions using realistic triaxial methods. With images from the CALIFA survey, these shapes were then compared to the kinematics of the stars within them. This could then show whether there was any correlation between the bulge type, or stellar dynamics, and its shape.

7 Research Awardees 2014

Lessells Travel Scholarships David Garcia Cava Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Dynamics of Advanced Structures and Machinery Research Group, University of Strathclyde Visiting: Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI, USA Development of an automatic online vibration-based health monitoring system for structures made of composites The growth of aerospace and other sectors of engineering, such as wind turbine structures for instance, placed composite materials at the forefront of the contemporary research. Modern structures typcially require the use of lightweight and strong materials, which demand a high level of performance combined with greater efficiency. Damage in composite structures adversely affects the system’s performance, which gives an additional importance to the use of structural health monitoring. The aim of this research is the development of an integrated system for structural health monitoring to fulfil the needs for delamination assessment and data-driven modelling of the vibratory behaviour of composite structures. With real time monitoring of the damage development of structures subjected to a wide range of environmental methodologies, my research is oriented towards the development of a novel methodology for statistical data analysis of the vibration resonse obtained from composite materials.

Margaret Creed Institute of Energy Systems, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh Visiting: Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia Modelling the Environmental Impact of Tidal Stream Turbines Renewable tidal energy extraction is at the cusp of the implementation stage. It is vital to understand the interaction between the energy extraction devices and their surrounding environment, to develop the most efficient technology whilst simultaneously minimising any negative environmental impacts. It has been shown that, depending on the amount of energy extracted, the flow hydrodynamics can be altered significantly. The aim of this research is to develop a numerical model to analyse the interaction between the modified flow hydrodynamics and the erodible sea bed. The results will be used to determine the varying impact that the extraction of tidal energy could have on the short- and long-term sea bed and coastal morphology, depending on the quantity of energy extracted. The Lessell’s Travel Scholarship will help strengthen the collaboration between offshore engineering researchers at UWA, Oxford University and the University of Edinburgh, particularly in the area of tidal energy extraction.

Jeanette Heiligers Advanced Space Concepts Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Strathclyde Visiting: Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research, Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA Solar sailing in the Earth–Moon system Solar sailing is an exciting and relatively new, but advanced, field of spacecraft propulsion. By reflecting solar photons off a large, highly-reflective membrane, solar sails produce a continuous thrust force without relying on an on-board propellant source. Solar sailing is therefore a breakthrough in Space propulsion, as it enables long-lived orbits and high-energy mission concepts. For the first time, this project will perform a thorough and systematic investigation of such orbits and concepts in the Earth–Moon system, as the potential of solar sailing has so far mainly been demonstrated in the Sun–Earth system. By creating solar sail orbits ‘closer to home’ the outcomes of this work will improve and enable a range of vital space applications including Earth observation, Space surveillance (keeping ground and Space assests safe from Space debris and asteroids), and lunar far-side communication, which will be key in future human exploration of the Moon. 8 Research Awardees 2014

Lessells Travel Scholarships Christopher Lowe Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Strathclyde Visiting: Institute for Astronautics, Technical University of Munich Spacecraft Through-Life System Optimisation and Design The use of nano-satellites to solve modern day problems is growing in popularity, in particular with the fielding of large, distributed constellations. The relatively low cost and modularity associated with these capable platforms is driving new mission applications; however, the design infrastructure is not necessarily in-line, resulting in generally sub-optimal mission performance. The aim of this work is to identify new methods of examining the performance, utility and value of large networks comprising satellites and ground nodes, such that optimal missions can be established efficiently and with confidence. This involves, for example, modelling connectivity through the network over time, identifying system capacity and removing information flow bottlenecks. Data-flow can be used to represent the vast majority of Earth-orbiting satellite applications, from image capture and dissemination, through to communication, and maritime surveillance. Modelling large Space networks in this way is key to the success our future in Space.

Emma McIntyre BRE Centre for Fire Safety Engineering, University of Edinburgh Visiting: Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada Fire Performance of Concrete Reinforced with Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Bars: Large Scale Experimental Study of FRP-Reinforced Bridge Decks at the National Research Council of Canada in collaboration with Queen’s University, Canada The introduction of FRP bars into construction is becoming commonplace due to numerous well-known benefits, mainly corrosion resistance. However, severe code restrictions typically remain where fire resistance requirements must be met. Critical temperatures for steel reinforced concrete are defined by a 50% loss in tensile strength and, on this basis, the critical temperatures of FRP bars are likely to be much lower than for steel, due to the softening of the polymer matrix resins. The Ministry of Transportation of Ontario have commissioned Queen’s University to investigate the risk of fire on FRP-reinforced bridge decks, specifically hydrocarbon fires. As part of this study, a concrete bridge deck reinforced with FRP bars has been cast and will be tested at elevated temperatures. My current research involves the determination of fire-safe applications of FRP in concrete. This exchange will allow me to observe and assist with this unique large-scale structural fire test.

Shahid M. Naseer Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Glasgow Visiting: Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology To Study the Growth of Stem Cells for Tissues Regeneration using Surface Acoustic Waves and Dielectrophoresis Stem cells are capable of self-renewal through replication by residing in a complex microenvironment and differentiating into specialised cells. In recent years, microfabrication-based technologies, such as lab-on-a-chip (LOC), in combination with stem cell biology, are laying the foundation for the development of in vitro diagnostic systems capable of analysing cells under physiologically relevant conditions. Novel LOC platforms can not only mimic complex in vivo milieu, but also provide greater control in understanding cell properties in a scalable manner. My research is therefore concerned with developing a platform, which integrates two complementary technologies – dielectrophoresis and surface acoustic waves – to study the electrical and mechanical properties of cells respectively. The J.M. Lessells Travel Scholarship would enable a collaborative research project with the expertise from MIT to characterise the electrical and mechanical properties of stem cells on their differentiation in matrix materials and develop tissue constructs for tissue-engineered applications. 9 Research Awardees 2014

Lessells Travel Scholarship

Marios Theristis Institute of Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, Heriot-Watt University Visiting: Center for Sustainable Energy Systems, Fraunhofer, Albuquerque, USA Outdoor characterisation of concentrating photovoltaic (CPV) systems Concentrating photovoltaic systems (CPV) use optical components to focus direct sunlight onto a receiver, in order to increase the power output and reduce costs. In high concentrations, high-efficiency (over 40%) III-V multijunction solar cells are used to further increase the power output. Due to the high heat flux concentration, the cell temperature rises sharply, resulting in suboptimal performance and increasing the risk of system failure. An integrated spectral-dependent electrical and thermal characterisation is therefore required to predict the cell temperature and optimise the performance of such devices under variable atmospheric conditions. The J. M. Lessells Travel Scholarship will allow me to experimentally validate the numerical model that I have constructed, as well as to quantify the effect of various atmospheric factors on the CPV electrical, thermal and optical performance. The outdoor test field of CSE Fraunhofer in Albuquerque is an ideal location to account for these effects. Scottish Government Personal Research Fellowships

Lyubov Chumakova School of Mathematics, University of Edinburgh Leaky troposphere – improving reduced atmospheric models With the changing climate, accurate global weather and climate predictions are of the utmost importance. A major difficulty in such predictions is the highly nonlinear nature of moisture dynamics in the tropics, which requires much computational power to capture accurately. In addition, the Atmosphere does not have a definite top, which makes the computational load even larger. However, most of the weather and moisture are confined to the Troposphere, the lower atmospheric layer approximately 12km in height, above which airplanes fly to avoid turbulence and storms. In this study, I will model the Troposphere in isolation, while retaining the essential physics of the full Atmosphere by allowing it to “leak” the wave energy to higher layers. By incorporating moisture dynamics in these reduced models, I hope to tackle several outstanding problems in tropical dynamics, and to improve weather and climate prediction models through collaboration with atmospheric scientists.

Erik Gauger School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Biomimetic energy harvesting with quantum nanostructures I am interested in understanding and controlling Nature at the quantum level. My research explores the physical limits of efficiency for light harvesting and energy distribution on the nano-scale, motivated by the aim of laying the foundation for future approaches to energy generation and delivery. On the atomic scale, energy occurs in quantised chunks, e.g. as a photon of light, and its behaviour is governed by quantum mechanics. In Nature, harvesting and distributing quanta of energy is crucial for all forms of life, and these processes have been fine-tuned within living organisms for hundreds of millions of years. Taking inspiration from the ingenious solutions found in the natural world, I intend to develop novel ways of harnessing quantum effects in artificial, quantum-engineered molecules and devices.

10 Research Awardees 2014

Scottish Government Personal Research Fellowships

Gareth O. Lloyd Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot- Watt University The Supramolecular Chemistry of Hydroxamic Acid Supramolecular chemistry explores how molecules interact with each other through weak and dynamic forces. The research proposed in this fellowship will look at the supramolecular chemistry of the chemical group hydroxamic acid (HA). HAs are utilised in medicines, are abundant within biology and are industrially relevant to the binding of iron. It is therefore surprising that the supramolecular chemistry of HAs is relatively unexplored. I therefore aim to extensively explore the weak chemical interactions of the HAs, aimed at developing modern supramolecular chemistry understanding. This knowledge will be utilised in the development of three important aspects; namely, supramolecular hydrogels, molecular capsules and porous solid materials. The supramolecular hydrogels will have use in cosmetics, drug delivery and tissue engineering. The molecular capsules will be utilised in enzymatic mimicking chemistry. Finally, the porous solid materials will be investigated for gas storage and separation, particularly looking at carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide pollutants.

Nasar Meer School of Social Work and Social Policy, University of Strathclyde “We're a' Jock Tamson's Bairns” – To what extent is there a distinctive Scottish approach to race equality? It is a curious feature of UK citizenship that its possession has never conferred a right to non-discrimination, not least because the UK has no formal or ‘written’ constitution as found in many liberal democracies. What has been amassed instead is a body of legislation that is overseen by the judiciary and which protects both citizens (and non- citizens) from discrimination on specific grounds, and so seeks to treat people equally, rather than resting on a benign ideal of equal treatment. What remains unclear is how these settlements are finding expression in approaches to race equality in Scotland in the context of a restored national parliament, fifteen years of devolution and the prospect of further political self-governance. Even though matters of equality are formally reserved in the Scotland Act (1998), my research will explore the ways in which Scotland may have innovated with categories and incorporated third sector partners at local and national measures, and so assess the extent and scope to which Scotland might have developed a distinctive approach to race-equality policy and practice.

Mohammed F. Saleh Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Novel Nonlinear Phenomena in Microstructured Waveguides Optical microstructures with truly unique properties have been developed at a fast pace in recent years as a result of the rapid progress in fabrication techniques. I aim to conduct analytical and theoretical research to investigate novel nonlinear optical phenomena in microstructured waveguides. Hollow-core photonic crystal fibres (HC–PCFs), microstructured waveguides with a two-dimensional periodic cross-section, offer unprecedented advantages that can lead to several fruitful opportunities for demonstrating and better understanding new physical phenomena in optics. HC-PCFs push the field of nonlinear fibre optics beyond the interaction of light with solid media. These structures can host strong nonlinear interactions between intense light and gaseous media over a relatively long propagation distance. In addtition, having a wide range of gases with different properties enhances the opportunity to observe different novel nonlinear phenomena inside these structures. This will result in developing various novel photonic devices for diverse optical applications in the near future.

11 Research Awardees 2014

BP Trust Personal Research Fellowship

Olof Johansson School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh Photoinduced Ultrafast Magnetisation Dynamics in Molecular Materials Faster memories with higher storage densities are needed to match the rapid development in electronics devices. A promising alternative to existing technology is to use ultrashort laser pulses to control magnetic materials, which are the basic components in information storage devices. This technique has the potential to read and record data 1000 times faster than what present computer memories can achieve. In particular, I am interested in applying these techniques to a new class of magnetic materials that are based on molecular building blocks, in analogy to commercially-successful OLEDs. Due to the chemical flexibility of these novel materials, interesting magnetic and optical properties are obtained and it is possible to systematically study how the material composition and properties affect the magnetisation dynamics. Ultrafast magnetism is one of the frontiers in current magnetic research and several important questions and challenges remain open.

Carnegie Caledonian Scholarship

Ona Kealoha Miller Department of Biology, University of St Andrews Covalent attachment of bacteria to the host In this project, previously uncharacterised bacterial surface proteins and their adhesion domains will be studied using a combination of structural biology (nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray crystallography, small angle X-ray scattering), biochemical and cell-based assays. Furthermore, using powerful new tools for protein interaction analyses, binding partners of the bacterial proteins in question will be identified from complex biological samples, such as blood plasma. We have already developed a fluorescent molecular probe that specifically reacts with the bacterial covalent adhesion proteins, which can be used to label and identify proteins on the surface of bacteria. Our probe will also serve as a starting point for the development of small molecules that could prevent bacterial adhesion, and therefore serve as a new tool for combating bacterial infection.

Henry Dryerre Scholarship

Brianna Vandrey School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St Andrews An investigation of the role of the lateral entorhinal cortex in episodic memory A prominent model of episodic memory in the medial temporal lobe posits that spatial and non-spatial information about an event is processed separately by the medial and lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC), respectively, before converging in the hippocampus to form an associative memory. However, this model may be too simple; recent findings in the rodent brain suggest that some spatial and non-spatial information is jointly processed in the LEC prior to the hippocampus. Therefore, I will combine electrophysiology, selective lesions and behavioural measures in a rodent model to examine how the activity of single cells in the LEC reflects the integration of spatial and non-spatial information, with the further aim of investigating the relationship between LEC and hippocampal function when processing information about an episode. This research will encourage the development of a more accurate neural model of episodic memory and may further our understanding of memory impairment in diseases where the entorhinal cortex is damaged, such as Alzheimer’s. 12 Research Awardees 2014

CRF Personal Research Fellowship in Biomedical Sciences

Shipra Bhatia MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh Decoding the functional relevance of cis-regulatory variation in human diseases A large portion of the human genome regulates gene expression rather than coding for proteins. Understanding how these regions of the genome work is of vital importance for human health – it has been demonstrated that genetic changes in these regions result in incorrect gene expression, leading to a variety of human diseases. Differentiating the disease-causing sequence changes in noncoding regions from the background sequence variation observed in the normal population can be a challenge. My research aims to explain the role of the noncoding-element mutations associated with mental retardation and other complex human diseases, using a zebrafish model. It is hoped that the research will lead to the development of improved disease treatments, or preventive approaches.

CRF European Travel Fellowships – Visits to Europe

Iain Andrew Ferguson School of International Relations, University of St Andrews Visiting: Centre for EU–Russia Studies (CEURUS), Department of Government and Politics, University of Tartu, Estonia ‘Sweet Enemies’: The Character of the EU–Russia Relationship This research project builds on my PhD work that tells the story of an unresolved conflict in the EU–Russia relationship that began on the eve of the invasion of Iraq in 2003. The RSE grant will support my work on three research papers during a visit of five months from 1st August 2014 to the only research centre in the world dedicated to studying this international political relationship, at the University of Tartu in Estonia. One paper will be a theoretical explanation for why the EU and Russia can be understood as international ‘sweet enemies’. The other two papers will examine the dark side of this relationship, with a particular emphasis on describing and explaining the expansionist character of the struggle between these neighbouring powers, first in Georgia and more recently in Ukraine.

Dina Iordanova Centre for Film Studies, University of St. Andrews, Scotland Visiting: SPEAP (Science Po); Jean-Michel Frodon/(also Paris Cinema Festival/La Femis Cinemas of Paris The Fellowship will allow me to spend a period in France and work on my project on Parisian Cinemas (this will be a book which I am working on with my French colleague, the famous film critic Jean-Michel Frodon). I already spent a period in France earlier this year, and am returning again to continue work in the Fall.

13 Research Awardees 2014

CRF European Travel Fellowships – Visits to Europe

Katharine Mitchell Department of Italian, University of Strathclyde Visiting: Department of Italian Studies, University of Bologna, Italy Women at the Theatre: Writers as Spectators in Early Post-Unification Italy (1861–1914) I spent two months at the University of Bologna liaising with colleagues in Italian, History and Theatre Studies, and examining female performance and its consumption as mediated through columns on theatregoing in women's journals housed at the Biblioteca Italiana delle donne in Bologna. The project identifies the beginnings of a female critical community with its own lexicon of cultural criticism by and for women, linking it to the emergence of women writers on the literary scene in the 1870s and the rise of the movement for female emancipation in the 1890s. Through an examination of journalism, fan letters, diaries and realist fiction, the project demonstrates a burgeoning solidarity among women in the public eye which was specific to nineteenth-century European celebrity culture, in contrast to the here and now, and which produced a significant degree of emancipation for female theatregoers, whose lives were typically confined to the domestic sphere.

Andy Murphy School of English, University of St Andrews Visiting: School of English/Long Room Hub, Trinity College, Dublin Bringing the Nation to Book: Ireland, Reading and Cultural Nationalism Whilst critics have charted the rise of cultural nationalism in Ireland from the emergence of the United Irishmen in the 1790s, little attention has been paid to the way in which this intersected with the spread of educational provision and the rise of literacy. In the early decades of this period, nationalist activists had to work through a predominantly oral culture in spreading their message to a general audience. The achievement of near full literacy by the final decades of the century facilitated the nationalist project, but it also led to a curious crux, as the Irish ‘common reader’ entered a print marketplace dominated by the output of London publishers. Repeatedly in this period, an Irish cultural elite complained that Irish readers were resorting to the populist wares of the London trade. Mass literacy thus prompted, ultimately, an extended debate about what precise form a specifically Irish literature should take.

Costas Panayotakis Classics, School of Humanities, University of Glasgow Visiting: Thesaurus Linguae Latinae, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Munich A commentary on the fragments of low farcical drama in the Roman Republic My current research deals with indecent comic drama written in Latin, dated to the Roman Republican period, and now surviving only in fragments. The aim of the project is the production of a new text, the first-ever English translation, and a comprehensive commentary on the substantial fragmentary corpus of what is conventionally known as Atellane comedy. Atellane comedy comprised presumably improvised spectacles during its early stages as type of theatrical entertainment, but acquired literary form by the first Century BC in the hands of innovative dramatists and actors. The literary scripts of Atellane playwrights have not been transmitted directly, but survive in very short fragments cited by grammarians, lexicographers and encyclopaedists. Despite the importance of Atellane comedy, whose study enhances our appreciation of non-standard Latin language, Roman society, and Italian culture, there has never been an English translation or commentary on the fragments. My Visiting Research Fellowship will enable me to travel to Munich to consult the unpublished linguistic resources of the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae, and benefit from the expertise of the Redaktoren who work in it.

14 Research Awardees 2014

CRF European Travel Fellowship – Visits to Europe

Timothy Peace The Alwaleed Centre, University of Edinburgh Visiting: Centre for European Studies, Sciences Po, Paris Muslim participation in the 2014 French local elections During my research visit to Paris, I explored the participation of French Muslims in electoral politics through a study of the local elections which took place on 23rd and 30th March 2014. My study was based in the suburban towns of Montfermeil, Trappes and Sevran, which have significant Muslim populations and also record low levels of voter turnout, particularly during local elections. My fieldwork took me on the election campaign trail as I tried to understand why there is so much apathy amongst Muslim voters and also understand how political parties try to court this electorate. I was able to work with renowned scholars of French politics such as Professor Nonna Mayer, an expert on elections and political participation, and Professor Gilles Kepel, who is the foremost authority on Muslims in France. The research I carried out complemented my existing work into the political participation of Muslims in Britain. CRF European Travel Fellowships – Visits to Scotland

Christoph Bläsi Institute for Book Studies, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (Germany) Visiting: Scottish Centre for the Book, Institute for Creative Industries, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh Rivalling ebook formats and open ebook strategies for Scottish publishers Cultural diversity and the important role of bricks-and-mortar bookstores for a European-style book culture are hampered by non-interoperable ebook formats as they dominate the current market. The first objective of the project was to see this as an instance of the more general issue of technologies competing to be the standard and embed it in the corresponding academic discourse that, for example, analysed the earlier Blue-ray–HD DVD struggle. The second objective was to develop what this situation with respect to formats and other factors in the digital publishing markets means for small Scottish publishers. The latter culminated in a public lecture attracting representatives from the publishing sector in Scotland (cf. ww.youtube.com/watch?v=pguoCp0SjfI). Moreover, I took the opportunity to be in Scotland to do expert interviews with major figures in publishing education in the UK (with additional financial support from the Scottish Centre for the Book) about the self-conception of Publishing Studies etc.

Andrea Caracausi Department of Historical and Geographic Sciences and the Ancient World, University of Padua Visiting: School of Humanities, University of Glasgow Labour conflicts in early modern times: Italy in a European perspective The present number and variety of protests worldwide invites scholars to investigate the reasons for and forms of protests in historical perspective and especially to evaluate their interaction with social and economic trends. This study aims to understand the development of social conflicts in early modern Italy in a European, comparative perspective, by focusing on labour and the exclusion of groups and individuals, such as women, migrants or ethno-religious minorities. The Italian peninsula as a case study is particularly appropriate because of the high level of commodification of labour during the centuries before industrialisation, suggesting appropriate comparisons across historical periods. To investigate conflicts within the world of work, this study will use a large database of trials, mostly among individual employers and labourers and disputed in municipal guild courts. My study will examine the trends of these conflicts in relation to periods of collective protest and changes in economic, social and political contexts and will stimulate new possibilities for the field of labour history and the study of social conflict. 15 Research Awardees 2014

CRF European Travel Fellowships – Visits to Scotland

Sandro Jung Department of Literary Studies, University of Ghent, Belgium Visiting: School of Critical Studies, University of Glasgow A History of Eighteenth-Century Scottish Book Illustration The principal aim of consolidating collaboration with the Scottish Literature team and identifying further potential collaborators relates to my own and the Scottish Literature team’s desire to establish a long-term collaborative programme that may operate at both teaching and research levels and promote a research partnership not only with myself but also with the Centre for the Study of Text and Print Culture, of which I am the Director.

Holger Pfaff IMVR – Institute for Medical Sociology, Health Services Research and Rehabilitation Science, University of Cologne Visiting: Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen Leadership, organisational culture, social capital and quality of care in healthcare organisations The main object of the visit is to study the relationship between leadership, organisational culture, social capital and quality of care in healthcare organisations. In previous work, I have found that social capital and transformational leadership are important determinants of several aspects of organisational performance in healthcare organisations such as quality management efforts. However, I could not identify empirically a relationship between organisational culture and quality management efforts in hospitals. My collaborator in Scotland, Professor Lorna McKee, has conducted research on this relationship and found an association between organisational culture and quality of care in the NHS. Building on this prior work, we aim to further analyse the role of organisational culture for quality management and we aim to compare its importance in different healthcare systems across Europe. Another aim is to compare healthcare systems with regard to the use of different coordination mechanisms (eg. hierarchy vs. market-based coordination).

Bertalan Pusztai Department of Communication and Media Studies, University of Szeged, Hungary Visiting: School of Scottish Studies, University of Edinburgh Festivals, Tourism and Social Change on European Peripheries This project deals with the connections between tourism, festivals and local identity. I contrast the local discourses surrounding village and small town festivals with those which emerge from scientific findings. In the majority of the cases analysed in previous research, festivals are interpreted locally as being connected with a surviving element of a lost, ideal culture. This interpretation generates a degree of exoticism, which is eagerly popularised by the media. My prior work has shown that such festivals are part of conscious settlement development strategies which may be observed in several areas across Europe. Given its rich cultural tradition, Scotland is a fertile location in which to conduct analysis on this topic, especially in the context of the independence Referendum. One key question will be the importance attached to the formation of a clearly-distinguishable Scottish identity, not only on a national, but also on a local level.

16 Research Awardees 2014

CRF European Travel Fellowships – Visits to Scotland

Tiina Suopäjarvi Urban Life Lab, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Oulu, Finland Visiting: Business School, University of Aberdeen Rhythms of everyday life: temporal and spatial performativities of public spaces The project explores the use of visual methods, namely time-lapse film, photography and short walking videos, in the study of public urban space. The aim is to capture the rhythms of everyday practices, and how they constitute time and space. Time-lapse methodology highlights the rhythmic variations related to age and gender, as well as different ways of moving. It also draws attention to temporal and spatial shifts, and how those are materialised through different practices. During Spring 2014, the project team made a time-lapse film of Union Terrace Gardens, a greenspace in Aberdeen City. The film conveys movements and activities – including people, animals, technologies and wildlife – and their accompanying soundscapes. Through further analysis, our objective is to understand the socio-cultural meanings of the Gardens, such as the power relations constituted through different social–material practices; but also the agency of the visual methods themselves in the study of public spaces.

Borut Telban Institute of Anthropological and Spatial Studies, Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts Visiting: Department of Social Anthropology, University of St Andrews Traversing Ontologies and Epistemologies in Anthropological Research While exploring the life-worlds of the Amazonian people, with the apparent existence of one culture and many natures, several influential anthropologists have recently developed intriguing concepts of multi-naturalism, perspectivism and new animism. Instead of seeing other people’s articulations of their existence as ‘beliefs’ or ‘cultural perspectives’, and simultaneously rejecting a single unitary ontology of modern Euro-Americans, they conceive them as enunciations of different ‘realities’, ‘worlds’ or ‘natures’. All these approaches are no doubt worth further exploration and critical reflection, especially in the context of Pacific anthropology. Building upon years of ethnographic fieldwork in Papua New Guinea, I intend to engage in extended discussions and broad comparative research with my colleagues from the Department of Social Anthropology at the University of St Andrews, many of whom have gained their reputation as scholars of either Melanesia or Amazonia and have, in different ways, significantly contributed towards the ‘anthropology of life’. Scottish Government Arts & Humanities Workshop

Callum G Brown FRSE School of Humanities, University of Glasgow Humanism and Civil Society in Modern Scotland Humanists have a major influence in policy formation and national morality in Scotland, and are now the second largest provider of weddings. Hitherto largely ignored by academia, this project is exploring the way forward for the integration of secular humanism within Scottish civil life. Workshop events are being held which combine leaders, managers, publicists and celebrants of Scottish humanist and secularist organisations on the one side, and researching academics and doctoral students on the other. The Workshops explore humanism’s evolution in the last forty years as a cultural institution: in community development, chaplaincy services, in educational provision, health organizations, and in marriages, baby naming and funerals. The Workshops bring together a multi-disciplinary network of scholars to better understand the nature of the secular humanist sector in Scottish civil life, and to provide the sector with advice on its future prospects.

17 Research Awardees 2014

Scottish Government Arts & Humanities Workshops

Mungo Campbell The Hunterian, University of Glasgow William Hunter Tercentenary Research Project – 2018 2018 will mark the tercentenary of the birth of the Enlightenment anatomist and collector, William Hunter (1718–1783). Hunter’s primary legacy, The Hunterian at the University of Glasgow, forms a unique embodiment of Enlightenment knowledge. In close collaboration with the Yale Center for British Art, The Hunterian is planning a major exhibition, accompanied by academic programmes and publications, for 2018/2019. Reflecting extensive collaborative international academic dialogue, our interdisciplinary outputs will offer new insights into 18th-Century collecting, advancing understanding of William Hunter’s role in the Enlightenment and the evolution of the museum as a public educational institution. To initiate this groundbreaking programme, The Hunterian is holding two research workshops during 2014, inviting leading scholars and curators from Britain, Europe and North America to scope and establish research questions, workstreams and teams for this timely and truly multi-disciplinary investigation of a treasure at the heart of Scotland’s intellectual history.

James Loxley Literatures, Languages and Cultures, University of Edinburgh Scotland’s Collections and the Digital Humanities Digital technologies present many exciting new avenues for humanities research and engagement with Scotland’s national collections. They offer an emergent set of computational methodologies for the study of cultural artifacts, narratives and histories: from text mining large corpora in order to identify patterns and trends or mapping networks of relations between objects, people and institutions, to creating dynamic visualisations that allow new perspectives on objects and data. At the same time, they enable data and findings to be shared globally and in innovative and engaging forms, breaking down the traditional distinction between academic research and public engagement. This project brings together humanities researchers, librarians, archivists and digital technologists to discuss these methods, the opportunities and challenges they present to those working in different sectors, and how they might be used to increase access to, knowledge of and engagement with Scotland’s collections.

Jan R. Strenger Classics Department, University of Glasgow Gaza: Tradition and Leadership in a Learning City Gaza in Palestine underwent, in common with other cities, a profound transformation during the 6th Century CE in society, economy, culture and religion. What is significant about Gaza is its thriving cultural sector, as documented by ample literary and material evidence. The key questions of this project are: how did major figures of religious and secular life, such as orators and monks, create educational authority in the urban context and attempt to shape, through their leadership, Gaza as a ‘learning city’? To what extent did these attempts respond to the challenges of change? The investigation focuses on the discourse strategies through which cultural visions were disseminated across the civic community and relates them to modern uses of learning for the promotion of urban regeneration. The objective of this pilot study is to gain insight into the situational nature of learning across times and cultures.

18 Research Awardees 2014

Scottish Government Arts & Humanities Workshops

Law and Terrorism This workshop brought together 24 world- renowned experts from four continents, both academics and practitioners, in the field of terrorism law and security. The workshop adopted a thematic approach to the substance of counter-terrorism law, examining categorical approaches, based on pursuit, protection and prevention. The 20 papers presented an authoritative, comprehensive, and critical analysis of how laws are, and ought to be, invoked in domestic jurisdictions against terrorism. The topics covered included: counter-terrorism law and codes; surveillance; dataveillance; detention; trial; oversight mechanisms; counter-terrorism policing arrangements and powers; the penology of terrorism; homeland security; manifestations of extremism; ‘Prevent’ policies and law’; and the social impact of counter-terrorism policies. Genevieve Lennon Clive Walker The workshop enabled cross-fertilisation School of Law, Department of Law School, between the various contributors, allowing Humanities and Social Science, University of Leeds them to further develop their analysis. The University of Strathclyde papers will be published as the Routledge Handbook of Terrorism and Law.

Responsibility and the Welfare State The idea that the welfare state should provide unconditional support has come under attack. Governments seek to reduce the overall welfare bill by adopting more restricted criteria for eligibility; and many worry that an unconditional welfare system encourages a culture of dependency, unfairly forcing the prudent to subsidise the profligate. Such thoughts lie behind the Westminster Government’s current reforms, which are shifting many benefits from an unconditional to a conditional basis, thereby – at least in aspiration – making the welfare state more responsive to individual responsibility. Can Scotland do things differently? This collaborative project will explore the possibility of finding an alternative set of principles to underpin the welfare state. Through a series of cross-disciplinary workshops, we will assess the Ben Colburn Hugh Lazenby chances of finding a financially prudent solution Philosophy, Philosophy, which pays due heed to the importance of School of Humanities, School of Humanities, individual responsibility, whilst rejecting the University of Glasgow University of Glasgow moralised austerity that is dominant south of the Border.

19 Research Awardees 2014

Scottish Government Arts & Humanities Workshops

What is an international city? And what does it take to become one? The Scottish Government has signalled – The future of Edinburgh as an international city through both its International Engagement Strategy and its Cities Strategy – that whatever the outcome of the vote of September 2014, the development of Edinburgh as a dynamic and internationally-oriented city remains a priority. The current political moment presents an opportunity to understand what kind of international city Edinburgh could become. In order to do so, we propose a three-tiered international comparative project in order to understand the international socio-political logics behind the development of an international city. This involves identifying, historically and sociologically, the key actors in the international field in different cities (Geneva, Oslo, Brussels and Edinburgh), and comparing how these actors are similar or different in their attachment and relation to their specific sovereign national fields. Xavier Guillaume Daniel Kenealy School of Social & Political Science School of Social & Political Science University of Edinburgh University of Edinburgh

Shaping Scotland’s Talent: Change, Flexibility and New Pathways Developing ‘talent’ is a key aspect of the in the Screen Industries Scottish Government’s Strategy for the Creative Industries (2011). At a crucial time of political and technological change, Scotland finds itself competing within a highly competitive global market to identify, attract and retain creative talent and strengthen its skills base. Whilst the discussion of ‘talent’ appears ubiquitous in the policy context, this project takes as its focus the Screen Industries to examine current definitions and understandings and consider whether these reflect the reality and complexities of a changing industry. By identifying key gatekeepers and examples of best practice, we ask whether digital technology offers new pathways to capture and nurture a diverse talent pool and what kinds of policy intervention is required to achieve this. These questions will be addressed through two themed workshops designed to initiate dialogue between academics, Lisa W. Kelly Katherine Champion policymakers and stakeholders within Scotland’s Centre for Cultural Policy Research Centre for Cultural Policy Research Screen Industries and beyond. University of Glasgow University of Glasgow

20 Research Awardees 2014

Scottish Government Arts & Humanities Workshops

Fall Narratives: An Interdisciplinary Perspective Fall Narratives is an interdisciplinary collaboration between scholars affiliated with a broad range of arts and humanities fields of learning, who are engaged with many aspects of the Fall. The aim of this collaboration is to explore the concept of the Fall across a wide range of disciplines and languages, from antiquity to the present day; to produce a peer-reviewed book about the themes of the Fall from an interdisciplinary perspective; and to create a mutually-enriching interdisciplinary scholarly research network to facilitate further exploration of the theme of the Fall. Following the local and international interdisciplinary Fall Narratives workshops, which took place at the University of Aberdeen in March 2014 and June 2014, a book on the theme of Fall is currently under process. The success of the international workshop might lead to additional such workshops in the future. Zohar Hadromi-Allouche Áine Larkin School of Divinity Department of French University of Aberdeen University of Aberdeen

The Challenge of Bonhoeffer’s Theology for Contemporary Ethics and Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906–1945) is one of Public Life the most prominent and contested modern theologians. His dramatic involvement in the German resistance to Hitler, and consequent execution, have contributed to a widespread and sustained interest in his work. Today, he remains amongst the most widely read theologians in Europe, North America and beyond. Most significant debates in contemporary theology and ethics are in some way shaped by his provocative legacy. This series of exploratory workshops at the University of Aberdeen is bringing together leading Bonhoeffer researchers and scholars from around the world. In particular, the workshops focus upon critically assessing the significance of Bonhoeffer’s work for contemporary debates in theology, ethics and public life. This series will shape the agenda for ongoing research in these fields. Philip Ziegler Michael Mawson Department of Divinity and Department of Divinity Religious Studies and Religious Studies University of Aberdeen University of Aberdeen

21 Research Awardees 2014

Scottish Government Arts & Humanities Workshop

How Glasgow Flourished, 1714–1837 A research workshop by Glasgow Life and Glasgow University featuring filmed analysis of objects and themes from Glasgow Museum’s major exhibition on Georgian Glasgow called How Glasgow Flourished, 1714–1837 – the largest history exhibition attempted at the new Kelvingrove Museum since its refit in 2003 and a keynote celebration of the city’s and country’s history in Glasgow’s hosting of the Commonwealth Games. The films will increase knowledge about Glasgow, making scholarship and public museum collections more accessible, with speedier knowledge exchange between Scottish schools, colleges and universities via the professional digital filming of presentations by Glasgow University’s Media Services and a dedicated website for hosting these presentations, as well as using them for the Museum’s web-based digital database. Anthony Lewis Simon Newman Glasgowlife Andrew Hook Centre for American Glasgow Museums Studies, School of Humanities University of Glasgow

Scottish Government Arts & Humanities Network

ReCREATE: reconstructing the experimental culture of 19th-Century The multidisciplinary ReCREATE research Scottish textile manufacture network reconnects the tools, materials, laboratory/workshop environments, manufacturing skills and experimental practice that Scotland used to make colourful decorative textiles in the Industrial Revolution. Building on successes from the knowledge exchange project ReINVENT, ReCREATE strengthens links between academic and heritage sector researchers in science, arts and humanities through four innovative networking meetings, where the collaborators examine and discuss historical tools, equipment, textiles and documents now in museums, archives and trusts. Knowledge exchange between the core group and invited specialists from the UK and Europe will inform and inspire reconstructive research for making decorative textiles, and contextualise the international significance of Scotland’s experimental culture before and during the Industrial Revolution. The group will ultimately Anita Quye Klaus Staubermann share their expanded understanding though a Centre for Textile Conservation and Department of Science and Technology public conference for public and private Technical Art History, History of Art National Museums Scotland collections, and also scope collaborative research University of Glasgow partnerships between the academic and heritage sectors to rediscover Scotland’s forgotten story of textile manufacturing innovation. 22 Research Awardees 2014

Scottish Government Arts & Humanities Networks

Knitting in the Round: Hand-Knitted Textiles and the Economies Handknitting has had a prominent place in of Craft in Scotland the Scottish economy since the 19th Century. Its products, ranging from the softest woollen socks, to the finest Shetland shawls, from elaborate Fair Isle jumpers to the black and white Sanquhar gloves, have come to symbolise Scottish heritage and are a synonym for skill, an eye for design and an authenticity that is highly valued in the modern marketplace. Today, knit is the pin-up craft for sustainability, creativity and authenticity. Knitting in the Round will investigate the transformation from small-scale, home-based craft production to one of Scotland's most identifiable brands and it will explore the relationships that knit facilitates: between young and old, across continents, between practitioners and researchers, producers and consumers, in the Scottish and international context. The result Lynn Abrams Marina Moskowitz will be greater public understanding of the History, School of Humanities College of Arts ways in which knit contributes to the Scottish University of Glasgow University of Glasgow economy, to health and wellbeing and to cultural enrichment.

Scottish Religious Cultures Research Network The project focuses on the legacy of religion in Scotland. Despite the persisting secularisation of Scottish society, represented by decreasing church attendance, understanding Scotland's religious past is a sine qua non for understanding Scotland's social present. Religion has served as a principal factor in the formation of Scottish culture by shaping cultural norms, delineating individual and corporate identities, and profoundly influencing the nation's legal and political institutions, and remains prominent in the use of the Saltire as a national emblem. Moreover, the recent census highlights the continued importance of religion in understanding modern Scotland. Whilst the number of Scots who feel religion defines their identity has decreased, the religious diversity of the nation has never been greater. The project seeks to deal directly with the role of religion as a formative and yet divisive force in Scottish society and highlight its positive and negative R. Scott Spurlock Crawford Gribben functions in the nation's culture. Theology and Religious Studies School of History and Anthropology University of Glagow Queen’s University, Belfast

23 Research Awardees 2014

Scottish Government Arts & Humanities Networks

Democracy, Citizenship, and Punishment We are building a trans-disciplinary, trans-national network to address the role of criminal punishment in democratic societies – a timely issue in Scotland, as we rethink our approach to punishment. If we accept the principle that those who commit crimes do not thereby exclude themselves from citizenship, from the mutual respect and concern that citizens should expect, what modes of punishment, with what aims, could be legitimate? This topic can be usefully addressed only by collaborative work that draws on the resources of different disciplines and different traditions of penal thought – i.e. by this kind of network. We are focusing initially on the material forms (especially imprisonment) that punishment may take; and on the collateral consequences of punishment – the further deprivations that offenders often undergo beyond their formal Richard Sparks Antony Duff FRSE punishment. We plan to disseminate our work School of Law Department of Philosophy to a variety of audiences of policy makers, University of Edinburgh University of Stirling practitioners and interested citizens.

Robert Crawford FRSE School of English, University of St Andrews Loch Computer This project brings together short-story writers, poets, artists, computer scientists and digital humanities scholars to ponder the meaning of remoteness and connectedness in the digital age. It is hoped that the results will include publications and an exhibition. The project runs from 2014 until 2016.

Photo by Aisha Farr

24 Research Awardees 2014

Scottish Government Arts & Humanities Networks

Carole Hough English Language, School of Critical Studies, University of Glasgow Cognitive Toponymy: People and Places in Synergy This project uses place names to investigate human conceptualisation of place and its impact on the development of Western society. Cognition-based approaches are currently prominent in various disciplines, including archaeology, linguistics and psychology. The focus is on mental models and the role of embodied experience in the everyday interaction between human beings and the world. This project harnesses these approaches within an interdisciplinary study of perceptions of place, examining the strategies used by humans to impose order on their surroundings and make sense of their environment over the last two millennia. The nine members of the Research Network are based in Scotland and Denmark, and the research draws on comparative evidence from these two countries. Three main strands relate to differences between geographical and mental compass points, the role of religion in the standardisation of place naming in medieval Europe, and the factors that determine salience in the visual perception of place.

Richard Oram History and Politics, University of Stirling Royal Scone: parliament, inauguration and national symbol • To consolidate active research partnerships between scholars working on royal governance and symbolic use of place in northern Europe. • To enhance public knowledge and understanding of Scone’s historic significance for governance in Scotland’s early national story. • To organise an international academic conference and free public lecture series to facilitate knowledge exchange about royal Scone’s place in Scotland and European legislative history. • To publish new research on Scottish medieval inauguration and governance and its European context in a peer-reviewed monograph. • To develop a schedule of public interpretation events in partnership with end-users and network scholars, using diverse media including creative writing, art work and digital media. • To form an authoritative research development and management plan for Scone and other European royal centres as the basis for development of the case for a UNESCO World Heritage Site application.

Scottish Government Arts & Humanities Small Grant

Christopher J. Berry FRSE School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Glasgow The Virtues of a Commercial Society The grant paid for my fare to Japan (and contributed to travel expenses whilst there). The trip was a follow-up to my book The Idea of Commercial Society in the Scottish Enlightenment (Edinburgh University Press 2013). I gave four different lectures in six different universities, wherein I developed a theme of the book by examining the recalibration undertaken by Smith and Hume of the ‘classical’ virtues (prudence, justice, temperance, courage) to make them ‘fit for purpose’ in the modern world and how they established the appropriateness of distinctive ‘commercial virtues’ such as probity and humanity. The visit was also intended to foster Scotland–Japan intellectual links. On a personal level, I discussed my work with the Japanese translator of the book and, more generally, through the exchange of ideas, the possibility of establishing an international academic network in the study of the Scottish Enlightenment was explored. Indeed, a Japanese scholar visited Glasgow in August.

25 Research Awardees 2014

Scottish Government Arts & Humanities Small Grants

David Cowley Aerial Survey, Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland From ‘spy in the sky’ to material witness: aerial images of conflict in war museums World Wars I and II saw the application of aerial photographs to military intelligence grow exponentially from amateur pursuit to enormous specialised industry. Whilst images were collected to inform strategy and assess bomb damage, amongst other objectives, they now offer a unique textured view of conflict landscapes. Drawing on his extensive work on the uses of historic aerial photographs for archaeology, including the archaeology of conflict, and landscape studies, the applicant aims to examine uses in military museums, specifically in visitor engagement. Museum visits in Europe and desk-based assessments world-wide will examine the role of historic aerial photographs in creating narrative histories and stimulating memory. This will inform critique of synergies between archaeological approaches to imagery, generally as sources for the more distant past, and their role in stimulating engagement with the recent past.

Sir Tom Devine OBE FRSE School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh The Scottish Factor in the Ceylon Tea and Coffee Eoncomics in the 19th Century This project examines the key Scottish influence on the development of the Ceylon (now known as Sri Lanka) tea and coffee economics in the 19th Century. Despite the significant growth of interest in Scottish activity throughout the Empire and globally, no sustained study of the country’s influence in Ceylon has been attempted. This research aims to fill a significant gap in the historiography of the Scots abroad. The outcomes of this targeted project will be four journal articles, several seminar papers, and a presentation at the 2014 Scottish Homecoming conference. The wider project on the Scottish migrant experience in Ceylon, of which this particular project is a part, will result in a jointly-authored book by Devine and McCarthy.

Sally M Foster Archaeology, School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen ECCLES: pre-Romanesque ecclesiastical architecture in Scotland in its European context Europe’s pre-Romanesque ecclesiastical architecture is an outstanding resource, key to understanding of the introduction of Christianity and of the earliest Europeanisation. Through it, we can also explore Scotland’s contribution to the development of early medieval (pre-1100 AD) Europe. The main objective of ECCLES (Early Christian Churches and Landscapes) is, with partners in England, Ireland and Wales, to develop a wider understanding and appreciation of the nature, value and significance of this resource in the Isles. Taking a European perspective, we need to celebrate, address and build on the highly regional nature of the resource, its existing research and future potential. This grant enabled me to meet my partners, fact-find and explore options with researchers in different disciplines in Scotland, and learn from the experience of leading Corpus Architecturae Religiosae Europae practitioners, in France and Spain. The outcomes are working reports, conference papers (Edinburgh and Istanbul), an article and a grant application.

26 Research Awardees 2014

Scottish Government Arts & Humanities Small Grants

Anthony Heywood History Department, University of Aberdeen Tsarism’s Achilles’ Heel? Russia’s Railways in World War 1, July 1914–March 1917 My current monograph project addresses a key question for understanding Tsarist Russia’s war effort in World War 1 and the autocratic regime’s momentous collapse in the 1917 February Revolution: how well did Russia’s railways cope with the war emergency from 1914? Traditionally, textbooks have asserted that the railways collapsed, greatly exacerbating the food shortages that sparked revolution. Yet this claim has never been thoroughly investigated. Already, I have proved that actually the railways carried 20 per cent more freight in 1916 than in their record peacetime year (1913). My RSE Small Grant is advancing my investigation considerably by enabling fieldwork in Russia during 2014 to clarify three core issues: when the railways began mobilisation in 1914; how well they coped with it; and the effectiveness of the government’s subsequent efforts to expand railway capacity to accommodate the unforeseen and unprecedented demands of total war.

Tomasz Kamusella School of History, University of St Andrews The Atlas of Language Politics in Modern Central Europe The Atlas offers a novel insight into the mechanisms and history of how Central Europe’s languages have been made, unmade and deployed for political action, mainly in the age of nationalism (19th–21st centuries), but with a reference to earlier periods, too. The interdisciplinary project is unique in its approach and scope, as no similar work has been attempted so far. The Atlas makes a wealth of specialised and hard-to-reach information readily available to the specialist and general reader, and allows, at a glance, for gleaning information on, for instance, the fashioning of Serbian and Croatian into Serbo-Croatian, before it split into the two former languages, and Bosnian and Montenegrin, this process parallel to the breakup of Yugoslavia. The Atlas’s several map series charter, amongst others, writing systems, the employment of languages for state building projects, and the disappearance of non-state languages.

Murdo Macdonald Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art and Design, University of Dundee C T R Wilson and the Tracks of Sub-Atomic Particles: An Aesthetic Consideration The Scottish physicist C T R Wilson was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1927 for his invention of the Cloud Chamber, an apparatus described by Rutherford as ‘the most original and wonderful instrument in scientific history.’ Taking the standpoint of art rather than science, my objective is to draw attention to the high aesthetic quality of Wilson’s Cloud Chamber photographs, and by doing so to disseminate his contribution outside the scientific community. The aesthetic significance of the images has been little explored, even though Wilson’s skill as a photographer is widely recognised. The purpose of this research is to take further the advocacy of Wilson displayed at the conference in his honour held at the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 2012. This project is in collaboration with the Royal Scottish Academy of Art and Architecture.

27 Research Awardees 2014

Scottish Government Arts & Humanities Small Grants

Gavin Miller English Literature, University of Glasgow DSM-5 and the Future of Psychiatric Diagnosis: Perspectives from Medical Humanities This award allowed me to participate as a discussant in an international symposium hosted by the Brocher Foundation in Switzerland. The Foundation supports interdisciplinary research on the ethical, legal and social implications of medical research and biotechnologies. The Symposium (organised by Dr Matthew Smith, History, Strathclyde University) brought together around twenty-five participants in a critical examination of the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [DSM-5]. My particular contribution was a response to a paper on scientific classification in the DSM-5 presented by Dr Rachel Cooper of Lancaster University. It is hoped that a network of researchers will emerge from this meeting.

Emily Nimmo Collections, Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland Securing Scotland’s 3D Digital Heritage As the national collection for Scotland’s built environment, RCAHMS has a commitment to ensuring that the widespread capture of 3D laser scan data of Scotland’s ancient and historic monuments remain accessible to future generations. The fast pace of technological change in this area and the absence of an existing mature and workable approach to its preservation places this important record at risk. Current guidance for the long term preservation of this data requires essential metadata which is often found to be too burdensome by the data creators. They therefore tend not to submit their important data to archives or submit with little or no accompanying metadata, putting its long term preservation at risk. This research project has identified an approach which finds a balance between the ease of use required by data creators and the essential documentation (metadata) required by archives for preservation purposes. This will be taken forward by the partners through future research applications.

Bernadette O’Rourke School of Management and Languages, Heriot-Watt University Becoming a “new speaker” of a minority language – comparisons between Gaelic, Irish and Galician In many parts of Europe, traditional communities of minority language speakers are being eroded as a consequence of urbanisation and economic modernisation. Increased provision for these languages through their inclusion in school curricula, the media and other public domains is giving rise to new types of speakers on whom the future of these languages is likely to depend. Despite their significance, academic research and policy makers have not always given ‘new speakers’ (commonly referred to as non-native or second language speakers) adequate attention. The aim of this project is to bring this important sociolinguistic group into focus through a comparative analysis of the linguistic and social practices of new speakers across three contrasting European minority language settings including Gaelic (Scotland), Irish (Ireland) and Galician (Spain).

28 Research Awardees 2014

Scottish Government Arts & Humanities Small Grants

Geraldine Parsons Celtic and Gaelic, University of Glasgow An edition of Acallam na Senórach from Oxford, Bodleain Library, Rawlinson B 487 Acallam na Senórach is an extraordinary literary work. Written c. AD 1200, probably in the west of Ireland, it imagines St Patrick coming into contact with ancient, pagan warriors from the war-band (fían) of Finn mac Cumhaill. The tale functions as a medieval meditation on Gaelic history and cultural identity and on the role that the land plays in each; place names prompt questions about the past, whilst the warriors root their answers in the landscapes they pass through. One of the lengthiest literary texts to survive from the Gaelic Middle Ages, the work has not been edited since 1900. The Rawlinson version of the text was under-utilised in the 1900 edition and hence neglected by literary critics. This edition represents the first single-witness edition and, I hope, the first digital edition of the Acallam. In both these ways, I hope to facilitate new ways of understanding the text.

Neil Price Archaeology, University of Aberdeen Imperial Addictions: Collateral Archaeologies of the Opium Trade, 1730–1930 The age of the European empires combined the rise of capitalism with early globalisation, and the large-scale production, transport and consumption of specialised commodities. This project makes a new, interdisciplinary study of one of them: opium. An unusual focus is brought to bear on the concept of collateral, to embrace not just the core areas of the trade such as Britain and China, but also the full range of its peripheries, the world that opium touched and changed. Gathering a wide series of archaeological case studies, material culture is used to illuminate what opium meant to the peoples of the early modern world, and to shed light on its varied socio-political heritage in our own time. The RSE's generous support has funded project research in Hong Kong, Canton (Guangzhou), Macau and Mauritius, together with its presentation at the primary world conference on Indo-Pacific archaeology, held this year in Cambodia.

Johnny Rodger Mackintosh School of Architecture, Glasgow School of Art The Spatial Distribution of Justice in Scotland This project examines the history and design of the places and symbols where justice is delivered in Scotland. By a thorough examination of the development of the courthouse building, its design and use, and its role in the legal process and the trial, the aim is to foster a wider and more nuanced understanding and appreciation of the forms and processes of justice. The courthouse is the physical expression of our relationship with ideals of justice: how does it mediate them, where does it do it, and what are the factors that have determined the development of such an expression? Given that important changes in regional provision of court buildings are underway, how have the buildings themselves been seen as part of a ‘problem’, and how can design and distribution of such spaces affect equal access to justice, now and in the future?

29 Research Awardees 2014

Scottish Government Arts & Humanities Small Grants

Katie Stevenson School of History, University of St Andrews The Power of Pedigree: The Stewart Dynasty and the Foundations of Royal Authority This project provides a new understanding of the ways in which history was created and utilised in late medieval and early Renaissance Scotland (c.1371–c.1562), a key period in the nation’s past when it was fully independent and a significant power in Europe. Drawing on sources that have hitherto been largely neglected by scholars – particularly visual and material culture – and developing the wider disciplinary argument that iconography and symbols of sovereignty provided a mode of communication through which authority could be maintained during periods of constitutional crisis, as well as in the normal day-to-day running of the kingdom, this project explores the development and propagation of the myth of dynasty created by the Royal House of Stewart, which rested on key moments in the nation’s past in order to exercise power and authority in the kingdom and beyond.

Zoë Strachan School of Critical Studies, University of Glasgow Out There, a new anthology of LGBT writing from Scotland The first anthology of LGBT writing from Scotland in over 14 years, and only the third in existence, Out There features contributions from new and established Scottish writers including Ali Smith, Carol Ann Duffy, Jackie Kay, Christopher Whyte, Ronald Frame, Louise Welsh, Jenni Fagan and many more. The stories and poems are contextualised by critical essays by Professor Berthold Schoene (MMU) and Dr Jeff Meek (GU). Edited by Zoë Strachan and to be published by Freight Books in September 2014.

Rhian Williams English Literature, University of Glasgow Parochial Histories: The poetics of ecological record-keeping and material change, c. 1770–1830 My RSE grant has enabled me to visit key archive holdings of 18th-Century weather records, informing work delivered to the European Association for the Study of Literature, Culture and the Environment as the first stage in a new study of the natural history writer Gilbert White (1720–1793) and cultures of ecological record keeping, 1770–1830. This historicised, materialised and theorised study is specifically alert to the generic variations in private weather diaries, almanacs, garden calendars, weather- and gardening-related letters, notebooks, and poems in this period of intensifying industrialisation. This cross-genre reading delineates a subtle and varied literacy in writing about and responding to the natural world in this period and by embedding White into the active and local communities of ‘weather watchers’ and phenological recorders, my research demonstrates that ‘parochial histories’ contain within them the logic and models by which communities develop an ‘ecological mindfulness’ that connect them to larger social processes and to our own moment of ecological concern.

30 Research Awardees 2014

Scottish Government Arts & Humanities Small Grants

Saeko Yazaki Theology and Religious Studies, University of Glasgow Muslim–Jewish–Christian relations: A. S. Yahuda and his career The current political and social climate deeply affects our perception of history. For example, the Israeli–Palestinian conflict often leads to a misconceived belief that there has been a long history of hatred between Jews and Arabs/Muslims. This project draws attention to Muslim–Jewish–Christian relations through exploring the Arab-Jewish scholar, A. S. Yahuda (d. 1951), and his study of Hebrew–Egyptian relationships in the Bible, Judaeo-Islamic traditions in al-Andalus, and Judaeo-Christian thought in Newton’s religious writings. Yahuda was an early supporter of Zionism, but became critical of its direction for ignoring the importance of Arab–Jewish relations, whilst he regarded the shared heritage of medieval Spain as the socio-political basis for post-Ottoman Palestine. This project focuses on Yahuda’s under-researched views of the strong tie amongst the three monotheistic faiths, central to his political activities, through an exploration of his life and achievements as a scholar and manuscript collector.

Scottish Enterprise Enterprise Fellowships

Orfeas Boteas Edinburgh Technology Transfer Centre (ETTC), University of Edinburgh Dehumaniser Creating monster and imaginary creature sounds for the entertainment industry is a time consuming procedure, which requires the recording and process of various animal sounds or human voice in order to create the wanted sound. This procedure demands technical knowledge, equipment and time in order to create the wanted result. Dehumaniser is a unique vocal software processor/sound design tool for making monster and imaginary creature sounds in real time. It can be used for the entertainment industry, including films, video games, radio and theatrical performances. Dehumaniser is being used by the biggest sound studios and video game companies worldwide.

Olivia Feng Accounting and Finance Department, Adam Smith Business School, University of Glasgow Developing and commercialising an online interactive platform (CampusBuddy) to help universities to reach and engage with prospective international applicants Utilising app development skills and research expertise in gamification (behavioural experiments and modification), we aim to develop attractive online solutions that provide a more virtual and immersive learning and social experience for users. The current project focuses on providing CampusBuddy as an online platform as a SaaS (software as a service) model. We are able to help converting and engaging more prospective applicants into committed students. CampusBuddy is a cross-platform mobile app that will revolutionise the way universities communicate and engage with international applicants. CampusBuddy enables a university to directly reach and communicate with ten million prospective international applicants so that it accurately reflects the strengths and aspirations of that university, allowing users to find the university that best fits their needs. Students will be better informed and more confident in making the right application decisions.

31 Research Awardees 2014

Scottish Enterprise Enterprise Fellowships

David Hunter Edinburgh Technology Transfer Centre (ETTC), University of Edinburgh Shot Scope Technologies Sport performance and wearable technology markets are growing at an exceptional rate, Shot Scope is the next generation of both. The patent-pending wearable technology revolutionises sports performance data collection. Initially targeting the golf market, Shot Scope collects statistical data automatically as a golfer plays. Once finished, the golfer uploads data to the Shot Scope website, where statistics are displayed in graphs, charts, tables and a map of the golf course. The technology has been proven and tested with professional golfers and the Sports Technology Institute at Loughborough University. I now seek investment to commercialise the technology. The RSE/SE Enterprise Fellowship, combined with an award from the Technology Strategy Board, provided the skills, knowledge and resources to progress the business. Prior to founding Shot Scope I worked for seven years as an electronics design engineer, developing electronics products for medical, military, oil & gas and commercial applications.

Eirini Komninou Computer and Information Sciences, University of Strathclyde Automated near-optional Space science operations scheduling with the use of heuristics Satellites are sophisticated tools used for observation, communications, etc. Post- launch, a satellite provides the scientific or commercial return it was designed for, during a predefined operational timeframe. Operations can last for years or decades, depending on the mission. Instructing a satellite what to do, when and for how long, known as mission operations scheduling, is pivotal for a successful mission. Operations scheduling has been conducted manually since the beginning of the Space era. Missions have become more complex, making the process increasingly challenging. Nevertheless, the scheduling process has remained largely manual, with experts comparing mission requirements to constraints by hand before a conflict-free schedule is generated. Such a process is lengthy, cumbersome and error prone. During this research, tools and methodologies are being developed to automate and optimise the process of mission operations scheduling, supporting experts by alleviating excessive workload whilst increasing operations reliability and maximising mission return.

Jamie Kunka Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics, University of Dundee Lonely Mountain Skis I am a research associate with a background in product design and engineering. I love combining my passions for design and outdoor sports and making products that will put a smile on people’s faces. Lonely Mountain Skis produces innovative handmade skis for the freeride and ski touring markets. Using hardwood and natural fibre composites, we can bring skis to market that are high performance, lightweight and sustainable. We use hardwood top sheets on our skis, which is a homage to the days when we skied on wood. Our skis are made with as much locally-sourced, natural and recycled material as possible. Sustainability is a big deal for us, as we plan to operate in an industry which relies on snowfall.

32 Research Awardees 2014

Scottish Enterprise Enterprise Fellowships

Liita-lyaloo Naukushu Edinburgh Technology Transfer Centre (ETTC), University of Edinburgh Reusable Menstrual Hygiene Device for Wholesale to International Development Agencies Kalitasha Ltd. was established and registered in Scotland in 2013. The company seeks to enable women to effectively and securely manage their menstrual fluids. Although menstruation is a critical aspect of every woman’s life, for many around the world it is often accompanied by a loss of dignity and a limited capability to engage in public life. At Kalitasha Ltd., we believe that women should find dignity in every day. The company has developed a reusable menstrual hygiene device, which it will contract out for manufacturing. It will then market and sell bulk quantities of the product to organisations that can distribute it to adolescent girls in developing countries. Through this for-profit model, the company seeks to produce social benefits to women and girls; and also provide financial returns to investors.

Jack Ng Edinburgh Technology Transfer Centre (ETTC), University of Edinburgh Sanitation by easily-applied copper surface 80% of infectious diseases are transferred by touch. In the healthcare environment, when patients are weak or have healing/open wounds, it is easy to pick up additional infections which cause serious complication and even death. Can we reduce the risk of hospitals actually harming people? One in three of us carries bacteria that can kill someone in hospitals. Hand washing and trying to change people’s behaviour is not enough. Copper has a natural power that destroys the germs landing on its surface. Jack has developed a product, micron Copper, that can be easily painted onto high-touch and high-traffic surfaces such as bed rails, trolley & drawer handles, door fixtures, patient accessories, surgical table tops and other devices. Jack has been a lead researcher of several projects in simplifying manufacturing processes for eight years. He founded the company Sansible. It stands for sanitation that is sensible, and simplified.

Silvana Palacios School of Textiles and Design, Heriot-Watt University Selvancolour® Unique technology for sustainable fashion Selvancolour® is the only method of digital ink-jet printing fabric with sustainable and environmentally friendly dyes at an industrial scale. Each year, seven million tonnes of synthetic dyes are produced, much of it ending in bodies of water, where they have toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic effects. On clothing, they can cause contact dermatitis. Our proprietary ink formulations are based on natural organic dyes and are adaptable to industrial- scale printing technology.

33 Research Awardees 2014

Scottish Enterprise Enterprise Fellowships

Muhammad Rohaan Sadiq Division of Imaging and Technology (DIT), University of Dundee Active Needle Technology for Safe Needle Interventions Every year over 1.5 million UK and 250 million world patients undergo needle-based procedures, such as regional anaesthesia and cancer biopsy. The problems of poor visibility and deflection of the needle tip are still major concerns for clinicians at both trainee and consultant levels. These problems, besides increasing the overall duration of the procedures, lead to numerous post-operative complications, such as nerve damage, internal bleeding and repeat biopsy, costing more than $1 billion annually. Dr. Sadiq has developed an innovative medical device ‘Active Needle’ technology that allows the clinicians to see the standard medical needles in colour during ultrasound-guided procedures and significantly reduces tip deflection. It is believed that this technology can revolutionise the healthcare system by providing safer, efficient and cost-effective needle-based procedures, benefitting patients, clinicians and healthcare providers. The RSE/SE Enterprise Fellowship is offering valuable support for the commercialisation of the ‘Active Needle’ technology through market research, enterprise training and development of a viable business plan for Dr. Sadiq’s pre-incorporated startup Ultravizion.

Abesh Thakur Edinburgh Technology Transfer Centre (ETTC), University of Edinburgh Real-time 3D audio engine There is a growing demand for immersive audio-visual experiences, as evidenced by the growth of virtual reality head mounted displays such as those developed by Oculus VR (Facebook) and Sony. Although these technologies deliver a compelling visual experience, they lack advanced audio technologies, mainly due to the computational complexity associated with complex audio effects such as 3D audio in real time. At Two Big Ears we have created 3Dception, an efficient cross platform 3D audio engine which allows games and application developers to create realistic audio content to match their high-quality visual environments. When played back over headphones, sounds can appear to come from any point in space – front, back, even above or behind the user. It is easy to implement in existing developer workflows and is up to 29 times faster than competing technologies. Imagine hearing a monster growling right behind you so realistically that it forces you to turn around and face it!

Alex Ward Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews The commercialisation of a novel piezoelectric nanopositioner In the modern world, where even a toaster has a microchip and a mobile phone has the computing power of a state-of-the-art computer from ten years ago; a lot of our society is built on really tiny circuitry. Although during the manufacturing of such nanotechnology, often clever techniques can be used to avoid direct manipulation at these tiny-length scales, sometimes, during inspection and error correction, it is necessary to bite the bullet and actually move and probe these structures. To do this requires a technology to provide precise, stiff, high-force movement with a precision measured in nanometres. During the course my RSE fellowship, I will be commercialising a new mechanism for nanomanipulation; one that has the potential to be more robust and more powerful than current technologies. This will be sold, initially, to an academic market who research nanotechnologies, before graduating into scanning-probe microscopy and, finally, integrated circuit manufacture and inspection.

34 Research Awardees 2014

STFC and Scottish Enterprise co-funded Enterprise Fellowship

Huabi (Helen) Yin Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde Commercialisation of high power broadband terahertz Gyrotron Travelling Wave Amplifier (Gyro-TWA) technology I propose to set up a company to manufacture and sell terahertz Gyro-TWAs to the magnetic resonance instrumentation market initially and later to the security industry. The gyro-TWA has >50 times higher power-bandwidth performance than any competing devices and is the best product available to meet the demand for high resolution pulse electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and high-sensitivity nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) through the terahertz-based dynamic nuclear polarisation (DNP) technique. EPR has huge applications in bioscience, as it is used to characterise the structure and properties of bio-molecules. DNP technique can increase the sensitivity of NMR and the contrast of MRI by a few orders of magnitude. EPR/DNP represents a £Billion industry. With the one-year RSE Enterprise Fellowship, I will develop a business which can manufacture the gyro-TWAs in sufficient numbers (30 to 50 units per year) to satisfy EPR/DNP market demand.

STFC Enterprise Fellowship

Matthew Murdoch Department of Physics, University of Liverpool Commercialisation of an anti-neutrino detector for plutonium accounting at nuclear reactors Nuclear proliferation is of great concern to the global community. Nuclear materials are difficult to robustly track and safeguard by their very nature. This is particularly true at nuclear reactors, where plutonium is produced as a by-product, creating the opportunity for diversion of materials from peaceful use. Currently, the IAEA employs many and varied safeguards at nuclear reactor sites to prevent such diversions. However, the use of nuclear energy is on the rise, increasing the demand for robust, automated safeguard measures. Anti-neutrinos are the smallest, massive particles observed and are created in abundance in reactor cores. By deploying state-of-the-art neutrino detection technology (such as that developed at Liverpool), the anti-neutrino emissions of a reactor can be monitored to provide an automated, near-to-real-time safeguard measure that can be monitored remotely, requiring no access to the reactor building itself.

35 Research Awardees 2014

BBSRC Enterprise Fellowships

Sarah de Vos Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich The New Heritage Barley Company The New Heritage Barley Company is the proposed name for a spin-off business culminating from research started over ten years ago at the John Innes Centre. The business will revive and develop heritage barley varieties for brewing. Through BBSRC follow-on funding, we established a demand for heritage malt and worked with industry to develop a quality product for sale from 2015. Heritage malt will provide greater choice and added value to farmers, maltsters and brewers in the malt beverage supply chain. In addition, we have recognised a requirement for valuable disease resistance traits identified in our heritage varieties. We will introduce these traits into elite cultivars for local production in niche markets, a process we define as 'boutique breeding'. Our business proposition capitalises on the desire for sustainable production in agriculture by introducing barley varieties that have greater adaptive value (plasticity) with regard to disease pressures and climate change.

George Frodsham Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University College London Haemofilter for the treatment of malaria Every year there are 220 million malaria cases and 660,000 deaths. Most are children under five, and many do not survive even if they get to hospital. Our device could save the lives of thousands, and improve the lives of millions. The haemofilter is a medical device which removes malaria infected cells directly from the bloodstream. The patient’s blood flows through the device via an extra-corporeal loop in a dialysis-like technique. It is affordable, requires no drugs or chemicals, and would be the first medical device for the treatment of an infectious disease. It can treat any malaria infection, including drug-resistant strains, alleviating symptoms in hours rather than days. In isolation, the device could keep a patient alive and symptom free indefinitely. Alongside conventional therapies, it could reduce or eliminate side effects, and improve survivability through rapid reduction of the initial parasite burden.

Oliver Charles Goodyear Immunity and Infection, Medical School, University of Birmingham The commercialisation of a novel “label free” cell separation Recent advances in stem cell biology have highlighted the potential of cellular therapy to deliver effective healthcare. Cell separation underpins cell-based therapies and research, with a global market anticipated to be worth $5.7 billion by 2016. The Problem Existing methods rely on filtration, centrifugation or affinity separation using magnetic colloids or particles that leave capture ligands on the cells. This leads to co-enrichment of red blood cells and dead cells, limiting the ability for multiple separation steps and compromising target cell viability. Our solution is a new technology that allows rapid “label free” separation directly from whole blood, with high viability and purity. Our business proposition is to form a university spin-out company focusing on the supplying of cell separation devices to the research community. We will minimise the operational costs by harnessing university infrastructure whilst out-sourcing distribution and manufacture as demand increases.

36 Research Awardees 2014

Scottish Crucible 2014 The award-winning leadership and development programme for Scotland’s ‘research leaders of the future’ – Scottish Crucible – completed a sixth annual programme earlier this year. Scottish Crucible 2014 brought together 30 highly promising researchers (pictured right) from different disciplines through an intensive programme run over three months and hosted by the universities of Edinburgh, St Andrews and Glasgow. The aim was to encourage participants to widen the impact of their research through collaborative and interdisciplinary work, and help them develop skills, knowledge and connections to maximise their capacity for research and knowledge exchange with business, industry, media and the policy community. Members of the ‘Scottish Crucible Alumni Network’ also travelled to Copenhagen Scottish Crucible is open to all academic disciplines in June 2014 (below) as part of a special delegation led by Scottish Crucible Directors, and a record number of applications was received Dr Ruth Neiland and Professor Alan Miller FRSE. Involving Crucible Alumni from in 2014. From this very competitive applicant pool, eight Scottish universities, all of whom are lecturers in disciplines ranging from the selection panel was able to create a cohort of biomedical engineering and robotics to conservation science and music, the Scottish talented researchers from the fields of engineering Crucible delegation visited Copenhagen to participate in ESOF – the EuroScience and physical sciences; biology, Open Forum – a pan-European, multidisciplinary ecology and medicine; arts and conference on research and innovation. The humanities; and social sciences. event attracted several thousand delegates, The researchers who won a place including top researchers from all disciplines, on the 2014 programme are business leaders, senior EU policy makers, from the universities of Aberdeen, and the international scientific media. Dundee, Edinburgh, Glasgow, St Andrews, Stirling, Strathclyde Scottish Crucible Director, Dr Ruth Neiland, and the West of Scotland; Heriot-Watt University, said of the event Glasgow Caledonian, Heriot-Watt “ESOF 2014 was a perfect conference for our and Queen Margaret; and the James Hutton Institute. Crucible Alumni; not only did they participate in a high-quality scientific programme encompassing a variety of multidisciplinary Scottish Crucible gives its participants a unique themes, but they also took full advantage to network with potential collaborators opportunity to broaden their networks with senior and colleagues to help foster future research projects.” colleagues in different sectors; e.g., through interaction with the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Scottish Crucible Alumnus, Dr Anita Quye, University of Glasgow, commented the Scottish Government and the Scottish Parliament. “It was a fantastic experience and fruitful in many ways, not least in strengthening It also has a growing alumni network which our special Crucible bond across the years. I have a number of research leads to comprises all members of the Scottish Crucible follow up now, thanks to contacts made at the ESOF 2014 conference.” 2009–2013 cohorts. Many Scottish Crucible The Scottish Crucible delegation was also welcomed to Copenhagen by Professor Kirsten Alumni were able to attend special networking Hastrup, President of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters. Professor Alan events held con-currently with the 2014 Miller, Deputy Principal for Research and KT, Heriot-Watt University and Fellowship Secretary programme, including an annual ‘Crucible of the Royal Society of Edinburgh said “We thank colleagues from our sister Academy Ceildh’, which this year was hosted by the in Denmark for their warm welcome to Scottish Crucible at ESOF and anticipate even closer University of Glasgow. ties developing between members of our respective research communities in the future.” Scottish Crucible 2014 will culminate with the award of funding for collaborative projects through the Scottish Crucible Interdisciplinary Project Fund. The results of this competition will be announced at the RSE Research Awards Ceremony on 1st September 2014.

Further details of Scottish Crucible and European Crucible are available at: www.hw.ac.uk/scottishcrucible/ or by contacting Scottish Crucible at: [email protected]

37 Research Awardees 2014

Participants in Scottish Crucible 2014

Dr Alison Bennett Dr Ewan Campbell Dr Andrea Caporali Dr Efthalia Chatzisymeon Dr John Connolly Ecological Sciences School of Biological BHF Centre for Institute for Infrastructure Social Sciences James Hutton Institute Sciences Cardiovascular Science & Environment University of the West University of Aberdeen University of Edinburgh University of Edinburgh of Scotland

Dr Carol Emslie Dr Javier Escudero Dr Miguel Garcia-Sancho Dr Suzanne Grant Dr Susanne Kean Institute for Applied Rodriguez Science, Technology Division of Population School of Health in Social Health Research School of Engineering & Innovation Studies & Health Sciences Science, Nursing Studies Glasgow Caledonian University of Edinburgh University of Edinburgh University of Dundee University of Edinburgh University

Dr Christopher McCormick Dr Joanne McEvoy Dr Laura McNamara Dr Stuart Robertson Dr Benjamin Sachs Biomedical Engineering Department of Politics Centre for Cell Department of Pure Department of Philosophy Department & International Relations Engineering & Applied Chemistry University of St Andrews University of Strathclyde University of Aberdeen University of Glasgow University of Strathclyde

38 Research Awardees 2014

Participants in Scottish Crucible 2014

Dr Maggie Cunningham Dr Stacy DeRuiter Dr Stephan Dombrowski Dr Grainne El Mountassir Dr Kathryn Elmer Psychology Department Centre for Research into Division of Psychology Department of Civil & Institute of Biodiversity, University of Stirling Ecological & Environmental University of Stirling Environmental Engineering Animal Health & Modelling (CREEM) University of Strathclyde Comparative Medicine University of St Andrews University of Glasgow

Dr Michael Lones Dr Niall Mackenzie Dr Stephen Mansell Dr Deborah Maxwell Dr Fadhila Mazanderani School of Mathematical University of Strathclyde School of Engineering School of Design Science, Technology & Computer Sciences Business School & Physical Sciences University of Edinburgh & Innovation Studies Heriot-Watt University Heriot-Watt University (Edinburgh College of Art) University of Edinburgh

Dr Laurie Shedden Dr Andrew Stewart Dr Matthias Trost Dr Manousos Valyrakis Dr Laura Wyness Department of Biomedical School of Physics MRC Protein Environmental Dietetics, Nutrition Engineering & Astronomy Phosphorylation & Engineering & Biological Sciences University of Strathclyde University of Glasgow Ubiquitylation Unit University of Glasgow Department University of Dundee Queen Margaret University

39 The Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE) is Scotland’s National Academy of Science & Letters. It is an independent body with charitable status. The Society organises conferences and lectures for the specialist and for the general public. It provides a forum for informed debate on issues of national and international importance.

Its multidisciplinary Fellowship of men and women of international standing provides independent, expert advice to key decision-making bodies, including Government and Parliaments.

The Society’s Research Awards programme annually awards well over £2 million to exceptionally talented young researchers to advance fundamental knowledge, and to develop potential entrepreneurs to commercialise their research and boost wealth generation.

Among its many public benefit activities, the RSE is active in classrooms from the Borders to the Northern Isles, with a successful programme of lectures and hands-on workshops for primary and secondary school pupils.

The Royal Society of Edinburgh, working as part of the UK and within a global context, is committed to the future of Scotland’s social, economic and cultural wellbeing.

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