John Maynard Keynes, by Paul Krugman....41 5

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John Maynard Keynes, by Paul Krugman....41 5 SECRETARIA DE ESTADO DE ECONOMÍA, MINISTERIO SECRETARÍA GENERAL DE POLÍTICA ECONÓMICA DE ECONOMÍA Y ECONOMÍA INTERNACIONAL Y HACIENDA SUBDIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE ECONOMÍA INTERNACIONAL CUADERNO DE DOCUMENTACION Número 86-14º (alcance) Alvaro Espina Vocal Asesor 23 Octubre de 2008 (20 horas) CD 86-14º de alcance Por mucho que el drama de la Norteamérica actual se derive, al decir de Paul Krugman, del hecho casi evidente de que la administración republicana -que todavía seguimos sufriendo, y que trata de bloquear la presencia de España en la cumbre financiera mundial1- no crea en el sistema en que vive, y que no crea especialmente en la democracia ni en la libertad de expresión, el problema para ellos es que, mal que les pese, la democracia y la libertad de expresión siguen funcionando. Joseph Stiglitz denuncia en el Guardian la maniobra artera de Hank Paulson, “el de la vía equivocada”, que consiste en “mejorar” el plan de rescate de Gordon Brown para beneficio de los bancos norteamericanos y en perjuicio de la concurrencia y de los contribuyentes, que terminarán siendo un daño colateral más de los muchos producidos por las iniciativas del peor Presidente de la historia de los EEUU. Y, todavía, si el plan “mejorado” sirviera para salvar al sistema financiero habría que darse con un canto en los dientes. Pero esto nadie lo sabe, engolfados como están los banqueros americanos en la ceremonia de la opacidad más absoluta. No hay más que ver las expresiones casi contradictorias con que Eric Dash titulaba sus crónicas en NYT en dos días consecutivos. El día 16 el titular era de supervivencia: “Banks Brace for Slump as Economy Weakens” (se atrincheran contra la depresión), anunciando que JP Morgan, Wells Fargo y State Street están resistiendo bien, pese a que los dos primeros han visto caer sus beneficios durante el tercer trimestre (en un 85 % JP, tras absorber a Washington Mutual y en un 25% Wells, tras digerir a Wachovia). 1 De mantenerse esta última manifestación de animadversión contra España de George W. Bush, nuestro país –con un PIB de 1,62 billones de $, el octavo del mundo, por encima de Canadá- sería el único no presente de entre los quince mayores PIB. El puesto nº 15 lo ocupa México (0,95 billones). El número 16, Holanda, con 0,86 billones de $ de PIB –poco más que la mitad del de España-, es el primer país excluido después del nuestro. Entre el grupo de los 19 invitados –además de la UE-, Suráfrica es el que tiene menor PIB (0,3 billones). Otros cuatro invitados tienen menor PIB que Holanda: Turquía (0,75 billones), Indonesia (0,49), Arabia Saudita (0,46) y Argentina (0,32). 1 Pero incluso a estos tres bancos –que figuran entre los menos dañados y están interesados lógicamente en que esto se sepa-, no les parece conveniente lucir su musculatura, ya que todos ellos – más o menos “obligados”- van a “pillar cacho” en la cosa de Paulson, de modo que tratan de vestir el santo con ropa de penitencia -porque ahora no estamos en la escala de tiempo en la que lo que importa es captar inversores, sino producir conmiseración en el contribuyente-, llorando por lo que se les viene encima y justificando que hay que estar preparados para lo peor. Y es que, al abandonar la “recta vía” de Gordon Brown, Paulson ha emitido un sistema perverso de incentivos. Ahora ya nadie quiere aparecer como saneado. ¡Total, para lo que vale! (En cambio, los bancos alemanes sólo acudirán a lo de Merkel si no les queda otro remedio, porque el primer precio a pagar es rebajar el sueldo de los ejecutivos). Pese a lo cual, Dash se ve obligado a rectificar porque la lúgubre foto del día anterior –que había causado preocupación- era de empleados de Wachovia cuando se los recibía en Wells Fargo, no del acto de presentación de resultados del banco, celebrada ese mismo día. Y al día siguiente, una vez asimilado por los estados mayores de la banca lo suculento del colchón de lo de Paulson (¡café para todos, oye!), Louis Story y el propio Eric Dash titulan: “Banks Are Likely to Hold Tight to Bailout Money” (parece que los bancos se van a aferrar a lo de Paulson) y los grandes se atreven ya a declarar que las pérdidas en las que han incurrido desde que estalló la crisis equivalen al monto de sus beneficios desde comienzos de 2004: 305.000 millones de $ más o menos. De modo que ya a las 10:29 del día 16 Paulson cantaba victoria: Good number of banks want equity: Paulson Thu Oct 16, 2008 10:29am EDT WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson on Thursday said that there were plenty of other banks interested in an equity injection under the government's $700 billion financial rescue plan. 2 "We got nine banks to sign up initially and we're going to be going out broadly. And you know, we have we have interest from a good number of other banks," he told Fox Business News in an interview. Paulson on Tuesday persuaded the country's nine largest banks to accept a total tax- payer equity injection of $125 billion to recapitalize the banking system and confront a global credit crisis.. "We took unprecedented actions on a case by case basis...now we're going to the heart of the problem. We're taking a systemic approach. These are bold actions. I'm confident they're the right actions," he said. Claro que, al no haber establecido Paulson ningún tipo de penalidad, del mismo modo que los banqueros habían venido mintiendo estos últimos años inflando las valoraciones de sus activos2 y sus beneficios -como dice el historiador Richard Sylla- es posible que también lo sigan haciendo ahora, inflando las pérdidas, para que Paulson –además de recogerles la basura, con cargo a los contribuyentes- les dé una ayudita adicional. Y es que, como decía Roubini, de poco vale la nacionalización si no se separa inmediatamente a los golfos, temerarios y/o incompetentes de los banqueros respetables. Eso mismo piensa Botin. Al menos queda el consuelo de saber que el banco que menos desastres declara es el del propio Paulson (Goldman Sachs), porque sólo faltaba que, además de incompetente (wrong-way Paulson), el Secretario del Tesoro fuera también un golfo. Y golfo no será, pero adicto a las prácticas clientelistas sí que es. NYT bromea en titulares traduciendo G&Sachs por “Gobierno y Sachs” ofreciendo las fotos de familia del tesoro con altos cargos, todos venidos de la casa (lo que parece que se remonta ya hasta los tiempos de Rubin). ¡Cómo no será la cosa que al Chairman Bernanke ya le han pillado en un lapsus: En su declaración ante el Senado pidiendo un nuevo paquete de reactivación dijo “......el tesoro del Secretario”, ¡en lugar del “... el Secretario del Tesoro” ! (¿lo han cogido? ¡A ver si fue un lapsus simulado!). Para algunos colegas de Wall Street la apropiación del Tesoro por los de Goldman es un verdadero escándalo. Parafraseando a Charlie 2 Recuérdese que uno de los protagonistas de la Hoguera de las vanidades, de Tom Wolfe, era especialista en la “tasación de activos infravalorados”. Era, pues, un experto de esos que le gustan a Greenspan, que antes de empezar a trabajar ya saben la “verdad” que van a descubrir. 3 Wilson, hoy podríamos decir: “lo que que es bueno para Goldman and Sachs es bueno para Estados Unidos” Ante la lenidad de los reguladores y los supervisores, y la inoperancia del sistema de prevención de crisis financieras, América parece haber vuelto al período anterior a la creación de la Fed, cuando John Pierpont Morgan en persona (el american financier cosmopolita, por excelencia) y sus agentes se encargaban de arreglar las crisis como favor directo a los Presidentes Cleveland y McKinley. Las Pujo Hearings se encargaron ex post facto de dictaminar que el inevitable conflicto de intereses exigía que las crisis las resolviesen instituciones y servidores públicos capaces de mantenerse a un sólo lado del mostrador. Ya veremos qué pasa ahora. Pero la acusación de los de Lehman –según la cual a ellos se les ocurrió transformarse en Holding Banks tres meses antes de quebrar, pero no les dejaron hacer lo que luego obligaron a hacer a Morgan y Goldman, para salvarlos- resulta muy fuerte. En resumen, ¿a qué se debe todo este desaguisado? El disclaimer de Slate resulta estos días muy esclarecedor: El volumen de los contratos derivados “hechos a medida” (over de counter: OTC), tasados al valor facial de los activos que actúan como principal o referente de cada derivado, se elevaba a fines de 2007 a 596 billones de $. Un volumen que se ha multiplicado por cuatro en los últimos cinco años y viene a suponer casi el triple del valor total de los activos financieros mundiales, que suman 167 billones de $. Pero ese es su valor “nocional”, en el que obviamente existe contabilidad múltiple, porque sobre el mismo activo pueden recaer múltiples derivados, y una buena parte de los mismos se compensan entre sí: por ejemplo, las permutas de tipos de interés (IRS; interes-rate swaps), que permiten convertir una obligación contraída a tipo de interés variable en otra a tipo fijo, obligándose el emisor del derivado a aportar –o embolsarse- la diferencia entre el pago periódico real, relacionado con un tipo de referencia, como el euribor, y el tipo fijo establecido en el contrato. Otros derivados que se compensan entre sí son los credit default swaps (CDS), o seguros de riesgo crediticio, cuyo volumen se ha 4 multiplicado por veinte entre 2003 y 2008, pasando de 2,69 a 54,6 billones de $; o sea, un tercio de la riqueza financiera global.
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