Index

AARP (American Association of Re- Age tired Persons), 13–14 categories of, 133–135, 347 (see also Abrams v. Lightolier, 182 Categorization, age-based) Acquaintances, communication with, differential treatment and, 201 224–225 differentiation Active mastery, vs. passive acceptance, face, 78–79 346 height cues for, 78 Activities of daily living (ADLs), age- voice cues, 79 related changes, 202–203 effects on children’s age attitudes, ADEA. See Age Discrimination in Em- 88–90 ployment Act of retirement, 174 ADLs (activities of daily living), age- Age-differentiated behavior related changes, 202–203 actual vs. hypothetical, 233–234 Adults ageist, 229 middle-aged causes of, 230–233, 234 ageist attitudes of, 149–150 in community settings, 221–227 social creativity of, 149–150 cross-cultural issues, 235–236 older (see also Elderly) definition of, 201–202 ageism, similarities with younger in entertainment, 219–221 adults, 340 familiarity and, 235 ageist attitudes of, 145–146 in health settings, 205–210 workers (see Workers, older) helpfulness of, 229–230 young in legal settings, 214–217 ageism, similarities with older in mass media, 219–221 adults, 340 negative, 229 ageist attitudes of, 145–146, 150 in nursing homes, 210–214 communication with elderly, 225–226 of physicians, 232 positive distinctiveness of, 149 positive, 229 Advertising, research on ageism and, of psychiatrists, 232 343–345 research Affect, age attitudes of children and, evidence, gaps in, 233–236 98–99, 113 expanded scope of, 234–235 African Americans, negative stereo- speech accommodation theory and, type threat and, 266–267 230–231 360 Index

Age-differentiated behavior (cont.) perceptual mechanisms, 111–112 target characteristics, 233 potential consequences of, 264 types of, 228–230 reduction of (see Reduction of ageism) vs. ageism, 201–202, 228–236 terror management theory and, 37– in workplace, 217–218 41 Age discrimination vs. age-differentiated behavior (see by children, 83, 87, 227 Age-differentiated behavior) discriminatory practices, 339 in workplace (see Workplace, ageism) earnings decline and, 349 Agentic, 8 examples of, 49–50, 339 Age-related change in hiring practices, 217–218 cognitive, 203 job displacement and, 349 in communicative interaction, 224 legal aspects of, 176–177 developmental discontinuities and, in medical settings, 18 204–205 memory loss and, 145–146 development and, 280–281 proving, 179–180 emotional, 204 language in, 180 on everyday life, 202–203 “old” remarks and, 181–182 on independence, 202–203 “young blood” remarks and, 180– language, 203–204 181 mental decline and, 282 proximal defenses and, 37 physical decline and, 282 Supreme Court ruling on, 201, 216– social, 204 217 Aging vs. ageist ideology, 325–328 change and, 280–281 in workforce, 141–142 death and, 28–30 workplace, 18 double-standard, gender-based, 143– Age Discrimination in Employment 144 Act (ADEA) fear of (see Fear of aging) amendments, 177, 348–350 gender and, 142–144 bona-fide occupational qualification, impact 178 on health, 202 good cause exception, 178 on sensory functioning, 202 limitations of, 348–350 mindful understanding of, 278– provisions of, 177–179, 216 284 seniority system exception, 178–179 negative view of, 41 Ageism process, denial of, 37–38 aspects of, 339 successful or optimal, 250–251 automatic, 129–130 Aging Semantic Differential instru- cultural context, 311 ment, 132–133, 351 definition of, 27, 50, 57, 77, 130–131, Airplane pilots, age of, 170 264, 311, 339, 340 Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, 8 development, social-developmental American Association of Retired Per- view of (see Social-developmental sons (AARP), 13–14 view) American social groups, stereotypes dialectical confluence of, 353–355 of, 8–10 historical perspectives, 131–133 Anxiety-buffer hypothesis, 34 implicit (see Implicit ageism) Approximation strategies, 185 Index 361

Asian American stereotypes, 8–9 self-induced dependence and, 288– Assessment methods, sentence- 292 completion measure, 131–132 age-differentiated (see Age- Attitudes, ageist, 153–154 differentiated behavior) of children (see Children, age atti- ageist, 201–202 tudes of) dependent, 223 contextual information and, 139 distancing, 230 culture and, 129–130, 151–153 stigmatizing, 311–312 definition of, 53 Behavioral confirmation, 14–15 dimensions of, 81 Benevolent sexism, 8 explicit, 54–56, 54f Berkowitz v. Allied Stores, 182 implicit, 51–56, 54f Bernstein v. Consolidated Foods, 183 negative BFOQ (bona-fide occupational quali- acceptance of, 50 fication), 178 learning, 63–64 Bias, age-related social identity theory and (see Social in cognitive performance appraisals, identity theory) 168 social role perspective, 138–139 helping behaviors and, 352–353 toward aging implicit, 65–66 literature on, 147 social identity theory and, 16–17, 148 as self-fulfilling prophecy, 152 Black Americans toward elderly implicit self-esteem, 67 dependent variables, differences in, older, 144 132–133 Bona-fide occupational qualification sentence-completion measure of, (BFOQ), 178 131–132 British Broadcasting Corporation, 217 toward older adults, 139–141 toward older workers, 141–142 Cardiovascular system, stress response, toward others implicit aging self-stereotypes and, self-identity and, 148–149 61–62 social competition and, 149 Caregiving toward younger adults, 139–141 burden, 329 Attitudes of Elderly People scale, 325– enmeshment, 330–331 327 language and, 342 Attitudes to One’s Own Aging scale, respite, 330 325–327 stigma and, 329–330 Attribute-based processing, 15 CAT (communication accommoda- Authoritarian moralism, 304 tion theory), 185–186 Awareness of Ageism scale, 325–327 Categorization, age-based by children, 80–81 Baby talk, 213, 342 childrens’ age attitudes and, 99–102 Baldness, 96 gender differences in, 143 Becker, Ernest, 30–31 levels of, 6–7 Behavior negative, 137 age-appropriate old-old, 135 mindfulness and, 282–284 positive, 137 new meaning of, 292 stereotype formation and, 4–6 362 Index

Categorization, age-based (cont.) development of implicit age stereo- subcategories, 135–136 types in, 64 differentiation between, 137–138 institutionalized, vs. nursing home evaluator’s age and, 147 residents, 213 young-old, 135 mindfulness and, 284 Category-based processing, 15 prejudicial feelings of, 82 Cerebral cortex, 31–32 stereotypic beliefs of, 82–83 Children Chinese, filial obligations, 42 age attitudes of, 93–94, 114–115 correlates of, 303–305 adults’ gender effects on, 92–93 hierarchy of, 301–303 adults’ racial background effects Chinese Americans, 226 on, 92 Chromosintosis, 285–286 affective mechanisms in, 98–99, Civil rights, 69 113 Cognition age effects on, 88–90 age-related changes, 203, 279–280 ageist, 81–83, 84t–86t, 87–94 children’s age attitudes and, 98–99, categorization effects, 99–102 113 cognitive mechanisms in, 98–99, deficits, 248 113 depression-related, 206 cultural effects on, 91–92 institutionalization for, 210–211 development of, 277 of older workers, 167–169 illusory correlation effects, 102 patronizing speech and, 168–169 implicit theories on, 102–103 for mindful encoding, 285–286 influence of television on, 106–108 motivation and, 15 intergenerational contact and, 105– Cognitive conservatism, 304 106 Coherence, sense of, 324 literary influences on, 108–109 Collectivist cultures, elderly in, 42 methodological issues and, 109– Comics, older characters in, 221 111, 110t Communal traits, 8 negative halo effects and, 94–95 Communication. See also Language overgeneralization effects, 97–98 intergenerational, 225–227, 230–232 perceptual processes in, 94, 111– mother-daughter, 224 112 with nonfamily acquaintances, 224– personal motives for, 103–104 225 social affordances and, 95–96 physician-patient, 207–210 sociocultural influences, 104–105, with strangers, 225–227 113–114 workplace ageism and, 164–166 socioeconomic effects on, 90–91 “young blood” remarks, 180–181 studies on, 84t–86t Communication accommodation the- age-based categorization by, 80–81 ory (CAT), 185–186 age differentiation by Community settings, age- face cues for, 78–79 differentiated behavior in, 221–227 height cues for, 78 Competence. See also Incompetence voice cues for, 79 age-related evaluations, 145–146 age discriminatory behavior of, 83, of elderly, 8, 9, 10, 11 87, 227 Confucian ethic of familial obliga- age knowledge of, 77–81 tions, 299–301 Index 363

Conservatorship, 215–216 of elderly, self-esteem and, 39 Consumerism, research on ageism terminology, 38 and, 343–345 Devaluation, 133 Cooperation, intergenerational, 315– Development 316 age-related change and, 280–281 Coping through adulthood, 11 with change, older workers and, 171– Developmental schism, 230 172 Diagnostic issues, age-differentiated strategies, for maintaining well- behavior in, 205–207 being, 251–252 Disabled persons, stereotypes of, 9 Criminal justice system, differential Discrimination. See Age discrimination treatment of elderly, 215 Disengagement theory, 174–175, 248– Cross-cultural issues 249 in age-differential behavior, 235–236 Disparate impact theory, 179 in aging research, 152 Disparate treatment theory, 179 hierarchy of obligations, 301–303 Distal defenses, 36–37 Culture Distal terror management defenses, in ageist attitudes and, 151–153 response to elderly, 39–40 children’s age attitudes and, 91–92 Distancing strategies, 37–39 research on ageism and, 341 Domination, 312 valuing, of elderly, 42–43 “Double standard of aging,” 249

D’Amico, Michael, 222 Education, in reducing ageism, 44 Danzer v. Norden Systems, Inc., 180, 181– EEOC (Equal Employment Opportu- 182 nity Commission), 177 Death Ego integrity, 250–251 aging and, 28–30 Egoist, 261 awareness of, 30–32, 43 Elder abuse, 228 denial, 32, 259–260 Elderly fear of, 34–35, 39, 42 ageist attitudes of, 150–151 transcendence, 32–33, 34 antiquated worldview of, 28–29 De Beauvoir, Simone, 38 categorization levels of, 6–7 Decremental theory of aging, 172 employees, 11–12 Defense mechanisms exemplars of, 5–6 aging and, 259–260 group attitudes of, 66–67 distal, 39–40 healthy/fit, mortality salience reduc- mature, 251–252 tion and, 40–41 to terror, elderly characteristics and, identity maintenance, 151 40–41 impact of implicit age stereotypes on, Demographic variables, filial piety 57–63 and, 303–304 name changes for, 151 Denial, 32, 259–260 population demographics, 129 The Denial of Death (Becker), 32 prejudice toward, reducing, 315–317 Dependence, self-induced, 288–292 prototype of, 5–6 Depression, elderly, 206 proximal defenses against, 37–39 Derogation stereotype-consistent information, of elderly, negative stereotype, 137 18–19 364 Index

Elderly (cont.) Elder statesman subcategory, 7, 136 stereotype-incongruent information, Emotions, age-related changes, 204 18 Empathy, toward elderly, 43 stereotypes (see Elderly stereotypes) Employment. See Workers, older; subtypes, 7, 13 Workplace support for, 295–296 End-of-life issues, 207 threats posed by, 27–28 Entertainment, age-differentiated be- death, 28–30 havior in, 219–221 economic, 28 Environment, mindfulness and, 282 Elderly stereotypes Equal Employment Opportunity Com- avoiding, personal experience and, mission (EEOC), 177 286–287 Ethnicity complexity of, 137 evaluation of older adults and, 144 confirmation, downward spiral of, filial piety and, 303 288–292 prejudice, ageism and, 27–28 content of Exemplars, 5 evidence of, 10–12 Existential paradox, 32 social structure prediction of, 12–13 Experience, identity processes and, 258 internalization of, 277 mindful acceptance of, 285–288 FAA (Federal Aviation Administra- negative, 17, 27, 40, 137 tion), 348 forms of, 247–248 Face cues, in age differentiation, 78– of older adults, 264 79 primed, 265–266 Facts on Aging quiz, 132, 133 protection from, 264 Family reducing, 313–315 blended, 297 selection, factors in, 342–343 fragmentation of, 296–297 subliminal activation of, 290 interactions, 224 threat, 264, 266–268 support, 305–306 willingness to suppress, 314–315 atrophy of, 298–299 nonconscious activation of, 15 correlates of filial obligations, 303– positive, 137 305 enhancement of, 314–315 filial piety and, 299–301 of older adults, 264 in foreign countries, 298 priming of, 291–292 hierarchy of filial obligations, 301– selection, factors in, 342–343 303 priming of poorer performance by, in India, 298–299 265–266 material vs. emotional, 298 reduction, encouragement of mind- vs. formal system support, 297–298 fulness and, 283 Fear of aging self-report measures, 51 death and, 104 on television, 106–108 interrelationship with stereotypes threat of, 311–312 and prejudice of aging, 324–331 transformation of, 17–18 reducing, 323–324 unidirectional/unidimensional, 248 Federal Aviation Administration in workplace, 18 (FAA), 348 Elderspeak, 225 Feminism, 69, 343 Index 365

Filial piety GSA (Gerontological Society of Amer- burden of, 305–306 ica), 342 in China, 42 Guardianship, 215–216 demographic variables and, 303–304 description of, 299–301 Haskell v. Kaman Corporation, 180 ethnicity and, 303 Health, age-related changes, 202 hierarchy of obligations, 301–303 Health care, research on ageism and, psychological variables and, 304 350–353 sense of identity and, 304–305 Health policy, ageism in, 50 Films, elderly characters in, 3–4 Health-related needs, of elderly, 222 Fire fighters, age of, 170 Health-related settings Firing practices, aged differentiated, age-differentiated behavior in, 205– 217 210 Frail elder, 248 diagnostic issues, age-differentiated Franci v. Avco Corporation, 183 behavior in, 205–207 Fraud, elderly as victims of, 215 treatment decisions, age- differentiated behavior in, 205– Gait 207 children’s age stereotypes and, 96 Health service professionals, ageism speed, self-stereotypes and, 62–63 among, 351–353 Gender Healthy worker effect, 170 aging and, 142–144 Hedrick v. Hercules, Inc., 180 children’s age attitudes and, 92–93 Height cues, in age differentiation, 78 differences Helping behaviors, personal biases in age-based categories, 143 and, 352–353 in treating rape victims, 215 Hiring practices stereotypes, 8, 11, 142 aged differentiated, 217 ageist attitudes and, 138–139 age discrimination in, 217–218 automatic, 52 Hoffman v. MCA, Inc., 181, 182 measures of, 133 Homeshare program, 316 Gerontological Society of America Horne v. Cushman and Wakefield West- (GSA), 342 ern, 183 Gerontology Hostile sexism, 8 impact of ageism research on, 353– Housing, for elderly, 222–223 355 journals, 341–342 IAE. See Identity assimilation effect Gerontology ( journal), 341–342 IAT (Implicit Association Test), 51–52 Gerontophobia, 39, 103 Identity accommodation, 256, 261– Goal accommodation, in maintaining 262, 263, 264 well-being, 253 Identity and Experiences Scale- Godfrey v. Allen, 182 General, 256–257 Good cause exception, 178 Identity assimilation, 252–253, 261, 263 Gould, Stephen Jay, 32 Identity assimilation effect (IAE) Grandmother subcategory, 7, 136–137 description of, 255 Grandparent-grandchild relationship, previous research on, 255–257 223–224 related research, 257–260 Group housing, 222–223 Identity balance, 256, 262–263, 264 366 Index

Identity processes age-differentiated behavior in, 210– experience and, 258 214 self-esteem and, 255–256 practices, ageist, 339 Identity process theory, 253–255 vs. family support, 297–298 Identity styles Institutionalized stigmatization, 319 accommodators, 261–262 Intelligence, age-related evaluations, assimilators, 261 145 balanced, 262–263 Intergenerational contact, children’s characteristics of, 260 age attitudes and, 105–106 reactions to ageism and, 263–264 Intimidation, elderly as, 215 Illusory correlation effects, children’s age attitudes and, 102 Japanese older adults, 152–153 Immortality Jobs. See Workers, older; Workplace literal, 32 Johnson, President Lyndon, 177 symbolic, 32 Journal of Gerontology, 341–342 Implicit ageism, 49–50 Judgments, age-based, 14, 147–148 background, 52–53 definition of, 51 Kafir children, 39 development of, 63–65 Keats, John, 29–30 study methods (see Implicit Associa- Kogan, Nathan, 131–132 tion Test) Implicit age stereotypes Labeling formation, 68–69 prejudice and, 317 negative stereotypic, 289–290, 317 maintenance of, 65–66 stigmatization and, 317 reducing, 68–69 Language Implicit Association Test (IAT), 51–52 age-related changes, 203–204 assumptions, basic, 53–54 baby talk, nursing home residents response latency indicators, 53 and, 213 results, 54–56, 54f elderspeak, 225–226 Implicit theories, of children’s age at- patronizing, 168–169 titudes and, 102–103 in proving age discrimination, 180 Incompetence research on ageism and, 341–342 overhelping and, 290 skill deficits, of older workers, 167– self-induced dependence and, 291 168 stereotypic labeling of, 289–290 toward parents vs. grandparents, Independence, age-related changes, 223–224 202–203 workplace ageism and, 185–186 Infants, age-related perceptual cues Lawsuits, age discrimination, 183–184, and, 111–112 187 In-groups Learned helplessness, 289 bias, social identity theory and, 16– Leftwich v. Harris Stowe State College, 179 17, 148 Legal aspects, of age discrimination, fostering relationships in, 15 176–177 stereotyping and, 313–314 Legal settings, age-differentiated be- Institutional care. See also Nursing havior in, 214–217 homes Legislation, 216–217, 328 Index 367

Leopold v. Baccarat Corporation, 183 Meschino v. ITT Corporation, 182 Life span development theory, 167 Midlife in the United States Survey Literature (MIDUS), 250 on attitudes toward aging, 147 Mindfulness children’s, influence on childrens’ children and, 284 age attitudes, 108–109 enhancement of, 282–284 Long-term care. See also Nursing homes environment and, 282 vs. family support, 297–298 Mindfulness theory, 277–278 Minorities, elder, underrepresenta- MacArthur Study of Successful Midlife tion in mass media, 220 Development, 250 Modernization theory, 12–13 Magazines Mortality salience, 35–36 portrayals of elderly on, 3–4, 219 distal defenses and, 39–40 underrepresentation of elderly in, distancing strategies, 37–39 220 reduction, healthy/fit elderly and, Mass media 40–41 age-differentiated behavior in, 219– Mother-daughter relationship, 224 221 Motivation, 15 research on ageism and, 343–345 Multiple threshold model, 254 McCarthy v. Kemper Life Insurance, 180 Medical care professionals, ageism National stereotypes, 8 among, 350–351 Naton v. Bank of California, 183 Medical encounter, third person in, Negative halo effect, children’s age at- 210 titudes and, 94–95 Medical settings Negative reactions to aged, ameliora- ageism in, 50 tion, fostering respect for elderly, 42 diagnostic issues, age-differentiated Negative Stereotype Endorsement behavior in, 205–207 scale, 325–327 discrimination in, 18 News media, research on ageism and, treatment decisions, age-differentiated 344–345 behavior in, 205–207 Nurses aides, 211–212 Medicare, 340 Nursing communities, 37 Memory Nursing homes long-term, 280 age-differentiated behavior in, 210– loss, 62, 145–146 214 as age-related change, 282 nursing staff, 211–213 of older workers, 167–168 regulations, 320 performance residents influence of priming on, 151 baby talk and, 213 priming of ageist stereotypes and, well-being, staff attitudes and, 214 265–266 stigmatization and, 319–320 Men Nursing staff hierarchy, in nursing age-based categories and, 143 home, 211–213 older, perception of, 142 social role, ageist attitudes and, 138– Obedience, as family value, 301 139 Occupational roles, stereotypic beliefs Mercer v. K Mart Corporation, 183 and, 138–139 368 Index

O’Connor, Justice Sandra Day, 201 Physical complaints, psychological “Ode to a Grecian Urn” (Keats), 29 components in, 205 “Ode to a Nightingale” (Keats), 29 Physical decline, older workers and, Old age, starting point for, 133–135 169–171 Older Workers’ Benefit Protection Physical distancing, 37–38 Act, 177–178, 216 Physical problems, age-related, 41 “Old people’s homes,” 210. See also Physicians Nursing homes age-differential treatment, 232 Operation Retirement, 319 communication with patient, 207– Other-profitability, 8 210 Out-groups Pilots, age of, 170 bias, social identity theory and, 16– Police officers, age of, 170 17, 148 Politics, intergenerational, 346–348 favoritism, implicit, 66–67 Positive Stereotype Endorsement homogeneity effect, 6 scale, 325–327 stereotypes, 8, 9 Prejudice, 49 stereotyping and, 313–314 in ageism, 339 Overaccommodation, 185, 231 age-related, self-report measures, 51 Overgeneralization effects, children’s automatic or unconscious, 51 age attitudes and, 97–98 of children, toward older adults, 82 Overhelping, 290, 352 definition of, 315, 340 explicit, 51 Pain management, age-differentiated interrelationship with stereotypes, behavior in, 206–207 stigma and fear of aging, 324–331 “Paradox of well-being,” 250–251 language influences on, 342 Parents, as security base, 33 reduction, encouragement of mind- Passive acceptance, vs. active mastery, fulness and, 283 346 sources of, 315 Patient-physician relationship, age- toward elderly, reduction of, 315–317 differentiated behavior in, 207–210 vs. stereotypes, 315 Patronization, 226–227 against women, 8–9 Performance, self-stereotypes and, 59– Premature cognitive commitment, 60 285–288 Personality traits, of elderly subcate- Primary transference process, 33 gories, 136 Priming Personal motives, children’s age atti- influence on memory performance, tudes and, 103–104 151 Perspective taking, 316, 321–322 of mindlessly encoded stereotypes, Physical appearance 287 in age-based categories, 134–135 of poorer performance by ageist attractiveness, gender differences in, stereotypes, 265–266 143 Productivity, of older workers, 172–174 in children’s age attitudes, 94 Prototype, 5 fading attractiveness, stigma of, 318 Proximal defenses research on ageism and, 343 in response to elderly, 37–39 social affordances and, 95–96 segregation of elderly and, 42–43 Index 369

Psychiatrists, age-differential treat- health care and, 350–353 ment, 232 impact on gerontology, 353–355 Psychological distancing, from elderly, interest in, 341 38 language and, 341–342 Psychological impairments, 248 mass media and, 343–345 Psychology textbooks, ageism in, physical appearance and, 343 249 public image and, 346–348 Public image, research on ageism values and, 345–346 and, 346–348 work and, 348–350 Public space, 222 age-related, 51 cross-cultural issues, 152 Race methodological issues, children age children’s age attitudes and, 92 attitudes and, 109–111, 110t evaluation of older adults and, 144 Resistance, to persuasion, 314 Racism Respite, caregiver, 330 research, 52 Retirement vs. ageism, 312 age of, 174 Rape victims, elderly, 215 early, 175–176 Rationalism homes, 37 (see also Nursing homes) departure from, 316–317 institutionalization of, 13 vs. traditionalism, 346 laws, 217 Reduction of ageism mandatory, opposition to, 175 interventions, 312–313 Robbery victims, elderly as, 215 educational, 44 Robb v. Chemetron, 180 for elderly stigma reductions, 317– Robin v. Espo Engineering, 182–183 323 Ryther v. KARE, 183 family support (see Family, support) for fear of aging reductions, 323– Sales jobs, age discrimination in, 218 324 Scott v. The Goodyear Tire and Rubber mindfulness and, 277–284 Company, 181 for negative stereotype reductions, SCT (self-categorization theory), 17 313–315 Segregation, of elderly, 42–43 for prejudice toward elderly reduc- Self-actualization, successful aging tions, 315–317 and, 250–251 plan for, 331–332 Self-categorization theory (SCT), 17 Rejection, stigmatization and, 318 Self-esteem, 33 Relationships, horizontal vs. vertical, as anxiety buffer, 34 346 defensive reaction toward mortality Research salience and, 38–39 on age-differentiated behavior derogation of elderly and, 39 evidence, gaps in, 233–236 identity processes and, 255–257 expanded scope of, 234–235 mortality salience and, 36 on ageism, 339–340 protection of, 258 advertising and, 343–345 Self-expression, successful aging and, consumerism and, 343–345 250–251 culture and, 341 Self-fulfilling prophecy, 14–15, 288 370 Index

Self-image cognitive processes and, 113 effect on attitudes toward others, perceptual mechanisms and, 111– 148–149 112 identity assimilation effect and (see Social group categorization, 64–65 Identity assimilation effect) Social identity theory (SIT) identity process theory and, 253–255 age-based judgments and, 147–148 self-stereotypes and, 59 identity maintenance and, 151 socioemotional selectivity theory in-group bias and, 16–17, 148 and, 252 middle-aged adults and, 149–150 styles, 260–264 out-group bias and, 16–17, 148 unrealistic positive, 259 self-identity, effect on attitudes to- Self-induced dependence, stereotype ward others, 148–149 confirmation and, 288–292 workplace ageism and, 184, 186 Self-profitability, 8 Social interactions Self-stereotypes age and, 3 behavior and, 60–61 stereotyping in, 14–15 implicit, 58–59 Social-psychological processes, of negative, gait speed and, 63 stereotyping, 4 positive, gait speed and, 62–63 Social roles, evaluation of older adults subliminal priming, 60–62 and, 144 Senior citizen subcategory, 7, 136– Social role theory, ageist attitudes and, 137 138–139 Seniority system exception, 178–179 Social Security Act, 174, 175 Sensory functioning, age-related Social structure, stereotype content changes, 202 and, 12 Sexism Social welfare era, 296 vs. ageism, 312 Social withdrawal, 248–249 workplace ageism and, 183–184 Sociocultural influences, on age atti- Sexuality, elderly, 41 tudes of children, 104–105, 113– Shame, ageism and, 51 114 Sherman v. American Cynamid, 184 Socioeconomic status Singapore, 222 children’s age attitudes and, 90–91 SIT. See Social identity theory evaluation of older adults and, 144 Smith v. Flax, 181 Socioemotional selectivity theory, 252 “Snowbirds,” 27 South Africa, Kafir children of, 39 Snyder v. AG Trucking, 180 Speech. See Language Social categories, mental representa- Speech accommodation theory, 230– tions of, 6 231 Social cognition, implicit, 52 Speen v. Crown Clothing Corporation, 182 Social creativity Status, 9 of middle-aged adults, 149–150 Stereotype content model, 9 name changes for elderly and, 151 Stereotypes, 49 Social-developmental view. See also age-based, 11, 135–138 Children, age attitudes of changing, 58 advantages of, 77 implicit, impact on elderly, 57–63 age-based categorization and, 77–81 mindful acceptance of, 285–288 age-related changes and, 204 negative, terms associated with, 58 Index 371

perpetuation of, 99–100 reducing, 322–323 positive, 58 social damage from, 319–320 in workplace, 166–167 Stopka v. Alliance of American Insurers, 180 of Asian Americans, 8–9 Strangers, communication with, 225– automatic 227 exposure to exemplars and, 69 Supreme Court ruling, on age dis- of strong women, 69 crimination, 201, 216–217 of children, toward older adults, 82– 83 Technology, age-discrimination law- content of, 7 suits involving, 183 dimensions of, 7–10 Television of elderly, social structure predic- elderly characters tion of, 12–13 portrayals of, 3–4, 219 social structure and, 12 valence of, 219–220 cultural, priming, 59–60 visibility of, 219–220 of disabled persons, 9 implicit age stereotypes and, 64 of elderly (see Elderly stereotypes) influence on children’s age attitudes, explicit, 51 106–108 formation research on ageism and, 343–344, categorization and, 4–6 345 functions of, 14–17 Terminal illness, treatment decisions, social-psychological processes of, 4 207 gender (see Gender, stereotypes) Terminology, 38, 341–342 implicit, 51–53 (see also Implicit age Terror management theory stereotypes) ageism and, 37–41 interrelationship with prejudice, description of, 28, 29, 30–37, 259 stigma and fear of aging, 324–331 in reducing ageism, 41–44 negative, 40, 166 Theory of age norms, 173 occupational roles and, 138–139 Traditionalism, vs. rationalism, 346 out-group, 8, 9 Transcendental meditation, 283 priming, 56–57, 62 Treatment decisions, age- reversed, 221 differentiated behavior in, 205–207 self-stereotypes (see Self-stereotypes) Tripartite model, 131 social dimension of, 313–314 Trust, 16 threat of, 264, 266–268 unconscious or automatic, 51 Underaccommodation, 185 vs. prejudice, 315 United States, demographics, 129 workplace ageism and, 186–187 Urbanization, 13 Stigmatization caregiving and, 329–330 Value, sense of, bolstering, 43 definition of, 317 Values, research on ageism and, 345– of elderly, reducing, 317–323 346 institutionalized, 319 Vandalism, elderly as, 215 interrelationship with stereotypes, Victims of crime, older adults as, 215, prejudice and fear of aging, 324– 217 331 Vital involvement, 250–251 of poor performance, 321 Voice cues, in age differentiation, 79 372 Index

WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence productivity of, 172–174 Scale), 145 public support for, 349–350 Walch v. Intecom, 182 retirement of, 174–176 Warmth, 8, 9 stereotypes of, 11–12 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale turnover of, 176 (WAIS), 145 Workplace Well-being accidents, older workers and, 170 maintaining, 251–255 age-differentiated behavior in, 217– goal accommodation and, 253 218 identity processes and, 253–255 ageism, 183–188, 296 mature defense mechanisms and, ageist stereotypes and, 166–167 251–252 communication accommodation socioemotional selectivity theory theory and, 185–186 and, 252 intergenerational communication successful aging and, 250–251 and, 164–166 Western culture, elderly in, 42–43 lawsuits, 183–184, 187 Wichman v. Board of Trustees of Southern older workers prejudices and, 186– Illinois University, 181 187 Women sexism and, 183–184 age-based categories and, 143 social identity theory and, 184, 186 group attitudes of, 67 social stereotypes and, 186–187 middle age and, 134 discrimination, 18 negative stereotype threat and, 266, elderly in, 11–12 (see also Workers, 268 older) older hiring practices in “aesthetically oriented” indus- aged differentiated, 217 tries, 183–184 age discrimination in, 217–218 perception of, 142 job advertisements, age specifica- personality traits of, 136–137 tions in, 177–178 underrepresentation in mass me- job displacement, 349 dia, 220 research on ageism and, 348–350 physical appearance workforce demographics, 163–164 fading of, 318 research on ageism and, 343 Young adults. See Adults, young work-related issues, 183–184 “Young blood” remarks, 180–181 social roles, ageist attitudes and, 138– 139 strong, automatic stereotypes of, 69 Workers, older attitudes toward, 141–142 cognitive deficits of, 167–169 inability to cope with change, 171– 172 job applicants, 328 job performance of, 172–174 physical decline of, 169–171 prejudices/stereotypes of, 186–187