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AARP (American Association of Re- Age Tired Persons), 13–14 Categories Of, 133–135, 347 (See Also Abrams V Index AARP (American Association of Re- Age tired Persons), 13–14 categories of, 133–135, 347 (see also Abrams v. Lightolier, 182 Categorization, age-based) Acquaintances, communication with, differential treatment and, 201 224–225 differentiation Active mastery, vs. passive acceptance, face, 78–79 346 height cues for, 78 Activities of daily living (ADLs), age- voice cues, 79 related changes, 202–203 effects on children’s age attitudes, ADEA. See Age Discrimination in Em- 88–90 ployment Act of retirement, 174 ADLs (activities of daily living), age- Age-differentiated behavior related changes, 202–203 actual vs. hypothetical, 233–234 Adults ageist, 229 middle-aged causes of, 230–233, 234 ageist attitudes of, 149–150 in community settings, 221–227 social creativity of, 149–150 cross-cultural issues, 235–236 older (see also Elderly) definition of, 201–202 ageism, similarities with younger in entertainment, 219–221 adults, 340 familiarity and, 235 ageist attitudes of, 145–146 in health settings, 205–210 workers (see Workers, older) helpfulness of, 229–230 young in legal settings, 214–217 ageism, similarities with older in mass media, 219–221 adults, 340 negative, 229 ageist attitudes of, 145–146, 150 in nursing homes, 210–214 communication with elderly, 225–226 of physicians, 232 positive distinctiveness of, 149 positive, 229 Advertising, research on ageism and, of psychiatrists, 232 343–345 research Affect, age attitudes of children and, evidence, gaps in, 233–236 98–99, 113 expanded scope of, 234–235 African Americans, negative stereo- speech accommodation theory and, type threat and, 266–267 230–231 360 Index Age-differentiated behavior (cont.) perceptual mechanisms, 111–112 target characteristics, 233 potential consequences of, 264 types of, 228–230 reduction of (see Reduction of ageism) vs. ageism, 201–202, 228–236 terror management theory and, 37– in workplace, 217–218 41 Age discrimination vs. age-differentiated behavior (see by children, 83, 87, 227 Age-differentiated behavior) discriminatory practices, 339 in workplace (see Workplace, ageism) earnings decline and, 349 Agentic, 8 examples of, 49–50, 339 Age-related change in hiring practices, 217–218 cognitive, 203 job displacement and, 349 in communicative interaction, 224 legal aspects of, 176–177 developmental discontinuities and, in medical settings, 18 204–205 memory loss and, 145–146 development and, 280–281 proving, 179–180 emotional, 204 language in, 180 on everyday life, 202–203 “old” remarks and, 181–182 on independence, 202–203 “young blood” remarks and, 180– language, 203–204 181 mental decline and, 282 proximal defenses and, 37 physical decline and, 282 Supreme Court ruling on, 201, 216– social, 204 217 Aging vs. ageist ideology, 325–328 change and, 280–281 in workforce, 141–142 death and, 28–30 workplace, 18 double-standard, gender-based, 143– Age Discrimination in Employment 144 Act (ADEA) fear of (see Fear of aging) amendments, 177, 348–350 gender and, 142–144 bona-fide occupational qualification, impact 178 on health, 202 good cause exception, 178 on sensory functioning, 202 limitations of, 348–350 mindful understanding of, 278– provisions of, 177–179, 216 284 seniority system exception, 178–179 negative view of, 41 Ageism process, denial of, 37–38 aspects of, 339 successful or optimal, 250–251 automatic, 129–130 Aging Semantic Differential instru- cultural context, 311 ment, 132–133, 351 definition of, 27, 50, 57, 77, 130–131, Airplane pilots, age of, 170 264, 311, 339, 340 Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, 8 development, social-developmental American Association of Retired Per- view of (see Social-developmental sons (AARP), 13–14 view) American social groups, stereotypes dialectical confluence of, 353–355 of, 8–10 historical perspectives, 131–133 Anxiety-buffer hypothesis, 34 implicit (see Implicit ageism) Approximation strategies, 185 Index 361 Asian American stereotypes, 8–9 self-induced dependence and, 288– Assessment methods, sentence- 292 completion measure, 131–132 age-differentiated (see Age- Attitudes, ageist, 153–154 differentiated behavior) of children (see Children, age atti- ageist, 201–202 tudes of) dependent, 223 contextual information and, 139 distancing, 230 culture and, 129–130, 151–153 stigmatizing, 311–312 definition of, 53 Behavioral confirmation, 14–15 dimensions of, 81 Benevolent sexism, 8 explicit, 54–56, 54f Berkowitz v. Allied Stores, 182 implicit, 51–56, 54f Bernstein v. Consolidated Foods, 183 negative BFOQ (bona-fide occupational quali- acceptance of, 50 fication), 178 learning, 63–64 Bias, age-related social identity theory and (see Social in cognitive performance appraisals, identity theory) 168 social role perspective, 138–139 helping behaviors and, 352–353 toward aging implicit, 65–66 literature on, 147 social identity theory and, 16–17, 148 as self-fulfilling prophecy, 152 Black Americans toward elderly implicit self-esteem, 67 dependent variables, differences in, older, 144 132–133 Bona-fide occupational qualification sentence-completion measure of, (BFOQ), 178 131–132 British Broadcasting Corporation, 217 toward older adults, 139–141 toward older workers, 141–142 Cardiovascular system, stress response, toward others implicit aging self-stereotypes and, self-identity and, 148–149 61–62 social competition and, 149 Caregiving toward younger adults, 139–141 burden, 329 Attitudes of Elderly People scale, 325– enmeshment, 330–331 327 language and, 342 Attitudes to One’s Own Aging scale, respite, 330 325–327 stigma and, 329–330 Attribute-based processing, 15 CAT (communication accommoda- Authoritarian moralism, 304 tion theory), 185–186 Awareness of Ageism scale, 325–327 Categorization, age-based by children, 80–81 Baby talk, 213, 342 childrens’ age attitudes and, 99–102 Baldness, 96 gender differences in, 143 Becker, Ernest, 30–31 levels of, 6–7 Behavior negative, 137 age-appropriate old-old, 135 mindfulness and, 282–284 positive, 137 new meaning of, 292 stereotype formation and, 4–6 362 Index Categorization, age-based (cont.) development of implicit age stereo- subcategories, 135–136 types in, 64 differentiation between, 137–138 institutionalized, vs. nursing home evaluator’s age and, 147 residents, 213 young-old, 135 mindfulness and, 284 Category-based processing, 15 prejudicial feelings of, 82 Cerebral cortex, 31–32 stereotypic beliefs of, 82–83 Children Chinese, filial obligations, 42 age attitudes of, 93–94, 114–115 correlates of, 303–305 adults’ gender effects on, 92–93 hierarchy of, 301–303 adults’ racial background effects Chinese Americans, 226 on, 92 Chromosintosis, 285–286 affective mechanisms in, 98–99, Civil rights, 69 113 Cognition age effects on, 88–90 age-related changes, 203, 279–280 ageist, 81–83, 84t–86t, 87–94 children’s age attitudes and, 98–99, categorization effects, 99–102 113 cognitive mechanisms in, 98–99, deficits, 248 113 depression-related, 206 cultural effects on, 91–92 institutionalization for, 210–211 development of, 277 of older workers, 167–169 illusory correlation effects, 102 patronizing speech and, 168–169 implicit theories on, 102–103 for mindful encoding, 285–286 influence of television on, 106–108 motivation and, 15 intergenerational contact and, 105– Cognitive conservatism, 304 106 Coherence, sense of, 324 literary influences on, 108–109 Collectivist cultures, elderly in, 42 methodological issues and, 109– Comics, older characters in, 221 111, 110t Communal traits, 8 negative halo effects and, 94–95 Communication. See also Language overgeneralization effects, 97–98 intergenerational, 225–227, 230–232 perceptual processes in, 94, 111– mother-daughter, 224 112 with nonfamily acquaintances, 224– personal motives for, 103–104 225 social affordances and, 95–96 physician-patient, 207–210 sociocultural influences, 104–105, with strangers, 225–227 113–114 workplace ageism and, 164–166 socioeconomic effects on, 90–91 “young blood” remarks, 180–181 studies on, 84t–86t Communication accommodation the- age-based categorization by, 80–81 ory (CAT), 185–186 age differentiation by Community settings, age- face cues for, 78–79 differentiated behavior in, 221–227 height cues for, 78 Competence. See also Incompetence voice cues for, 79 age-related evaluations, 145–146 age discriminatory behavior of, 83, of elderly, 8, 9, 10, 11 87, 227 Confucian ethic of familial obliga- age knowledge of, 77–81 tions, 299–301 Index 363 Conservatorship, 215–216 of elderly, self-esteem and, 39 Consumerism, research on ageism terminology, 38 and, 343–345 Devaluation, 133 Cooperation, intergenerational, 315– Development 316 age-related change and, 280–281 Coping through adulthood, 11 with change, older workers and, 171– Developmental schism, 230 172 Diagnostic issues, age-differentiated strategies, for maintaining well- behavior in, 205–207 being, 251–252 Disabled persons, stereotypes of, 9 Criminal justice system, differential Discrimination. See Age discrimination treatment of elderly, 215 Disengagement theory, 174–175, 248– Cross-cultural issues 249 in age-differential behavior, 235–236 Disparate impact theory, 179 in aging research, 152 Disparate treatment theory, 179 hierarchy of obligations, 301–303 Distal defenses, 36–37 Culture Distal terror management defenses, in ageist attitudes and, 151–153 response to elderly, 39–40 children’s age attitudes and, 91–92 Distancing strategies, 37–39 research on ageism and, 341 Domination, 312 valuing, of elderly, 42–43 “Double standard of aging,” 249 D’Amico, Michael, 222 Education, in reducing ageism, 44 Danzer v. Norden Systems, Inc., 180, 181– EEOC (Equal Employment Opportu- 182 nity Commission),
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