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Key Winter Habitat of the Ivory Gull Pagophila Eburnea in the Canadian Arctic

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Key Winter Habitat of the Ivory Gull Pagophila Eburnea in the Canadian Arctic Vol. 31: 33–45, 2016 ENDANGERED SPECIES RESEARCH Published September 21 doi: 10.3354/esr00747 Endang Species Res OPENPEN ACCESSCCESS Key winter habitat of the ivory gull Pagophila eburnea in the Canadian Arctic Nora C. Spencer1, H. Grant Gilchrist2, Hallvard Strøm3, Karel A. Allard4, Mark L. Mallory1,* 1Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia B4P 2R6, Canada 2Wildlife Research Division, Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Raven Road, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada 3Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Postbox 6606 Langnes, 9296 Tromsø, Norway 4Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, 17 Waterfowl Lane, Sackville, New Brunswick E4L 1G6, Canada ABSTRACT: The ivory gull Pagophila eburnea is a rare Arctic seabird that breeds in remote loca- tions; little is known of its winter distribution and behaviour. It is listed under Canadian legislation as ‘endangered’, and as ‘near threatened’ by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. A >70% population decline in the past 3 decades in Canada prompted research on ivory gulls to better understand their year-round movements and habitat requirements. Additionally, the identification of critical habitat is a research priority in the Recovery Strategy for the ivory gull in Canada. We used data from gulls tracked by satellite telemetry from the Canadian Arctic and Svalbard, Norway, as well as data from ship observations collected between 1969 and 2010. We determined that the area of highest use by these gulls in the winter was in Davis Strait, where 90% of their time was spent over sea ice. Agreement of findings among datasets through time and from different breeding regions suggests that the edge of the pack ice in Davis Strait is an annual, key habitat for ivory gulls in winter. Given the proximity of the core wintering area to known hooded seal Crystophora cristata whelping patches, we speculate that remains from seal breed- ing, as well as polar bear Ursus maritimus kills and pagophilic (ice-loving) fish accessed in the vicinity of pack ice have provided spatially and temporally predictable, and valuable, food resources for ivory gulls in the winter. KEY WORDS: Arctic · Ivory gull · Pack ice · Telemetry · Surveys INTRODUCTION extent has decreased in the past 20 yr at a rate of 3% per decade due to global warming, with current mod- The Arctic marine environment is a dynamic els showing that by mid-century, most Arctic regions habitat for marine birds, with sea ice covering ~15 × will be ice free in summer (Stephenson et al. 2011). 106 km2 at its maximum extent annually in March and This long-term, consistent change in ice thickness ~ 6 × 106 km2 at its minimum in September (1981 to and extent is a significant concern for the sustainabil- 2010 average; Fetterer et al. 2002). This area forms ity of ice-associated organisms like the polar bear Ur- the foraging habitat for ~ 10 × 106 seabirds breeding sus maritimus (Stirling & Parkinson 2006), the ringed in Arctic Canada (Mallory & Fontaine 2004). The spa- seal Pusa hispida (Laidre et al. 2008) and the ivory tial and temporal extent of foraging opportunities gull Pagophila eburnea (Gilchrist & Mallory 2005). changes through the year and across years as sea ice For migratory animals, movements occur in accor- recedes and forms (Gaston et al. 2005). In addition to dance with seasonal cues; however, the current Arc- annual variation due to seasonality, minimum sea ice tic warming trend has the potential to alter the timing © The authors 2016. Open Access under Creative Commons by *Corresponding author: [email protected] Attribution Licence. Use, distribution and reproduction are un - restricted. Authors and original publication must be credited. Publisher: Inter-Research · www.int-res.com 34 Endang Species Res 31: 33–45, 2016 of these cues for seabirds (Walther et al. 2002). Dur- cess of critical habitat identification, a pivotal compo- ing the breeding season, altered timing of ice nent of Canada’s SARA legislation (Environment breakup in the Arctic can influence productivity or Canada 2014). Along with technological advances, access to marine food supplies, and thereby influ- climate change is expected to broaden the geograph- ence avian reproduction (Gaston et al. 2005; Mallory ical scope of energy production and mining due to et al. 2010). Less research has been given to marine melting sea ice (Stephenson et al. 2011). The likeli- birds that overwinter in or near sea ice, but evidence hood of increased exposure of wintering birds to suggests that these same processes (altered timing of threats highlighted above, and consequent increases ice formation and breakup, or ice extent and access in stress levels, makes identification of key marine to open water) have similar effects on birds’ access to habitats and development of appropriate conserva- marine fish or invertebrates, or other winter habitat tion measures of paramount importance for this spe- needs, and can thereby affect winter survival cies (Environment Canada 2014). In this study, we (Robertson & Gilchrist 1998; Lovvorn et al. 2014). For assessed available information on winter distribution the ivory gull, changing patterns of winter ice cover and propose areas that could be considered in the may reduce overall spatiotemporal predictability of identification of winter critical habitat for the ivory suitable wintering habitat (Gilg et al. 2012). gull in Canada. The ivory gull is a small, all-white, colonial-nesting gull that spends its entire year in the Arctic, in Can- ada, Greenland, Svalbard (Norway), and Russia MATERIALS AND METHODS (Mallory et al. 2008). It was designated a species of ‘special concern’ by the Committee on the Status of Field methods Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) in 1979, re-examined in 1996 and 2001 and left as special con- Twelve ivory gulls were captured using a modified cern, and then designated as ‘endangered’ in 2006 version of a bownet trap (Salyer 1962) from a single (COSEWIC 2006). The Canadian government listed colony at the Seymour Island Migratory Bird Sanctu- the species as ‘endangered’ under the Species at Risk ary, Nunavut (Fig. 1; 78.80° N, 101.27° W) on 29 and Act (SARA) in Canada in 2009 (SARA 2009), and it is 30 June 2010. Five individuals were tagged with 20 g listed as ‘near-threatened’ by the International Union battery powered Platform Terminal Transmitters for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) red list (COSEWIC (PTTs; North Star Technologies). The remaining 7 2006, Mallory et al. 2008, BirdLife International individuals were tagged with 15 g solar powered 2014). There are 49 known, extant nesting colonies in PTTs, consisting of a customized PTT-100 12 g model Canada, virtually all of which are close to either sea (Microwave Telemetry) in a larger case to fit a larger ice, glacial ice or both during the breeding season solar chip. Individuals were caught during incuba- (Robertson et al. 2007). During the winter months, ob- tion to ensure they were actively breeding in Canada servational work at sea has shown that ivory gulls are and a leg loop harness design was used to attach the often located near hooded seal Crystophora cristata transmitters, leaving flight muscles and major fat whelping patches or following polar bears, likely to deposits unencumbered (Mallory & Gilbert 2008). exploit foraging opportunities (Orr & Parsons 1982, Body masses of ivory gulls ranged from 465 to 650 g, Mallory et al. 2008). They are rarely seen over open and thus the transmitter plus the harness represented water >5 km away from the ice edge (Mallory et al. 2.7 ± 0.3% ivory gull body mass; below the 3% con- 2008). Beyond this, little is known of ivory gull behav- sidered the maximum recommended load to mini- iour and distribution during the winter (Environment mize deleterious effects on individuals (Phillips et al. Canada 2014). The ivory gull has experienced a rapid 2003, Mallory & Gilbert 2008). All birds flew off suc- population decline in the Canadian Arctic (Gaston et cessfully after being equipped with the transmitters. al. 2012), concurrent with changing sea ice con - All research was conducted following animal care ditions. Current population estimates in Canada are committee approval for Canadian Wildlife Service <1000 breeding pairs, suggesting a >70% decline in Banding Permit 10694 as well as Canadian Wildlife 30 yr (Gilchrist & Mallory 2005, COSEWIC 2006). Service Scientific Permit NUN-SCI-09-02 and Threats to the ivory gull include illegal shooting, Nunavut Wildlife Research License WL2010-032. contaminants, and the shifting location and in - The PTTs were compatible with the Argos satellite creased variability of sea ice habitat due to climate positioning system. The duty cycle of battery-pow- change (COSEWIC 2006). A research priority for the ered PTTs was programmed to send signals within an species is to use satellite telemetry to inform the pro- 8 h period then shut off for 72 h. Solar powered PTTs Spencer et al.: Winter habitat of ivory gull 35 Fig. 1. Location of Seymour Island, Nunavut (78.80° N, 101.27° W), where 12 ivory gulls Pagophila eburnea were captured and tagged on 29 and 30 June 2010. Seymour Island is a small (3 km long) low-lying island, the largest breeding colony of this species in Canada and an Environment Canada Migratory Bird Sanctuary had a 10 h on then 48 h off duty cycle with cus- To describe the winter season for the ivory gull, we tomized modifications to voltage by the manufac- estimated dates of arrival and departure to and from turer to accommodate the low incident light condi- the wintering grounds (as identified by Orr & Parsons tions of the Arctic fall and winter. Each message 1982). As individual rates of travel and distance received from Argos was given an accuracy of the flown varied within and across years, a single date to location estimate if 4 or more messages were sent to begin and end the winter period was not intuitive.
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