Diplomarbeit Zum Thema: Die Shopping Mall – Ein Surrogat Des Öffentlichen Raumes?

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Diplomarbeit Zum Thema: Die Shopping Mall – Ein Surrogat Des Öffentlichen Raumes? Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institut für Geographie Diplomarbeit zum Thema: Die Shopping Mall – ein Surrogat des öffentlichen Raumes? Eine kritische Analyse am Beispiel von Shopping Malls in Metro Manila, Philippinen Vorgelegt von: Michael Reckordt Betreut durch: Prof. Dr. Paul Reuber Münster, Mai 2008 Quelle: Eigene Darstellungen Diplomarbeit am Institut für Geographie der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster: „Die Shopping Mall – ein Surrogat des öffentlichen Raumes? – Eine kritische Analy- se am Beispiel von Shopping Malls in Metro Manila, Philippinen“ Erstprüfer: Prof. Dr. Paul Reuber Zweitprüfer: Prof. Dr. Gerald Wood Vorgelegt von: Michael Reckordt Grevenkamp 48 33442 Herzebrock-Clarholz Matrikelnummer: 291948 [email protected] Münster, im Mai 2008 Danksagung: Mein herzlicher Dank gilt allen, die zum Gelingen dieser Diplomarbeit beigetragen haben. Ich danke meinem Dozenten Prof. Dr. Paul Reuber, der die Arbeit ermöglicht hat, und der die Arbeit durch den gesamten Prozess der Ideenfindung bis zum fertigen Ergebnis mit Ratschlägen und konstruktiver Kritik begleitet hat. Außerdem möchte ich mich herzlich bei Niklas Reese, Boris Michel, Markus Kampschnieder und Kerstin Redegeld bedanken, deren kritische Anmerkungen und Diskussionsanregungen maßgeblich zum Gelingen dieser Arbeit beigetragen haben. Weiterhin möchte ich mich bei allen Interview-Partner/-innen bedanken, bei den Menschen von People’s Global Exchange (PGX) in Quezon City für die Unterstüt- zung vor Ort sowie beim Philippinenbüro und Philipp Bück, die dabei geholfen ha- ben, den Forschungsaufenthalt optimal vorzubereiten und für Fragen und Anregun- gen jederzeit zur Verfügung standen. Ganz herzlich möchte ich mich bei meinen Eltern Annette und Norbert Reckordt an dieser Stelle bedanken, die es mir ermöglicht haben, dieses Studium erfolgreich ab- zuschließen und die mich in all den Jahren tatkräftig unterstützt haben. Danke! Inhaltsverzeichnis I Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. EINLEITUNG .................................................................................................... 1 1.1. PROBLEMSTELLUNG ...................................................................................... 5 1.2. AUFBAU DER ARBEIT .................................................................................... 7 2. DER ÖFFENTLICHE RAUM.......................................................................... 9 2.1. ÖFFENTLICHER RAUM IM WANDEL ............................................................... 9 2.2. NEOLIBERALE KONTROLLE UND GOUVERNEMENTALITÄT .......................... 12 2.3. RÄUMLICHE EXKLUSION ............................................................................. 15 3. METHODIK..................................................................................................... 18 3.1. LEITFADEN GESTÜTZTE EXPERTEN /-INNENINTERVIEWS .............................. 19 3.1.1. Durchführung der Befragungen............................................................. 22 3.1.2. Transkription.......................................................................................... 22 3.1.3. Analyse ................................................................................................... 23 3.2. TEILNEHMENDE BEOBACHTUNG ................................................................. 24 3.3. DOKUMENTENANALYSE .............................................................................. 25 3.4. REFLEXION DER METHODENANWENDUNG .................................................. 25 4. METRO MANILA, MITTELSCHICHT UND MALLS.............................. 27 4.1. ENTWICKLUNG DES BALLUNGSRAUMES METRO MANILA ........................... 27 4.1.1. Kolonialzeit ............................................................................................ 28 4.1.2. Unabhängigkeit und Martial Law.......................................................... 34 4.1.2.1. Die privat entwickelte Stadt: Makati City ............................................... 38 4.1.2.2. Das ehemalige Zentrum: Manila ............................................................. 40 4.1.3. Zwischen Global City und Marginalsiedlung ........................................ 41 4.2. SOZIALE DIFFERENZIERUNG - MITTELSCHICHT UND KONSUM .................... 47 4.2.1. Definition von Mittelschicht / Mittelklasse ............................................ 48 4.2.2. Die Mittelschicht in Südostasien............................................................ 50 4.2.3. Die Mittelschicht in den Philippinen ..................................................... 54 4.3. DIE SHOPPING MALL - SOZIALE DIFFERENZIERUNG IM RAUM ? .................. 60 4.3.1. Geschichte der Shopping Mall............................................................... 62 4.3.2. Funktionen und Merkmale ..................................................................... 65 4.3.3. Die Shopping Mall - ein Pseudoplace?.................................................. 67 Inhaltsverzeichnis II 4.4. EXKURS : EINZELHANDEL IN DEN PHILIPPINEN ............................................ 73 4.4.1. Informelle Ökonomie.............................................................................. 74 4.4.2. Palengkes ............................................................................................... 75 4.4.3. Sari-Sari-Läden...................................................................................... 77 5. DIE SHOPPING MALL IN DEN PHILIPPINEN........................................ 79 5.1. DIE BEDEUTUNG DER SHOPPING MALLS ..................................................... 79 5.1.1. Geschichte der Shopping Mall in den Philippinen ................................ 80 5.1.2. Die Betreibergesellschaften der philippinischen Malls ......................... 85 5.1.2.1. SM Prime Holding................................................................................... 85 5.1.2.2. Robinsons Land Corporation................................................................... 87 5.1.2.3. Ayala Land Corporation.......................................................................... 88 5.1.2.4. Weitere Betreibergesellschaften.............................................................. 90 5.1.3. Aufbau und Angebot............................................................................... 91 5.1.4. Religiosität in der Shopping Mall .......................................................... 99 5.1.5. Zwischenresümee ................................................................................. 101 5.2. ANPASSUNG , KONTROLLE , EXKLUSION UND DEVIANZ ............................. 102 5.2.1. Sicherheit.............................................................................................. 102 5.2.2. Exklusion.............................................................................................. 106 5.2.3. Architektur der Normalisierung und der Anpassung........................... 110 5.2.3.1. Sauberkeit.............................................................................................. 110 5.2.3.2. Architektur............................................................................................. 111 5.2.3.3. Sitzgelegenheiten................................................................................... 113 5.2.3.4. Öffentliche Toiletten ............................................................................. 113 5.2.4. Die Überwachung ................................................................................ 114 5.2.4.1. Sicherheitspersonal................................................................................ 118 5.2.4.2. Im Fokus: Jugendliche........................................................................... 121 5.2.5. Politische Aktivität in der Mall ............................................................ 121 5.2.6. Selbstdisziplinierung und Anpassung................................................... 125 5.2.7. Devianz und Nicht-Anpassung............................................................. 128 5.2.8. Wahrnehmung der Shopping Mall ....................................................... 129 5.2.9. Flächennutzungskonflikte am Beispiel TriNoMa................................. 130 6. AUSBLICK..................................................................................................... 134 7. LITERATURVERZEICHNIS...................................................................... 138 Inhaltsverzeichnis III Abbildungsverzeichnis Abbildung 1: Videoüberwachung im CentrO Oberhausen 13 Abbildung 2: Shopping Malls in Metro Manila 26 Abbildung 3: Nachweis der politischen Tätigkeiten 37 Abbildung 4: Von der MMDA aufgestelltes Pissoir an der EDSA 44 Abbildung 5: Anzahl der Shopping Malls in den USA 60 Abbildung 6: Grünanlagen in der TriNoMa 65 Abbildung 7: Klavier in The Podium Mall im Ortigas Center, Mandaluyong 69 Abbildung 8: Eislaufbahn nach Olympianorm in der Mall of Asia, Pasay City 71 Abbildung 9: ShoeMart-Warenhaus in Quiapo, Manila 81 Abbildung 10: Einnahmen vor Steuern einiger Betreibergesellschaften 84 Abbildung 11: SM North Edsa 85 Abbildung 12: Robinsons Place in Ermita, Manila 87 Abbildung 13: TriNoMa Shopping Mall 88 Abbildung 14: TriNoMa Activity-Center 94 Abbildung 15: Sto. Niño de Paz Kapelle 99 Abbildung 16: Waffendetektor in der Greenbelt Mall 107 Abbildung 17: Moderne Architektur der Power Plant Mall im Rockwell Center, Makati 111 Abbildung 18: SM North Edsa, niedrige Decken, großer Besucher/-innenandrang 112 Abbildung 19: Patrouillierendes Sicherheitspersonal und technische Überwachung in Glorietta Mall, Makati 115
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