DOCSLIB.ORG

Gerwani in the Communist Ideology of 1950-1965

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Gerwani in the Communist Ideology of 1950-1965 Santhet: Jurnal Sejarah, Pendidikan Dan Humaniora Vol. 3, No. 1, April 2019, pp. 10-20 Available online at https://ejournal.unibabwi.ac.id/index.php/santhet DOI: Research Article e-ISSN: 2541-6130 p-ISSN: 2541-2523 GERWANI IN THE COMMUNIST IDEOLOGY OF 1950-1965 GERWANI DALAM PERGULATAN IDEOLOGI KOMUNIS 1950-1965 Rizqi Irza Afifi1, Sofyan Kristianwantoni2 SMK Taruna Mandiri Srono [email protected] (*) Corresponding Author +62 823-3119-3233 How to Cite: Irza, Kriswantoni (2019). Title of article. Santhet, 3(1), 10-20 doi: Abstract Received : 28 Desember 2019 The emergence of Gerwani stems from the gathering of six Revised : 6 Januari 2019 women's organizations in Semarang on June 4, 1950 to merge their Accepted: 19 April 2019 respective organizations into one single forum, namely Gerwis. Keywords: Gerwani; Gerwis has a strong desire for the struggle for national Pergulatan Ideologi; independence and ending various political feudalism. In writing this article using the heirloom study approach. The results show that In December 1951 the name Gerwis changed to Gerwani. In 1964, Gerwani began designing work programs to develop himself and participate in politics. The programs include: Women's Rights; Children's Rights; Democratic Rights; Full National Independence; and peace. merupakan "Kota Merah", kota kelahiran PENDAHULUAN partai yang berideologi komunis yaitu PKI. Dalam perjalanan gerakan wanita, Banyak anggota Gerwani yang juga Gerwani sebetulnya memiliki peran yang merupakan anggota PKI karena hanya partai cukup berarti dengan mengangkat isu-isu inilah yang dilihat bersungguh-sungguh kontroversial pada masanya itu. Seperti isu dalam melawan penindasan terhadap rakyat. hak pilih dan isu poligami. Kekritisan para Aktivitas Gerwani di kota Semarang sesuai wanita terhadap ketidakadilan dan dengan hal-hal yang tercantum dalam penindasan kaumnya merupakan sesuatu Program-Program Kerja Gerwani. Meskipun yang bisa menjadi inspirasi dan semangat program-program kerja tersebut baru dibuat bagi gerakan wanita selanjutnya. Terdapat dan dikeluarkan pada tahun 1964, namun beberapa hal penting yang berpengaruh sebelumnya sudah diterapkan di daerah- pada para wanita dalam organisasi Gerwani daerah termasuk di kota Semarang. sehingga menjadi kritis dan terkesan radikal, Pertanyaan pokok dari artikel ini antara lain karena adanya kawin paksa, adalah bagaimana hubungan Gerwani perceraian sepihak, larangan bersekolah, dengan Partai Komunis Indonesia? Metode dan penghinaan-penghinaan lain yang yang digunakan dalam jurnal ini adalah sangat menyudutkan kaum wanita. Hal-hal metode sejarah. Metode sejarah mempunyai itu merupakan bagian dari praktik sistem empat tahapan yang harus dilakukan yaitu budaya warisan feodal yang masih sangat heuristik, kritik, interpretasi dan historiografi. melekat pada masyarakat Indonesia pada Sumber primer diperoleh melalui saat itu. penelusuran terhadap dokumen yang Gerwani memilih Semarang tersimpan di Arsip Nasional, Perpustakaan sebagai basis karena secara historis Nasional di Jakarta, Arsip Daerah Jawa 10 Santhet: Jurnal Sejarah, Pendidikan Dan Humaniora Vol. 3, No. 1, April 2019, pp. 10-20 Available online at https://ejournal.unibabwi.ac.id/index.php/santhet DOI: Research Article e-ISSN: 2541-6130 p-ISSN: 2541-2523 Tengah, Arsip Museum Mandhala Bhakti perhatian kaumnya pada periode Semarang. Ada juga beberapa harian yang kebangkitan dan kesadaran nasional ini terbit pada masa itu seperti Harlan Rakjat, mulai juga untuk meningkatkan perjuangan Bintang Timur, Sinar Harapan, Api Kartini. wanita. Riset kepustakaan ini penting karena melalui penelusuran dan penelaahan kepustakaan METODE PENELITIAN dapat dipelajari bagaimana menggunakan Daerah penelitian adalah suatu kerangka teori untuk landasan pemikiran lokasi atau tempat yang digunakan (Koenjaraningrat, 1983). seorang peneliti untuk mengadakan Dalam perjalanan sejarah, wanita penelitian. Sutrisno Hadi mengatakan, pernah menjadi aktor yang vokal ditengah gelanggang politik dan sekaligus menjadi ibu “Tidak ada ketentuan berapa luas dan istri yang "baik" selama perjuangan anti penelitian untuk penelitian dalam salah kolonial. Dua peranan ini dapat berpadu satu atau banyak bidang (2003:88)”. dalam praktiknya, karena wanita harus Dari pendapat di atas dapat memainkan peranan politik justru agar dijelaskan bahwa di dalam menentukan supaya menjadi ibu yang baik (dari rakyat daerah penelitian tidak ada ketentuan dan bangsa Indonesia), dan istri yang baik berapa luas daerah atau lokasi (sebagai pembantu laki-laki dalam perjuangannya). Hubungan politik antara penelitian. Dalam artikel ini untuk wanita dan laki-laki menjadi berubah secara menetukan hasil penelitian yang akurat mendasar ketika Indonesia telah merdeka. menggunakan studi pustaka yang Hal itu antara lain karena tidak adanya lagi didalamnya menggunakan pendekatan musuh bersama, sehingga laki-laki penelitian sejarah mulai dari kritik cenderung mengklaim bidang politik sebagai sumber, analisis sumber dan validasi bidang mereka sendiri, dan wanita lebih diposisikan untuk berperan di bidang sosial data. (Anonim, 1988). Para tokoh Perintis gerakan wanita belum mempunyai perkumpulan atau HASIL DANPEMBAHASAN organisasi wanita, dengan kata lain berjuang Sesudah tahun 1950 persatuan secara perorangan; tetapi dalam kenyataan gerakan wanita Indonesia, yang telah bahwa mereka mengangkat senjata bahu dibangun pada masa perjuangan nasional membahu dengan kaum laki-laki melawan sebelumnya, berangsur-angsur hancur. penjajah Belanda, tidak dapat dipungkiri Dalam menghadapi pemilihan umum 1955 bahwa mereka merupakan sumber inspirasi berbagai partai politik membentuk bagian bagi generasi wanita berikutnya untuk wanita masing-masing. Ketegangan antara berjuang melawan penindasan dan golongan wanita Islam dan nasionalis pun ketidakadilan. Juga para tokoh Perintis timbul. Berkembang bermacam-macam dalam masa sesudah diterapkannya Politik kegiatan; balai-balai wanita, bank-bank etis Belanda di Indonesia, memberikan wanita, bahkan surau wanita didirikan; teladan dan dorongan kepada kaumnya bermunculan berbagai macam organisasi untuk meneruskan jejak langkah mereka. dan majalah wanita, tetapi hampir semua Mereka berjuang untuk emansipasi dan kegiatan ini semakin terikat pada partai partisipasi untuk membangun kemandirian politik (laki-laki), gerakan keagamaan (laki- kaumnya, kemajuan bangsa dan laki), ataupun pada organisasi pejabat laki- kemerdekaan tanah airnya. Unsur lain laki. Pada sebagian besar organisasi ini gerakan wanita Indonesia yang sedang pandangan elitis tetap bertahan, walaupun tumbuh ialah hasrat untuk "emansipasi pendudukan Jepang dan perjuangan nasional." Dalam pada itu pengaruh warisan pembebasan nasional telah mengaburkan cita-cita Kartini untuk emansipasi wanita tajamnya garis pemisah antara golongan berkumandang menembus batas dan 11 Santhet: Jurnal Sejarah, Pendidikan Dan Humaniora Vol. 3, No. 1, April 2019, pp. 10-20 Available online at https://ejournal.unibabwi.ac.id/index.php/santhet DOI: Research Article e-ISSN: 2541-6130 p-ISSN: 2541-2523 kaya dan miskin dalam masyarakat Trimurti. Dalam periode ini Umi Sarjono, Indonesia. Suharti, dan Mudigdio, sudah menjadi anggota atau mempunyai ikatan erat dengan Berdirinya Gerwis PKI. Hal ini merupakan petunjuk jelas, Para wakil enam organisasi wanita bahwa kaum Komunis mempunyai suara berkumpul di Semarang pada 4 Juni 1950 penting dalam pendirian Gerwis. Meskipun untuk melebur enam organisasi mereka Gerwis selalu menegaskan sebagai non- masing-masing ke dalam satu wadah politik dan tidak mempunyai kaitan dengan tunggal, yaitu Gerwis. Enam organisasi parpol manapun, seperti dinyatakan dalam tersebut ialah Rukun Putri Indonesia anggaran dasarnya, namun pengaruh PKI (Rupindo) dari Semarang, Persatuan Wanita tampak tertanam sangat mendalam pada Sedar dari Surabaya, Isteri Sedar dari organisasi tersebut. Keinginan Komunis Bandung, Gerakan Wanita Indonesia untuk membangun organisasi wanita yang (Gerwindo) dari Kediri, Wanita Madura dari bisa dipimpinnya, tentu saja bukan Madura, dan Perjuangan Putri Republik merupakan satu-satunya faktor bagi Indonesia dari Pasuruan. berdirinya Gerwis. Para pendiri Gerwis itu Tokoh-tokoh wanita tersebut memiliki sendiri mempunyai hasrat bersama yang latar belakang sosial yang berbeda-beda, sungguh-sungguh, baik demi perjuangan tapi semuanya bersama-sama terjun kemerdekaan nasional maupun mengakhiri ditengah pergerakan nasional. Diantaranya berbagai politik feodalisme. S.K. Trimurti. Beliau anggota Partindo, giat Hampir semua sejarah hidup para dalam Wanita Partindo, dan juga anggota tokoh dan anggota Gerwani bercerita Gerindo. Kemudian Salawati Daud, Walikota tentang kawin paksa, perceraian sepihak, Makasar. Diantara mereka banyak wanita larangan bersekolah, atau penghinaan- muda, seperti Sudjinah dan Sulami, penghinaan lain yang terasa sangat sebelumnya sudah giat di dalam PPI menusuk hati mereka, maka mungkin sekali (Pemuda Puteri Indonesia), organisasi hal-hal tersebut itulah yang berperanan pemudi semasa perjuangan kemerdekaan sangat besar dalam meradikalkan para yang berjiwa sosialis. Para anggota pendiri wanita tersebut. Beberapa dari mereka lainnya termasuk Tris Metty, Sri Panggihan tertarik kepada PKI, karena hanya partai (anggota PKI terkemuka dari Madiun), Sri inilah yang dilihat bersungguh-sungguh Kusnapsiyah, Umi Sarjono (pendiri melawan berbagai praktik demikian. Gerwindo), dan Suharti (ketua departemen Pemimpin Gerwis yang sangat wanita CC PKI, ketua cabang Yogya) ( terkemuka, Ibu Munasiah, yang berbicara Antara, Dinas Dalam
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Contestation of Social Memory in the New Media: a Case Study of the 1965 Killings in Indonesia
    Aktuelle Südostasienforschung Current Research on Southeast Asia The Contestation of Social Memory in the New Media: A Case Study of the 1965 Killings in Indonesia Hakimul Ikhwan, Vissia Ita Yulianto & Gilang Desti Parahita ► Ikhwan, H., Yulianto, V. I., & Parahita, G. D. (2019). The contestation of social memory in the new media: A case study of the 1965 killings in Indonesia. Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies, 12(1), 3-16. While today’s Indonesian democratic government remains committed to the New Order orthodoxy about the mass killings of 1965, new counter-narratives challenging official history are emerging in the new media. Applying mixed-methods and multi-sited ethnography, this study aims to extend our collaborative understanding of the most re- cent developments in this situation by identifying multiple online interpersonal stories, deliberations, and debates related to the case as well as offline field studies in Java and Bali. Practically and theoretically, we ask how the tragedy of the 1965 killings is contest- ed in the new media and how social memory plays out in this contestation. The study finds that new media potentially act as emancipatory sites channeling and liberating the voices of those that the nation has stigmatized as ‘objectively guilty’. We argue that the arena of contestation is threefold: individual, public vs. state narrative, and theoretical. As such, the transborder space of the new media strongly mediates corrective new voices to fill missing gaps in the convoluted history of this central event of modern Indonesian history. Keywords: 1965 Killings; Master vs. Counter Narratives; Memory Studies; New Media; Southeast Asia INTRODUCTION Indonesia experienced one of the 20th century’s worst mass killings.
    [Show full text]
  • SETTING HISTORY STRAIGHT? INDONESIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY in the NEW ORDER a Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Center for Inte
    SETTING HISTORY STRAIGHT? INDONESIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY IN THE NEW ORDER A thesis presented to the faculty of the Center for International Studies of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Sony Karsono August 2005 This thesis entitled SETTING HISTORY STRAIGHT? INDONESIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY IN THE NEW ORDER by Sony Karsono has been approved for the Department of Southeast Asian Studies and the Center for International Studies by William H. Frederick Associate Professor of History Josep Rota Director of International Studies KARSONO, SONY. M.A. August 2005. International Studies Setting History Straight? Indonesian Historiography in the New Order (274 pp.) Director of Thesis: William H. Frederick This thesis discusses one central problem: What happened to Indonesian historiography in the New Order (1966-98)? To analyze the problem, the author studies the connections between the major themes in his intellectual autobiography and those in the metahistory of the regime. Proceeding in chronological and thematic manner, the thesis comes in three parts. Part One presents the author’s intellectual autobiography, which illustrates how, as a member of the generation of people who grew up in the New Order, he came into contact with history. Part Two examines the genealogy of and the major issues at stake in the post-New Order controversy over the rectification of history. Part Three ends with several concluding observations. First, the historiographical engineering that the New Order committed was not effective. Second, the regime created the tools for people to criticize itself, which shows that it misunderstood its own society. Third, Indonesian contemporary culture is such that people abhor the idea that there is no single truth.
    [Show full text]
  • History, Memory, and the "1965 Incident" in Indonesia
    HISTORY, MEMORY, AND THE “1965 INCIDENT” IN INDONESIA Mary S. Zurbuchen With the events of 1998 that climaxed in the stunning moment of President Suharto’s resignation, Indonesia embarked on a transi- tion from a tenacious authoritarianism. These changes have prompted re- examination of assumptions and tenets that have shaped the state, its laws and institutions, and the experience of being a citizen. They have also spurred calls for justice and retribution for persistent patterns of violence. Suharto’s New Order is the only government that most Indonesians alive today have ever known, and its passing has sparked notable interest in reviewing and assessing earlier chapters in the national story. This retrospective moment has not been systematic, and there are indications that it may not be sustained under the administration of President Megawati Sukarnoputri. 1 Nonetheless, public discourse continues to spotlight key actors and events from the past, including some that have long been hidden, suppressed, or unmentionable. Among these topics, the killings of 1965–66 are a particularly difficult and dark subject. In this essay, I will discuss some of the recent representations of this particular element of the collective past and offer some thoughts on how “1965” figures in contemporary public discourse, in social and private Mary S. Zurbuchen is Visiting Professor and Acting Director of the Center for Southeast Asian Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles. Asian Survey , 42:4, pp. 564–582. ISSN: 0004–4687 Ó 2002 by The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Send Requests for Permission to Reprint to: Rights and Permissions, University of California Press, Journals Division, 2000 Center St., Ste.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Study
    *. APPROVED FOR RELEASE DATE:.( mY 2007 I, Research Study liWOlVEXZ4-1965 neCoup That Batkfired December 1968- i i ! This publication is prepared for tbe w of US. Cavernmeat officials. The formaf coverage urd contents of tbe puti+tim are designed to meet the specific requirements of those u~n.US. Covernment offids may obtain additional copies of this document directly or through liaison hl from the Cend InteIIigencx Agency. Non-US. Government usem myobtain this dong with rimikr CIA publications on a subscription bask by addressing inquiries to: Document Expediting (DOCEX) bject Exchange and Gift Division Library of Con- Washington, D.C ZOSaO Non-US. Gowrrrmmt users not interested in the DOCEX Project subscription service may purchase xeproductio~~of rpecific publications on nn individual hasis from: Photoduplication Servia Libmy of Congress W~hington,D.C. 20540 f ? INDONESIA - 1965 The Coup That Backfired December 1968 BURY& LAOS TMAILANO CAYBODIA SOUTU VICINAY PHILIPPIIEL b. .- .r4.n MALAYSIA INDONESIA . .. .. 4. , 1. AUSTRALIA JAVA Foreword What is commonly referred to as the Indonesian coup is more properly called "The 30 September Movement," the name the conspirators themselves gave their movement. In this paper, the term "Indonesian coup" is used inter- changeably with "The 30 September Movement ," mainly for the sake of variety. It is technically correct to refer to the events in lndonesia as a "coup" in the literal sense of the word, meaning "a sudden, forceful stroke in politics." To the extent that the word has been accepted in common usage to mean "the sudden and forcible overthrow - of the government ," however, it may be misleading.
    [Show full text]
  • Professional Blindness and Missing the Mark ~ Sexual Slander and the 1965/66 Mass Killings in Indonesia: Political and Methodological Considerations
    Professional Blindness And Missing The Mark ~ Sexual Slander And The 1965/66 Mass Killings In Indonesia: Political And Methodological Considerations ABSTRACT. Indonesia has been haunted by the ‘‘spectre of communism’’ since the putsch by military officers on 1 October 1965. That event saw the country’s top brass murdered and the military attributing this putsch to the Communist Party. The genocide that followed was triggered by a campaign of sexual slander. This led to the real coup and the replacement of President Sukarno by General Suharto. Today, accusations about communism continue to play a major role in public life and state control remains shored up by control over women’s bodies. This article introduces the putsch and the socialist women’s organisation Gerwani, members of which were, at the time, accused of sexual debauchery. The focus is on the question of how Gerwani was portrayed in the aftermath of the putsch and how this affects the contemporary women’s movement. It is found that women’s political agency has been restricted, being associated with sexual debauchery and social turmoil. State women’s organisations were set up and women’s organisations forced to help build a ‘‘stable’’ society, based on women’s subordination. The more independent women’s groups were afraid to be labelled ‘‘new Gerwani’’ as that would unleash strong state repression. This article assesses the implications of these events for the post-1998 period of Reformasi and reviews some recent analyses of 1965, state terrorism and violence and reveals blind spots in dealing with gender and sexual politics. It is argued that the slander against Gerwani is downplayed in these analyses.
    [Show full text]
  • Unresolved Problems in the Indonesian Killings of 1965-1966
    UNRESOLVED PROBLEMS IN THE INDONESIAN KILLINGS OF 1965–1966 Robert Cribb More than a generation separates today’s Indonesians from the world in which the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) was extermi- nated. Nonetheless, during the last days of President Suharto’s slow fall from power, one of the dire warnings commonly heard was that Indonesia perhaps stood on the brink of a bloodletting similar to that which took place during the six months from October 1965 to March 1966. In fact, the broader politi- cal context of 1998 only slightly resembled that of 1965 and no genocidal slaughter took place. However, that the events of 1965–66 could be conjured up as a terrible warning demonstrated that the issues surrounding the means Suharto used to come to power were still alive even three decades later, ready to be conjoined with more current concerns as he was being forced out. The possibilities for reexamining the bloodletting have increased in recent years and with them so too has the need to do so become ever more urgent. During the past decade, a small but valuable stream of publications has ap- peared discussing the killings, especially in their regional context. Studies undertaken by Hefner, Robinson, Sudjatmiko, and Sulistyo 1 have greatly en- riched present-day understanding of what took place throughout Indonesia in Robert Cribb is Reader in the Division of Pacific and Asian History, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, Canberra. Asian Survey , 42:4, pp. 550–563. ISSN: 0004–4687 Ó 2002 by The Regents of the University of California.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com09/24/2021 07:07:24PM Via Free Access 460 Christina Sunardi Performs Gender
    Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde Vol. 165, no. 4 (2009), pp. 459-492 URL: http://www.kitlv-journals.nl/index.php/btlv URN:NBN:NL:UI:10-1-100119 Copyright: content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License ISSN: 0006-2294 CHRISTINA SUNARDI Pushing at the boundaries of the body Cultural politics and cross-gender dance in East Java One of the most fruitful activities of my field research on dance and gamelan music in the East Javanese regency of Malang1 from 2005 to 2007 was attend- ing live performances with my teachers.2 Those occasions were key learning experiences: my teachers explained playing techniques of the various instru- ments, expounded upon conventions of dance movement, and, to my delight, sometimes took me to sit and play with the musicians who were accompany- ing the dancers. During performances they also shook their heads, clicked their teeth, or chuckled with dissatisfaction. Particularly disturbing to them were recent transformations in the performance of Ngremo Tayub, a male-style dance performed by women, and Ngremo Putri, a female-style dance most often performed by men. Strikingly, my teachers were not bothered by the transvestism, but by what they saw as dancers’ technical and artistic short- comings. Unlike dancers and musicians ‘in times past’ (dulu), they said, per- formers ‘nowadays’ (sekarang) are departing too far from ‘tradition’ (tradisi), are not as competent technically, and are less concerned about artistic content than about making money from spectacle. As they talked about ‘tradition’ and ‘times past’, performers of older gen- erations expressed their discomfort with the ways the younger generation 1 Malang is also the name of a city, but unless I specify ‘the city of Malang’, I am referring to the regency.
    [Show full text]
  • Death and the Control of Life in an Indonesian City
    Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 172 (2016) 310–342 bki brill.com/bki Death and the Control of Life in an Indonesian City Robbie Peters Anthropology department, The University of Sydney [email protected] Abstract Death represents sovereignty and through it people negotiate their existence, con- cludes Claudio Lomnitz (2008:496) in his history of Mexican death. This conclusion holds true for the politics of death in the city of Surabaya, Indonesia, but only if death is understood in topographic and genealogical terms; or, in other words, in terms of land and one’s ancestral/genealogical connection to it. Through a discussion of the politics of land occupation and of the production, commemoration, and denial of death in post-colonial Surabaya, I present a ‘topogenic’ history of death as an instruc- tive way of understanding state–society relations in that city. Throughout the article, I ground that history in the kampong’s social institutions of the communal meal and prayer (slametan) and the guard (gardu) as vehicles for the expression of an inviolable topogenic sovereignty. Keywords death – violence – communist – Surabaya – slametan – land Based on fieldwork in the mid 1950s near the East Javanese town of Pare, Robert Jay (1969:111) referred to the ‘posthumous bond’ between living and dead residents as ‘strong and real’, and as the basis of a village community that is most realized during the communal meal, or slametan. Clifford Geertz (1960:11), Jay’s contemporary in Pare, studied the slametan in more detail and termed it a furtive little ritual at the centre of the Javanese religious system and village society, yet somehow peripheral to the nascent Indonesian state.
    [Show full text]
  • Generating History: Violence and the Risks of Remembering for Families of Former Political Prisoners in Post-New Order Indonesia
    Generating History: Violence and the Risks of Remembering for Families of Former Political Prisoners in Post-New Order Indonesia by Andrew Marc Conroe A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Anthropology and History) in The University of Michigan 2012 Doctoral Committee: Professor E. Webb Keane Jr., Chair Professor Nancy K. Florida Professor Rudolf Mrazek Professor Andrew J. Shryock ! © Andrew Marc Conroe _________________________ 2012 For Karen ""!! Acknowledgements A great number of individuals deserve thanks for the support, guidance, insight, and friendship they provided to me throughout this project. My first debt of gratitude is to the former political prisoners, children and grandchildren of former political prisoners, and activists in Jogjakarta who opened their doors to me, welcomed or tolerated my questions, and shared their thoughts and experiences with me; I am admiring of their courage, resilience, and spirited engagement with the complexities and contradictions of their experiences. I would certainly not have made it this far without the love and unflagging support of my family. My parents, Harriet and Henry Conroe, got the ball rolling many years ago through their encouragement, love of learning, and open-mindedness about their son’s international peregrinations. I’ve been lucky to have my brothers, Gabriel and Daniel Conroe, with whom to share adventures, stories, and music over the years. Jack Wittenbrink provided my teenaged self with a first glimmer of understanding of ethnographic sensibilities and the joys of feeling out-of-place. Elizabeth Nicholson’s accounts of shadow puppet theater and komodo dragons first turned my eyes and ears and thoughts in the direction of Indonesia.
    [Show full text]
  • State Ibuism and Women's Empowerment in Indonesia
    sustainability Article State Ibuism and Women’s Empowerment in Indonesia: Governmentality and Political Subjectification of Chinese Benteng Women Vinny Flaviana Hyunanda 1, José Palacios Ramírez 2, Gabriel López-Martínez 3,* and Víctor Meseguer-Sánchez 4 1 Department of Social Science, San Antonio Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; [email protected] 2 Department of Psychology, San Antonio Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; [email protected] 3 Department of Contemporary Humanities, University of Alicante, 03698 Alicante, Spain 4 International Chair of Social Responsibility, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-965-902-033 Abstract: This paper examines how the patriarchal understanding of “women’s empowerment” in Indonesia instrumentalizes the notion of Ibu, a social construction of womanhood based on a societally determined idea of domestication and productivity. Through the establishment of a saving and lending cooperative, a group of Chinese Benteng women was subjected to a neoliberal development project that operated on the basis of a market-driven society and promoted a “gender mainstreaming” discourse to enhance this participatory project. They were introduced by a women’s NGO as their broker. The notion of “women’s empowerment” inspired a governmental operation Citation: Hyunanda, V.F.; aimed at these women, promoting the particular qualities of the dutiful housewife, devoted mother, Palacios Ramírez, J.; López-Martínez, and socially active member of Indonesian society. These characters were distinguished by their high G.; Meseguer-Sánchez, V. State Ibuism level of devotion to community volunteering and to the state’s apolitical project, thus depoliticizing and Women’s Empowerment in Indonesia: Governmentality and and deradicalizing the feminist view of women’s empowerment; this was simultaneously balanced Political Subjectification of Chinese with the promotion of the traditional gender roles of wife and mother.
    [Show full text]
  • RA Kartini and the Politics of Memory
    SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad SIT Digital Collections Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection SIT Study Abroad Fall 2015 Historical Perspectives on a National Heroine: R.A. Kartini and the Politics of Memory Amber Woodward SIT Graduate Institute - Study Abroad Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection Part of the Asian Studies Commons, Community-Based Research Commons, Other Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons, Politics and Social Change Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Woodward, Amber, "Historical Perspectives on a National Heroine: R.A. Kartini and the Politics of Memory" (2015). Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 2189. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/2189 This Unpublished Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the SIT Study Abroad at SIT Digital Collections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection by an authorized administrator of SIT Digital Collections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES ON A NATIONAL HEROINE: R.A. KARTINI AND THE POLITICS OF MEMORY Amber Woodward Sita Von Bemmelen, PhD. SIT Study Abroad Indonesia: Arts, Religion, and Social Change Fall 2015 Woodward 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………………… 3 Abstract .......................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………
    [Show full text]
  • HUMANIORA Page 293—301
    Vol. 31, No. 3 (October 2019) HUMANIORA page 293—301 https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/jurnal-humaniora https://doi.org/10.22146/jh.v31i3.26774 Challenging the New Order’s Communist Figures: A New Historicism Study on Penjagal Itu Telah Mati Muhammad Taufiqurrohman Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Indonesia Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT This paper aims to discuss the images of communist figures in Post-Suharto 1965 fictional narratives. Images of communists or alleged-communists appeared in many books and films produced under the Suharto regime as villains and atheists, antagonists of the nation who deserved to be jailed and killed. This paper, applying the descriptive-qualitative method and new historicism as theoretical framework, unpacks these infamous, stereotypical images of communists and alleged-communists and juxtaposes them with their counterparts in Post-Suharto 1965 fictional narratives. The end of the Suharto regime, which brought freedom of speech, enabled some victims of post-1965 tragedy (mostly ex-political prisoners) and their descendants to articulate a counter-culture and write other version of historiography. One of these authors is Gunawan Budi Susanto, who wrote a 1965 short story collection titled Penjagal Itu Telah Mati (The Slaughterer Has Died) (2015). Susanto’s stories challenge New Order’s images of communist or alleged-communist figures, depicting most of them as good citizens. While images of communist figures are not as stable and absolute as what the New Order constructed, they remain contested in the unfinished historiography. Keywords: communist figures; images; ‘65 book; new historicism INTRODUCTION This paper analyses one Penjagal Itu Telah Mati (The to be jailed and slaughtered.
    [Show full text]