Page Numbers in Italics Refer to Illustrations. Abenad

Home , Emery Roth, Reed and Stem, Warren and Wetmore

INDEX

Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.

Abenad Corporation, 42 Ballard, William F. R., 247, 252, 270 Abrams, Charles, 191 Barnes, Edward Larabee, 139, 144 Acker, Ed, 359 Barnett, Jonathan, 277 Action Group for Better Architecture in New Bauen + Wohnen, 266 York (AGBANY), 326–327 Beaux-Arts architecture, xiv, 35, 76, 255, 256, Airline industry, xiv, 22, 26, 32, 128, 311, 314, 289, 331, 333, 339, 344, 371. See also 346, 357–360, 361–362, 386 Grand Central Terminal Albers, Josef, 142–143, 153, 228, 296, 354, Belle, John (Beyer Blinder Belle Architects), 407n156 354 American Institute of Architects (AIA), 3, 35, Belluschi, Pietro, 70–77, 71, 80, 223, 237, 328 75, 262, 282, 337 AIA Gold Medal, 277, 281 Conference on Ugliness, 178–179 and the Architectural Record, 188, 190, 233, New York Chapter, 2, 157 235, 277 American Institute of Planners, 157 and art work, Pan Am Building, 141–144 Andrews, Wayne, 175–176, 248, 370 as co-designer of the Pan Am Building, xiii, 2, “Anti-Uglies,” 177, 327 50, 59, 77, 84, 87, 117, 156–157, 159, 160– “Apollo in the democracy” (concept), 67–69, 163, 165, 173, 212, 248, 269, 275, 304, 353, 159. See also Gropius, Walter 376 (see also Gropius/Belluschi/Roth collab- Apollo in the Democracy (book), 294–295. See oration) also Gropius, Walter on collaboration of art and architecture, 142– Collins review of, 294–295 143 Architectural criticism, xiv, xvi, 53, 56, 58, 227, collaboration with Gropius, 72, 75, 104, 282, 232, 257, 384–385, 396n85. See also 397n119 Huxtable, Ada Louise contract with Wolfson, 60–61, 97, 397n119 Forum’s stance on, 23 (see also Architectural criticism of, 158–159, 166–171, 173, 179, Forum; Haskell, Douglas) 180, 183–184, 228, 230, 232–233, 238, 245, Architectural Forum, xvi, 26, 255–259 262, 269, 384 Architectural League of New York, 177, 181 deanship, MIT, xiv, 72, 104 Architectural practice, changes in, xiv, 116–117, decline in reputation, xvi, 173, 276–279, 387 337–338, 393n44 drawing, “Grand Central City” project, 100, Architectural Record, xvi, 26, 80, 82, 256, 277 102 Architectural Review (London), 267 Equitable Building, 72, 73, 277 L’Architecture d’Aujourd’hui, 266–267, 279 and Goble, 190, 191 L’Architettura Cronache—Storia, 263, 271 and historic preservation, 29, 76, 328, 329, 423n54 Bacon, Edmund, 228, 230, 252, 270, 303 and Philip Johnson, 328 Baird, George, 373 and Kepes, 143 468 INDEX

Belluschi, Pietro (continued) Chimacoff, Alan, 373 Lincoln Center, 76, 104, 195, 277, 377, Chrysler Building, 137, 242, 357, 362, 373, 382 399n132 City Beautiful Movement, xvi, 22, 51, 243, 255, and Lippold, 143 289, 386 responses to criticism, 159, 196 City Centre Properties, 86 stellar reputation, xiv, xvi, 59–62, 64, 75, 158, Colcord, Ray, 82, 105, 110, 143, 198 163, 167–168, 275 Colgate-Palmolive Building, 51–52, 54, 91, 175 and Wolfson, 59–60 Collins, Peter, 294–295 Beresford Apartments, 35, 36. See also Emery Condit, Carl, 175–176, 248, 384 Roth & Sons Conference on Ugliness, 178–179 Birkerts, Gunnar, 231 Construction Management. See Morse, Carl Blake, Peter, xiv, xvi, 160, 181–182, 248–249, Cotton, Jack, 86, 216, 248, 304, 346 252, 293–294, 385 Cousins, Norman, 125–126 God’s Own Junkyard, 248–249, 267, 385, Creighton, Thomas H., 160, 174 415n53 Cummings, Robert L., 196–198, 314, 318. See Board of Standards and Appeals, 120, 124, 126, also New York Airways 127 Cvijanovic, Alex, 103, 144, 303–305. See also Boisi, James O., 126–127, 236, 237, 240, 326. The Architects Collaborative (TAC) See also New York Central Railroad Boston Back Bay Center project, 72, 74, 98, 282 Death and Life of Great American Cities, xiii, xv. Breuer, Marcel, 293, 296, 306, 331, 343–345 See also Jacobs, Jane proposed Grand Central tower, 331–333, 332, “Death of the Street,” 218, 219. See also 338–344 Scully, Vincent Brumond, Harry L., Grand Central Terminal pro- d’Harnoncourt, René, 144 posal, 29, 30 Diesel Construction Company, 42–44, 86–87, Bunshaft, Gordon, 187. See also Skidmore, 114, 119, 210, 253. See also Morse, Carl; Owings & Merrill Wolfson, Erwin Burchard, John Ely, 173 Diesel Electric Corporation. See Diesel Con- Burger, Alfred G., 32, 50 struction Company Burnham, Daniel, 16, 35, 84 Domus, 263 Burns, James, 227–228, 235 Dorﬂes, Gillo, 283–284 Bush-Brown, Albert, 230 Drexler, Arthur, 187 Bystrom, Carl A., 232–233 Dupré, Judith, 377–378, 380

Cage, John, 151 Eaton, Leonard K., 232 Casabella, 291, 297, 300 Eiffel Tower, 370, 382 Catalano, Eduardo, 46 Emery Roth & Sons, 29, 34, 35–42, 50–51, 77, Cavaglieri, Giorgio, 33 84, 91, 112, 114, 185, 227–228, 277. See Chermayeff, Ivan, 111, 143–144 also Roth, Richard Chicago Tribune Competition project, 64, 66, Beresford Apartments, 35, 36 77, 100, 103, 171, 373. See also Gropius, buildings in New York City, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, Walter 40, 59 469 INDEX

buildings on Park Avenue, 37, 40 Grand Central Building, Inc., 82, 105, 118, 210 as co-designers of the Pan Am Building, 77, “Grand Central City” (Commodore Vander- 87, 112, 114, 376 (see also Gropius/ bilt’s), 20, 51, 341 Belluschi/Roth project) “Grand Central City” (Wolfson’s), xvi, 4, 32, 49– Grand Central Terminal proposal, 29–33, 31, 51, 62–63, 68, 72, 80, 84, 88, 114, 172, 341, 44, 49–50, 161, 168, 196 385. See also Emery Roth & Sons; Grand reputation, 58–60, 97, 253, 274–276 Central Terminal; Pan Am Building; Wolfson, and Ruderman, 112–114 Erwin San Remo Apartments, 34, 35 Belluschi drawing of, 100, 102 and Wolfson, 35, 40 circulation, 338–339 Empire State Building, 23, 44, 45, 49, 63, 86, construction of, 95, 109, 114–120 196, 216–217, 223, 373, 382–383, 400n19 controversy over, 86, 161, 167 (see also Equitable Building. See Belluschi, Pietro “Grand Central City” [Wolfson’s], criticism of) criticism of, 121, 156–187 Fellheimer, Alfred, 26–29. See also Fellheimer design of, 94 (see also Gropius/Belluschi/Roth and Wagner; Reed and Stem collaboration) Fellheimer and Wagner, 27 design process, 105–111 Grand Central Terminal proposal, 26–27, 28, exterior lighting, 111 168, 196 ﬁnancing of, 86–89 Ferris, The Reverend Theodore P., 166 Gropius and Belluschi involvement in, 94– Fitch, James Marston, 239, 248, 281, 299, 303, 104, 96, 117, 156, 185, 278–298, 397n106 340 lobbies, 111, 113 Fletcher, Norman, 97. See also The Architects Mo-Sai panels, 105, 106, 107, 109, 119 Collaborative (TAC) Pan American World Airways signs on, 111 Forberg, Charles, 139 Plexiglas model, 105, 108 Forum. See Architectural Forum site, 80, 87, 89, 168 (see also Grand Central “Four Great Makers” conference at Columbia Terminal) University, 188 steel framing, 92–94, 95, 117 Franciscono, Marcel, 298, 301–302 structural engineering of, 63, 89–94 Friedenberg, Daniel M., 253, 337 tenants, 111, 201 Futurists, 10, 242, 255, 339. See also Sant’Elia, wind factor, 93–94 Antonio Grand Central Depot, 6, 7, 10. See also Grand Central Terminal Garroway, Dave, 193 remodeled and enlarged, 10, 12 Ginsberg, Allen, 341, 343 Grand Central Ofﬁce Building, 49, 118, 333, “Howl,” vii, 2, 58, 343, 387 334 Glenn, John, 201, 205, 341 Grand Central Terminal, 3–4, 10–22, 20, 334, Goble, Emerson, 177–178, 188–191, 259, 277, 341, 346, 382 302 airspace over, xiii, 14, 346 Goldberg, Bertrand, 174–175 the Beaux-Arts building, 3, 10, 13, 14, 18, 19, Goldberger, Paul, 371, 376–377 20, 22, 278, 324, 331, 333, 338 Gordon, Walter, 80, 277–278 circulation system, 16, 19, 333 470 INDEX

Grand Central Terminal (continued) Chicago Tribune Competition project, 64, 66, City Beautiful Movement ideals, 10, 16, 22, 51 77, 100, 103 concourse, 19, 21, 25, 236, 339, 341 on collaboration of art and architecture, 142 controversy over, 33, 44, 47, 345 collaboration with Belluschi, 72, 75, 104, Depot, 6, 7, 10 397n119 depressed tracks of, 7, 8, 9, 51 contract with Wolfson, 60–61, 97 and Futurist connection, 10, 242, 255, 339 criticism of, 157–159, 166, 167–171, 173, (see also Sant’Elia, Antonio) 177, 179, 180, 183–184, 228, 230–233, 238, plans to demolish, 3–4, 22, 25, 27, 92, 156, 245–247, 249, 252, 262–263, 266–271, 287, 160, 324 293–307, 343–345, 354, 371, 384 preservation of, 324, 331 (see also Haskell, “Curse of Conformity,” 67, 141 Douglas; Landmarks Preservation Commis- death, 295 sion) decline in reputation, xvi, 173, 279–287, 295– redevelopment plans for, 2–27, 47, 49–51, 80 298, 301–302, 377, 387 site, 46, 50, 59, 63, 89, 328 as designer of the Pan Am Building, xiii, 2, 50, transportation network, 10, 14, 89, 244 58–59, 77, 82–84, 87, 117, 119, 138–139, urban design, 3, 10, 14, 16, 19, 20, 22, 333 156–157, 159, 160–163, 173, 212, 233, 248, Graves, Michael, 353 269, 275, 304, 353, 376, 382 Portland Public Services Building, 353 early proposal with forecourt, plaza, or park, Gray, Christopher (Ofﬁce of Metropolitan His- 96, 97, 169, 233, 234, 236, 269, 377 tory, New York City), 368, 383–384 eightieth birthday party, 285–287 Greene, Herb, 230 and Goble, 188–191 Gregotti, Vittorio, 300 and the heliport, 198 Gropius, Ise, 298, 301 and historic preservation, 29, 76, 288–289, Gropius, Walter, 58, 64–69, 65, 254, 256, 329, 328 336, 343–345, 347, 370. See also The Archi- and history, 297 (see also Historic preser- tects Collaborative (TAC); Walter Gropius vation) Archive Hochschule für Gestaltung address, 280–281 AIA Gold Medal, 68, 281 and Philip Johnson, 328 and “Anti-Uglies” movement, 177 and Kepes, 143 “Apollo in the democracy” (concept), 67–69, and lighting (exterior) of the building, 198 159 and Lippold, 143–144, 145–148, 149 Apollo in the Democracy (book), 294–295 lobby, 347, 354, 355 and architectural history, 3, 329 (see also His- and Loos, 300 toric preservation) 1972 retrospective exhibition, 298–299 “L’architetto e la socìettà,” 291 ofﬁce building in Piccadilly Circus, 177 and art work, Pan Am Building, 141–151 one-hundredth birthday, 299–300 and Blake, 249, 252 responses to criticism, 191–195, 249, 252, Busch-Reisinger exhibition, 300–301 266–267, 269–271, 284–287, 288–289, 291 as chairman of the department of architecture “Scope of Total Architecture,” 157, 257, 305 at Harvard, xiv, 64, 68 stellar reputation, xiv, xv, 59–62, 64, 68, 158, and Chermayeff, 111 163, 167–168, 256, 275, 295, 377 471 INDEX

teamwork concept, 69–70, 189, 239, 279– and Gropius, 64, 67, 239, 279–280, 336 280, 283–284, 293–294, 296, 297–298, 302, historic preservation, 324, 326, 327, 329–330, 306–307, 398n122 335, 339–341 “Tradition and Continuity in Architecture,” “Lost New York of the Pan American Airways 267, 287–290 Building,” 238–247, 241, 287, 335, 339 “Unity in Diversity,” 188–189, 266 and the Pan Am Building, 335, 338, 341, 384 vision of Pan Am Building, 84, 370, 385 (see also Haskell, Douglas, “Lost New York Walter Gropius Archive, 303–305 of the Pan American Airways Building”) Williams College address, 286–287 and Pei, 23, 25, 45 and Wolfson, 58–61, 97 private versus public interests, 14, 22, 127, and Zevi, 268–271 242–245, 340–341 Gropius/Belluschi early proposal with forecourt proposed book, 335–338 or plaza, 96, 97, 169, 233, 234, 236, 269, and the railroads, 7, 26, 46, 112–127, 244– 377 245, 255, 339–341 Gropius/Belluschi/Roth collaboration, 77, 94– on the Roth proposal, 32–33 104, 96, 105, 110, 112, 169, 278. See also and Wolfson, 125, 240, 338 “Grand Central City” Heckscher, August, 238, 302–303, 335, 376 Gropius/Belluschi/Roth project, 63, 77–82, 79, Heliport, 304–305, 310–324, 325, 313, 316, 81, 158, 168. See also “Grand Central City” 317, 323, 339, 372 Gruen, Victor. 125, 160–163, 165 criticism of, 199, 310–312, 314, 318, 320– 322, 324 Hale, Jonathan, 305–307 in Emery Roth & Sons proposal, 50, 196 Harlem (New York and Harlem) Railroad, 4, 7 fatal accident, 324, 325 Harkness, John, 303. See also The Architects in Fellheimer and Wagner proposal, 27, 196 Collaborative (TAC) in Gropius/Belluschi/Roth project, 191, 192 Harkness, Sarah, 70. See also The Architects proposal for, 196–199 Collaborative (TAC) Helmsley Building, 353, 363–364, 372. See Haskell, Douglas, xiv, xvi, 53, 255–258 also New York Central Building; New York and architectural criticism, 53, 237, 239, 257 General Building (see also Architectural criticism, Forum’s Historic preservation, xiv, 289, 324, 326–341, stance on) 345–346, 372 and Belluschi, 239 Holden, Arthur C., 345–346 bowling alley proposal, 120–127 Humphrey, Vice President Hubert, 318 College Art Association talk, 341 Huxtable, Ada Louise, xiv, xvi, 50, 53–54, 59, and the Grand Central concourse, 25, 32 156, 216, 225, 276, 371, 377, 384 criticism of the Pan Am Building, 238–247, 287 on alliance between art and architecture, 142 and the Grand Central Terminal, 7, 19, 23, 25– and architectural criticism, 53, 223 26, 32–33, 45, 46, 50, 121, 127, 156, 239– and architectural history, 53, 55, 179 247, 324, 326, 327, 329, 335–341 (see also criticism of the “Grand Central City” (Pan Am) Grand Central Terminal, urban design) building, 163–166, 164, 176–177, 223–224, and Grand Central urban design, 14, 19, 29, 263 32–33 on Gropius, 297–298 472 INDEX

Huxtable, Ada Louise (continued) Landauer, James D., 210, 216, 276–277, 279, and historic preservation, 55, 326, 329 338. See also James D. Landauer Associ- “Marvel or Monster?” 163–166, 164, 329, ates, Inc. 370 Landmarks Preservation Commission, 326– on proposed Breuer tower, 343 327, 330–331, 333, 339, 345, 364, 376, 384 on quality in architecture, 55–58, 179–180, Lautenberg, Saul, 42–44 224–227 Le Corbusier, 98, 100, 218, 246, 261–262, 279, review of 1972 Gropius retrospective exhibi- 282, 293, 296–297, 302, 328 tion, 299 Lever House, 2, 50, 52–54, 91, 97, 126, 177, and the transformation of Park Avenue, 51– 180, 218, 242, 266, 371. See also Skidmore, 58, 180 Owings & Merrill Lindbergh, Charles, 132, 406n126 Idlewild Airport, 128. See also Kennedy (JFK) Lindsay, John V., 312, 320 Airport Lippold, Richard, 142–151, 150, 294, 354 Isaacs, Reginald, 299–300, 302–303 Lollar, Coleman, 367–368 Gropius biography, 302–303, 305–307 McGinnis, Patrick B., 25, 27, 45 Jacobs, Jane, xiv, 40, 58–59, 191, 260 McKim, Mead & White, 10, 16, 326. See also Death and Life of Great American Cities, Pennsylvania Railroad Station (Penn Station) xiii, xv Grand Central Terminal proposal, 17 James D. Landauer Associates, Inc., 50, 349. McLaughlin, Christopher, 363–365 See also Landauer, James D. McQuade, Walter, 29, 161–163 James Ruderman Ofﬁce, 91, 188. See also Mailer, Norman, 254 Ruderman, James “Marvel or Monster?” 163–166, 164. See also Jencks, Charles, xiii, 299, 385 Huxtable, Ada Louise Johnson, Lyndon B., 312 Meeks, Carroll, 26, 46 Johnson, Philip, 54, 276, 290, 326, 328–329, Merchandise Mart, 169, 212 351, 384 MetLife Building, 366, 376, 377, 382. See also AT&T Building, 351, 353, 373 Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Jones, Cranston, 284 (MetLife) Jordy, William, 262–263, 384–385 Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (MetLife), 347, 349–351, 363. See also Kahn, Ely Jacques, 267 MetLife Building Kaufmann, Edgar, Jr., xvi, 167–171, 194, 235, Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, xv, xvi, 54, 174, 384 256, 279, 282, 293, 296, 297, 302, 328, 329, Kay, Jane Holtz, 301, 384 343–344. See also Seagram Building Keiley, S. T., 120 Modernism Kennedy (JFK) Airport, 310–311, 314. See also changing attitudes toward, xiii, xvi, 84, 305, Idlewild Airport 329, 345, 371, 385 Kepes, Gyorgy, 143–144, 152, 228, 305, 354 demise of, xiv, xv, xvi, 305, 371, 376, 385 Kirk, Paul, 230 European, xvi, 328–329 Kyle, Gordon I., 217, 223 ideals of, xiii, xv, 387 473 INDEX

and the Seagram Building, xv, 306 New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad, Moholy-Nagy, Sibyl, xiv, 158–160, 173, 191, 4, 45, 47, 87, 118. See also McGinnis, 194, 267, 271 Patrick B. “Hitler’s Revenge,” 343–345 New York Real Estate Board, 87 MoMA, 181, 370 New York State Realty and Terminal Company, Morse, Carl, 44, 109, 114–116, 119, 210, 260. 50 See also Diesel Construction Company Mo-Sai panels, 105, 106, 107, 109, 119 Oldenburg, Claes, “Proposed Colossal Monu- Moses King (publisher), Dream of New York, ment for Park Avenue, New York City: Good 196, 197 Humor Bar,” 380, 381 Mumford, Lewis, 45 Municipal Art Society, 120, 363, 384 Pan Am Building, 172, 213, 219, 229, 241, 292, Murphy, Jim, 278–279 315, 356, 378, 379. See also “Grand Central City” (Wolfson’s); MetLife Building Nelson, George, 182 art work, 141–151, 246, 305 Nerdinger, Winfried, 300–302 bowling alley proposal, 120–127, 122, 123 Nespole, James, 340 circulation, 188, 191, 278, 304, 338–339 New School for Social Research debate, 160– concourse, with John Glenn launch into 166, 193, 195, 271, 277, 337, 346 space, 201, 204 New York Airways, 196, 198, 312, 318, 321– construction of, 95, 109, 114–119, 199–209, 322, 324. See also Cummings, Robert L. 200, 202, 203, 205, 206, 207, 210–212 New York Central Building, 32, 56–57, 80, 97, controversy over, 2, 151, 156–188, 201, 221, 100, 158, 218, 221, 262, 286, 288, 371–372, 283, 324, 345, 353 (see also Heliport; His- 377. See also Helmsley Building; New York toric preservation; Pan Am Building, criti- General Building; Warren and Wetmore cism of) New York Central Railroad, 3–4, 7, 22, 44–45, criticism of, 216, 218–224, 226–228, 230– 49–53, 87, 90, 240 233, 238–255, 257–260, 263, 266–271, air rights over train tracks, 10, 14, 45 324, 329, 333, 338, 343–345, 362–363, bowling alleys controversy, 120–127 370–380, 384 dispute with New York, New Haven and Hart- cutaway view, 209 ford Railroads, 45, 47, 89 defense of, 188–196, 223, 228–229, 233– real estate holdings, 22–23, 24, 25, 44–45, 238, 268–269 46–47, 50, 52, 53, 120, 175–176, 244–245, design process, 105–111 246, 261, 326, 346 as emblematic of modernism gone awry, xvi, and Zeckendorf, 44–45, 47 247, 254, 255, 261 New York City Board of Estimates, 312, 322, exterior lighting, 111, 112, 171, 212 327 ﬁnancial success of, 216–218, 248, 261 New York City Planning Commission, 80, 120, ﬁnancing of, 86–89, 181 127, 231, 238, 247, 311, 327 futurist connection, 10, 242, 255, 310, 314, New York General Building, 183, 233, 236, 339 269–270. See also Helmsley Building; New heliport (see Heliport) York Central Building landmark status, 368, 380 474 INDEX

Pan Am Building (continued) Boeing jets, 130, 131, 350, 357–359, 362, lobbies, 111–112, 113, 150, 152, 228, 246, 368, 382–383 347, 351–354, 352, 355 Boeing Stratocruiser, 132, 134 as mistake to avoid, 255, 261, 333, 338, 368, China Clipper, 132, 133, 362 380, 382 demise of, 357–362, 386–387 Mo-Sai panels, 105, 106, 107, 109, 119, 202– final flight, 362 203, 226 first jet aircraft christened by First Lady as most disliked, 373, 375, 376, 380, 382 Mamie Eisenhower, 132, 135 name change, 363–367 first scheduled passenger flight from Key opening, 212, 213 West to Havana, 132, 133 Pan American World Airways as major tenant, Flight 103 over Lockerbie, 357, 360 111, 128–129, 137–138, 174, 217, 261, 303, as Pan Am Building’s main tenant, 111, 128, 315, 386 137–138, 174, 217, 261, 303 Plexiglas model, 105, 108 and sale of building, 346, 349–351 records set by, 50, 117–118, 137, 141, 171, as symbol, 132, 137, 360–362, 367–368 201, 210, 212, 223, 347, 386 terminal building, Idlewild (later, JFK) Airport, rooftop addition, 373, 374 128, 130, 131, 314 sale of, 346–351, 348, 359 Park Avenue, 4, 7, 32, 177–178. See also City signage, 111, 138–139, 171 Beautiful Movement site, xiv, 187, 194, 216, 221, 245, 263, 304, development of, in 1920s, 7, 11, 22 310, 337, 353 (see also Grand Central Ter- development over tracks, 14, 90 (see also minal) Park-Lexington Building) steel framing, 94, 117, 201, 205, 206, 208, postwar transformation of, xiv, 2, 51–58, 176– 209 178, 220–221, 236, 245, 286 structural diagrams, 172, 211 pre- and post-Pan Am Building, 218, 219, 249, structural engineering of, 89–94, 171 250–251 as symbol, xvi, 78, 83–84, 223, 233, 246–247, role of, in Grand Central urban design, 3, 359, 363, 365, 367, 370, 386 16, 19 tenants, 217 (see also Pan American World Roth buildings on, 37, 185, 186, 276 Airways) vista, xiii, 2–3, 19, 56, 57, 100, 173, 176, 183, ticket office, 139–141, 140, 315 218, 222, 230, 254, 261–263, 264, 267, 278, topping out of steel frame, 180, 201, 208 290, 303, 331, 333, 363–364, 371, 376– as transportation hub, 310 (see also Pan Am 377, 377 Building, site) Park-Lexington Building, 90 as turning point in American culture, xvi, 247, Parry, Natalie, 159–160, 194, 271 307, 385–387 Pehnt, Wolfgang, 298 wind factor, 93–94, 400n23 Pei, I. M., 23, 25–26, 45, 46, 56 Pan American World Airways, xiv, 111, 119, Grand Central Terminal project, 23, 25, 27, 45, 128–138, 174, 303, 311, 314, 321–322, 324, 46–47, 48, 63, 168, 236 364–365, 382, 386. See also Trippe, Juan Penn Central Railroad, 331, 338, 340, 346– and Boeing, 357–358, 367, 382 347, 372 475 INDEX

Pennsylvania Railroad Station (Penn Station), list of possible co-designers, 59, 169 10, 16, 168, 242, 245, 262, 289, 290, 324, on Park Avenue, 220–221 326, 327–328, 329, 376, 382. See also His- and Wolfson, 40, 42, 59 toric preservation; McKim, Mead & White “Rothscrapers,” 51, 59, 274, 276 Pentagon, 49, 169, 212 Rowe, Colin, 293 Pepsi-Cola Building, 52, 54, 180 Ruderman, James, xiv, 90–94, 98, 100, 109, Peters, John, 307 110, 168, 386. See also James Ruderman Pinchis, Martin, 263, 265, 266–267 Ofﬁce proposal, Grand Central City, 263, 265, 266 and Roths, 92, 112, 114 Pirelli Headquarters Building, 98, 99 and Wolfson, 90–92 Platner, Warren, 353–354, 355 Rudolph, Paul, 3, 33 Port of New York Authority, 198 Portoghesi, Paolo, 385 Saady, Morris, 331 Postmodernism, xiv, xvi, 305, 339, 353–354, Sant’Elia, Antonio, 10, 243, 255, 339 373, 376, 385 Milan Central Station drawing, 10, 15, 243, 255 Private versus public interests, xiii–xiv, xvi, 3, 7, Scheftel, Herbert, 23, 32, 50 14, 125, 127, 242, 249, 255, 260, 311–312, Scheftel, Stuart, 23, 32, 49, 50, 87 324, 330, 333, 341, 345–346, 370, 387. See Schiff, Harold, 109, 188, 403n80 also Haskell, Douglas Schmertz, Mildred, 233–237, 259, 277, 380 Scully, Vincent, 177–178, 181, 218–220, 222, Railroad industry, 26, 386 290, 328, 371, 384 decline of, xiv, 4, 22, 128, 244, 386 American Architecture and Urbanism, 262, 384 history of, in New York City, 4–10 “Death of the Street,” xiv, 218–220, 219 real estate holdings, 4, 22 (see also New York debate with Mailer, 254 Central Railroad) Seagram Building, 50, 52–54, 126, 142, 175, RCA Building, 63, 80, 86, 168, 400n19 177, 180, 218, 220, 237, 242, 306, 349, Reed, Charles. See Reed and Stem 371, 385 Reed and Stem, 16, 27 as milestone in modernism, xv, 385 Grand Central Terminal proposal, 16, 17 Seawell, William T., 347, 349, 358–359 Reis, Walter C., 157 September 11, 2001, xiv, 382–383 Rockefeller, Governor Nelson , 318, 319 Shapiro, Murray, 91. See also James Ruderman Rockefeller Center, 14, 46, 242, 244, 246, 357 Ofﬁce Rossi, Aldo, 290 Sikorsky S-61L (helicopter), 321 Roth, Emery, 35. See also Emery Roth & Sons Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, 54, 142. See also Roth, Julian, 35. See also Emery Roth & Sons Lever House Roth, Richard, 32, 41, 253. See also Emery Spellman, Cardinal Francis Joseph, 318, 319 Roth & Sons Stein, Clarence, 45 as co-designer of “Grand Central City,” 62, Stem, Allen. See Reed and Stem 110, 118–119, 158, 160, 163, 165 Stern, Robert, 328–329, 367, 368, 384, 389n6 criticism of, 184–185, 227, 274–276 Stevens, Roger L., 44, 72, 393n55 “High-Rise Down to Earth,” 40, 56, 393n43 Stirling, James, 373 476 INDEX

Tafel, Edgar A., 230 White, John R., 349–351. See also James D. Tauranac, John, 372 Landauer Associates, Inc. Temko, Allan, 283, 384 Wilgus, William J., 14, 16, 84, 248, 341 The Architects Collaborative (TAC), 60, 64, 68– Williams, Frank, 338–339 70, 177, 266, 269, 271, 283, 284, 293, 298– Wolfson, Erwin, 42–44, 43, 159, 275. See also 299, 301, 303–304, 307, 344, 397n118 Diesel Construction Company Trippe, Juan, xiv, 119, 132, 136, 137, 318, 319, and appraisal of the building, 217 321, 346–347, 356, 357–358, 362, 367. See and the art work, Pan Am Building, 142–145 also Pan American World Airways and construction of the Pan Am, 116–117 and the art work, Pan Am Building, 142–149 contract with Gropius and Belluschi, 60–61, 97 deal with Wolfson, 111, 128, 129, 137–139, and Cotton, 86 171 criticism of, 121, 159–161, 167, 169, 173– and heliport, 196 174, 179, 183, 188, 245, 253, 260 signage, Pan Am Building, 138–139, 171 death of, 210, 338 his vision, Pan Am Building, 196, 310, 385–386 decision to engage Gropius and Belluschi, Trump, Donald, 347, 350 50–51, 56, 58–60, 62, 63–64, 68, 161, 169, Tunnard, Christopher, 262, 385 173, 182, 188, 269, 304 as developer of the Grand Central City/Pan Union Carbide Building, 52–54, 91, 126, 175, Am, xiv, 23, 29, 32, 40, 44–45, 49, 56, 63, 177, 180, 184, 194, 242, 244, 400n17 77, 87, 90, 110, 118–119, 160–161, 163, United Nations Secretariat, 100, 101, 126 169, 199, 304, 338, 386 Uris brothers, 40, 51, 91–92, 116, 220, 253, 275 estate of, 347 ﬁnancing of the building, 56, 86–87, 89 (see Vanderbilt, Cornelius (“Commodore”), 4–10, 51 also “Grand Central City”; Pan Am Building) Vanderbilt, William K., 10, 16, 46 and Gropius, 50, 156 Venturi, Robert, xv, 279, 290, 293, 307, 339 and Haskell, 125, 240, 338 von Eckardt, Wolf, xiv, xvi, 182–184, 370, 384 lease agreement with New York Central, 89 and Morse, 114 Wagner, Mayor Robert F., 212, 318, 319 rental plan, 50 Walter Gropius Archive, 303–305 and Roth, 40, 42, 59 Warren, Whitney, 16, 244. See also Warren and and Ruderman, 90–92 Wetmore on the site as park, 216, 260 Grand Central Terminal perspective draw- and Trippe, 128, 129, 137–139, 346 ing, 18 vision of Pan Am Building, 84, 385 Warren and Wetmore, 16–22, 32 and Young, 23, 45 Weinberg, Robert C., 120, 156–157 Wolfson Management Corporation, 44, 210 Werk, 263, 266 Woodbridge, Frederick, 2 Wetmore, Charles. See Warren and Wetmore World Trade Center, xiv, 276–277, 382–383, Webb & Knapp, 23. See also Pei, I. M.; Zeck- 400n19 endorf, William Wright, Frank Lloyd, 27, 256, 274, 279, 281– Whalen, Richard, 248, 259–261 282, 293, 296–297 477 INDEX

Yamasaki, Minoru, xiii, 46, 276–277 Young, Robert, 3, 22–23, 25, 27, 44–45, 47, 49, 87, 160, 324. See also New York Central Railroad

Zeckendorf, William, 23, 27, 42–44, 45, 47, 49, 56, 63, 87, 116, 217 Grand Central redevelopment plans, 23, 45, 194, 236 Zevi, Bruno, 268–271, 291, 301 Zodiac, 283 Zoning laws, 2, 80, 83, 158, 180, 193, 194, 220, 231, 249, 259, 260, 285, 310, 330, 347 Zucker, Paul, 160, 193–195, 270