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Uhm Phd 4407 R.Pdf UNIVERSITY OF HAWAii LiBRARY IN TIIE WAKE OF RULING ClllEFS: FOREST USE ON TIIE ISLAND OF HAWAI'I DURING TIIE TIME OF KAMEHAMEHA I A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO TIIE GRADUATE DIVISION OF TIIE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF TIIE REQUIREMENTS FOR TIIE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PIllLOSOPHY IN BOTANICAL SCIENCES (BOTANY) December 2003 By Benton K. Pang Dissertation Committee: Isabella A. Abbott, Chairperson Kim Bridges Lloyd L Loope Clifford W. Smith Sheila Conant TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 1 Community Ecology : 1 Threats to the Dry Forests of North Kona 8 Ethnohotany 9 LITERATURE CITED 16 CHAPTER 2: AN INTRODUCTION TO HAWAIIAN ETHNOBOTANY AND ETHNOGRAPHY IN THE DISTRICT OF NORTH KONA, AND ADJACENT SOUTH KOHALA, HAWAI'I 22 INTRODUCTION- Ahupua'a 22 The Hawaiian Diet 24 LITERATURE CITED 37 CHAPTER 3: LIVING OFF THE LAND: THE KONA FIELD SySTEM 40 LITERATURE CITED 46 CHAPTER 4: INTRODUCTION TO THE RESEARCH AND HYPOTHESES 49 Discussion ofLowland Lama Dry Forest 49 Geology 50 Climate 52 LITERATURE CITED 62 CHAPTER 5: NA MO'OLELO 'AINA: TRADITIONS OF THE LAND 65 INTRODUCTION 65 METHODS 65 RESULTS 66 Place Names in Ka'upulehu 66 An Overview of Hawaiian Settlement and Land Management Practices. 71 Kekaha-wai-'ole-o-na-Kona in Historic Narratives 73 Traditional and Early Historic Accounts (ca. 1860-1885) 75 Kekaha in the Time of 'Umi-a-Liloa (ca. 16th century) 76 Kekaha: ca. 1740 to 1801: the rise to political power ofKamehameha I. 77 Kekaha: 1812 to 1841 80 Population Records 82 Dry Forests 83 The Mahele of 1848 85 Hoa'aina (Native Tenants) in the Mahele 86 Residency and Land Use (ca. 1850 to 1903) 89 DISCUSSION 93 LITERATURE CITED 96 CHAPTER 6: FOREST STRUCTURE WITHIN A DRYLAND FOREST MOSAIC OF NORTH KONA, HAWAI'I... 99 v INTRODUCTION 99 STUDY SITE 101 METHODS 101 RESULTS 103 DISCUSSION 103 LITERATURE CITED 106 CHAPTER 7: FOREST RESOURCES AND POLITICAL POWER DURING THE TIME OF KAMEHAMEHA I (1775-1796): THE KAUHALE (HOUSING COMPOUND) 115 The Kauhale 115 RESULTS 119 DISCUSSION 121 LITERATURE CITED 125 CHAPTER 8: FOREST RESOURCES AND POLITICAL POWER DURING THE TIME OF KAMEHAMEHA I (1775-1796): THE WA'AKAULUA (WAR CANOE) 127 INTRODUCTION 127 The Hawaiian double hull canoe-Wa'a Kaulua 128 The Peleleu fleet 129 Kamehameha's naval fleet. 132 Parts of the Hawaiian war canoe 135 Platform 136 Mat Cover 137 Paddles 137 Mast and Sail... 137 DISCUSSION 140 CHAPTER 9: SUMMARY OF HyPOTHESES 151 INTRODUCTION 151 APPENDIX A: SPECIES LIST 154 APPENDIX B: RAW DATA TABLES 160 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Ahupua'a of North Kona District, Island ofHawai'i 26 Figure 2: Geology of Ka'iipiilehu Ahupua'a .53 Figure 3: Geology of Ka'iipiilehu Exclosure 58 Figure 4: Relative Density of Trees at Ka'iipiilehu (per hectare) .108 Figure 5: Relative Cover ofTrees at Ka'ilpiilehu (per hectare) 108 Figure 6: Abundance Histogcam for the Most Abundant Species in the Understory .109 Figure 7: Mean Diameter at Breast Height (cm) per hectare for the most common canopy trees 109 Figure 8: Density of Diospyros sandwicensis .110 Figure 9: Density of Santalum paniculatum 110 Figure 10: Density of Nototrichium sandwicense lll Figure 11: Density ofPsydrax odorata 111 Figure 12: Density of Sophora chrysophylla 112 Figure 13: Density of Colubrina oppositifolia l13 Figure 14: Density ofNothocestrum breviflorum .113 Figure 15: Density of Osteomeles anthyllidifolia 114 Figure 16: Density ofPleomele hawaiiensis 114 Figure 17: Kamehameha's kauhale at Kawaihae, Hawai'i in 1819, drawn by by Louis Duperrey (Freycinet 1824-1844) 118 Figure 18: Diagram ofWa'a Kalua (Double Hull Canoe) 138 va LIST OF TABLES Table I: Place Names of Ka'upUiehu (from Soehren 1963) 67 Table 2: Place names within the boundaries of Ka'upUiehu (Soehren 1963) 67 Table 3: Tools from the Kekaha region, North Kona 84 Table 4: Land Commission Awards 87 Table 5: Land Index Records 88 Table 6: Woods used in a Hawaiian house 123 Table 7: Numbers of trees, branches, and other plants needed for building a chief's house (15 m X 7 m) 124 Table 8: Native trees of Ka'upUiehu available for construction of chiefly kauhale 124 Table 9: Historical Double-Hull Canoe Observations 145 Table 10: Native Hardwoods ofthe Hawaiian Double Hull Canoe 146 Table 11: Number ofdry forest trees necessary to manufacture a Double-Hull Canoe .146 Table 12: Dimensions of a Hawaiian canoe paddle (from Buck 1961) 146 Table 13: Trees at Ka'upUiehu preserve available for canoe making 147 Table 14: Species List ofplants of the Ka'upUiehu Preserve 155 viii Acknowledgments I wish to acknowledge Hannah Kihalani Springer and her husband Michael Tomich who first gave me the inspiration for this study at Ka'iipiHehu. I am grateful to Peter Simmons and Kamehameha Schools who provided me access to the Ka'iipiHehu exclosure and to Dr. Clifford Smith and the Cooperative Parks Studies Unit who provided logistical support. I could not have accomplished my field work without the assistance from: Ane Bakutis, James Kwon, Kuhilani LeGrande, Steve Montgomery, Ph.D., and Kaleleonalani Napoleon. Dr. Isabella A. Abbott provided me all the confidence and guidance in the Botany Department that would make any graduate student feel greatly appreciated. I also wish to acknowledge the exceptional support from my dissertation committee whose patience and support were truly remarkable. IX CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW INTRODUCTION The dry forest community at Ka'upfilehu, North Kona was once composed of a forested community of several endemic tree and shrub species. These trees and shrubs became naturally fragmented due to catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions and lightning strikes. In time, Polynesians inhabited the coastal regions and Hawaiian communities eventually developed within North Kona with experts in fishing, planting, bird hunting and traditional medicine and healing. Wood for houses, herbs for medicine, hardwood trees shaped into weapons and fishing implements were all made from plant resources gathered in the upland dry forests. However, since the late 1800's introduced grasses used for fodder for cattle, and cattle ranching have overwhelmed and degraded a once vigorous Hawaiian plant community with a landscape of alien grasses and forbs. A literature review about dry forest ecology and ethnobotany in Hawai'i is given. The following sections discuss the major tenets derived from this review on plant rarity, community ecology, ethnobotany, and Hawaiian ethnography. Community Ecology Community ecology is a science with a legacy of empirical and theoretical aspects. It is a broad science encompassing a diversity of organisms in a multitude of habitats. It is also a dynamic science always formulating new hypotheses, collecting more data and re­ examining previous paradigms. 1 Theophrastus of ancient Greece may have been the first to systematically note the presence of associated plant species (Kendeigh 1954), but Humboldt in his works from 1805 to 1807 is recognized as the first to introduce the idea of communities characterized by their dominant plant species (Whittaker 1965, Mueller-Dombois and Ellenberg 1974). However, Gleason (1939) attributes "the first definite, scientific discussion of the subject" to Grisebach in 1838. Whether in 4th century B.C., the 1800's, or the present botanists do agree that "plant associations exist; we can walk over them, we can measure their extent, we can describe their structure in terms of their component species, we can correlate them with their environment, we can frequently discover their past history and make inferences about their future" (Gleason 1926). The history of plant ecology is replete with controversy about "what is a plant community." Cain (1939), Conard (1939), Egler (1951), Whittaker (1965), and Mueller-Dombois and Ellenberg (1974) have reviewed the various approaches to plant community theory. The great diversity in community interpretation may be explained as a result of different levels of discerning within-community variation, different emphases given to variation between communities, different values placed on structure and processes in vegetation, and even different studies of homeland habitats and vegetation types advanced by the various plant ecologists. Thus, various orientations or systems of community identification were developed, such as floristic-systematic, physiognomic, edaphic-environment, successional-dynamic, and mathematical-statistical which mayor may not always correspond to so-called schools or traditions of plant ecology, such as the Zurich­ Montpellier Schools, the Northern or Scandinavian School, the Russian Tradition, the Chicago or American School, and the British Tradition. 2 The significant ideas or concepts of what is a community persist longer than any label. Several perspectives dominate the literature: 1) the community as an organism, 2) the community as a quasi-organism, 3) the community as an individual, 4) the community as a working mechanism, 5) the community as a combination of ecological species groups, and 7) the community as a system of interactions. The community "as an organism...arises, grows, matures, and dies. [It] is able to reproduce itself, repeating with essential fidelity the stages of its development. The life­ history of a [community] is a complex but definite process, comparable in its chief features with the life-history of an individual plant" (Clements 1916). According to Clements, this community reproduction or succession process is the key to community structure, and the developmental or seral nature of communities is paramount. The climax community, determined by climate and habitat, is the endpoint of succession, the mature organism. Many embraced this theory, some (Phillips 1935) with almost religious fervor, "I have definitely gone further: I have accepted the biotic community as a complex organism (p. 497)....the concept of the individual organism... 'It has not been tried and found wanting: it has been found difficult and not tried'" (p. 504). Others called the organismal concept "a flight of imagination" (Braun-Blanquet 1932), and a "hard­ and-fast crystallization of ecological phenomena into fixed and inviolable laws" (Gleason 1929).
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