Coleridge's Phantom and Fact
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COLERIDGE’S PHANTOM AND FACT: TWO NATURES, TRINITARIAN RESOLUTION, AND THE FORMATION OF THE PENTAD TO 1825 BY KIYOSHI TSUCHIYA SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF PH. D. TO THE UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW CENTRE FOR THE STUDY OF LITERATURE AND THEOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LITERATURE DECEMBER 1994 © KIYOSHI TSUCHIYA ProQuest Number: 13818408 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 13818408 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 (oon Csfi^j h(si___ -IIBRAJgy Abstract This thesis discusses how Coleridge develops his trinitarianism, 'God1 'man1, and 'nature', in response to modern philosophies since Descartes, especially to Kant's phenomenology, and how he finally forms the 'Pentad' in 1825. It will have seven chapters. The first chapter discusses his two unexecuted plans, 'the hymns to the elements' (1796) and 'Soother of Absence' (1802-10). It investigates how he comes to think that the hymn, or, the praise of the divine presence in nature, is the original and ideal form of poetry, and how he falls behind his ideal and replaces the first plan with the second. The purpose of the chapter is to show how his experience as a poet prepares the ground of his later philosophy and theology. The second chapter interprets 'The Ancient Mariner' (1798) as a poem about the departure from created nature to uncreated ocean, as an autobiographical poem about Coleridge's own yearning for 'something one & indivisible' which leads him to recognize that nature has turned 'ideot', that he has fallen from divine nature. The third chapter shows how in 'Dejection Ode' (1802) he contrasts his 'dejection' with 'Joy' and acknowledges his failure as a poet of nature. It also discusses his attempted recovery from 'Reality's dark dream' by the 'Phantom' creativity of the active human mind illustrated in 'Apologia pro Vita sua' (1800). The fourth chapter concentrates on his days in Malta 1804-5. The first half shows how he experiences difficulty in distinguishing the product of 'the Phantom creativity' from 'Reality's dark dream', and how he shifts the problem to an ethical ground, and finds Kant's ethics insufficient for his problem. The second half shows how he begins to form his 'trinitarianism' under such circumstances and to use the term 'symbol' in relating God and man. The first half of the fifth chapter deals with his ontological speculation on 'space' and shows that it leads him to adopt Leibnizian 'Hypopoeesis', contrasted with Newtonian 'Hypothesis', as an advanced form of 'the Phantom creativity' of the human mind. The second half interprets his 'Confessio Fidei' (1810) as his attempt to accept and to rewrite Kant's ethics in theological terms in order to deal with 'an original corruption in our nature'. The sixth chapter argues that his theory of imagination in Biographia Literaria (1817) is his response to Kant's phenomenology which draws on his own long-standing speculation on the passivity and activity of the human mind, and that he leads his argument towards 'art' and hints at the 'artistic' recovery of human nature. The final chapter deals with the metaphysical and theological recapitulations of his theory of imagination in the Logic (1823-9), and in Aids to Reflection (1825), and shows, as a conclusion, that by forming the Pentad he anchors the whole of his philosophical and theological argument on the mediatory function of 'the spirit, or, 'Mesothesis' of the Pentad. Contents Acknowledgment v Abbreviations for Primary Sources vi Introduction 9 1 'Hymn of Joy' and 'Soother of Absence' 15 2 'The Ancient Mariner' and Departure from Divine Nature 61 3 'Dejection Ode' and the Theft of His Own 'Nature' 93 4 Trinitarianism:'Symbol'and Human Trinity 130 5 'Hypopoeesis' and 'Confessio Fidei' 170 6 Transcendentalism in Biographia Literaria 205 7 The 'Pentad' in Aids to Reflection 244 Bibliography 280 Acknowledgement It was in the summer 1990 that I received the idea of this thesis. Placed at the centre of a vast, uncircumscribed landscape, I suddenly became convinced that divine creation and human perception cannot but meet at this point. Coleridge's Pentad then appeared to me to be an attempt of putting this experience into a diagram. I was given an opportunity for research in St Chad's College, Durham, from 1989 to 1991, and in the Department of English Literature and the Faculty of Divinity, Glasgow, from 1991 to 1994. The present thesis is the result of five- year research at the Centre for the Study of Literature and Theology. Dr. David Jasper, the director of the Centre, provided an ideal environment for study, inspired enthusiasm, and never failed to give advice and encouragement. Mr Andrew Flass read the draft and made many helpful suggestions about my English. I met many friends. I remember with gratitude that what was given me these years is disproportionately greater than what I offer now. Lastly I thank my parents for their kind, quiet support. Abbreviations for Primary Sources AR Aids to Reflection, ed. John Beer, in Collected Coleridge, vol. 9 (London and Princeton, 1993) BL Biographia Literaria, ed. James Engell and W. Jackson Bate, 2 vols, in Collected Coleridge, vol. 7 (London and Princeton, 1 9 8 3 ) C &S On the Constitution of the Church and State, ed. John Colmer, in Collected Coleridge, voi. 10 (London and Princeton, 1976) CIS Confessions of an Inquiring Spirit, ed. Henry Nelson Coleridge (London, 1840) CL Collected Letters of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, ed. Earl Leslie Griggs, 6 vols (Oxford and New York, 1956-71) CM Marginalia, ed. George Whalley and H.J. Jackson, 3 vols to date, in Collected Coleridge, vol. 12 (London and Princeton, 1 9 8 0 -9 2 ) CN The Notebooks of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, ed. Kathleen Coburn and Merton Christensen, 4 vols to date (London and New York, 1957-90) C 17th C Coleridge on the Seventeenth Century, ed. Roberta Florence Brinkley (Durham, NC, 1955) Friend The Friend, ed. Barbara E. Rooke, 2 vols, in C ollected Coleridge, vol. 4 (London and Princeton, 1969) IS Inquiring Spirit: A New Presentation of Coleridge from his Published and Unpublished Prose Writings, ed. Kathleen Coburn, rev. edn (Toronto, 1979) Lects 7 795 Lectures 7 795: On Politics and Religion, ed. Lewis Patton and Peter Mann, in Collected Coleridge, vol. 1 (London and Princeton, 1971) L Lects Lectures 1808-19: On Literature, ed. Reginald A Foakes, 2 vols, in Collected Coleridge, vol. 5 (London and Princeton, 1 9 8 4 ) Logic Logic, ed. J.R. de J. Jackson, in Collected Coleridge, vol. 13 (London and Princeton, 1980) LR The Literary Remains of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, ed. Henry Nelson Coleridge, 4 vols (London, 1836-9) Lay Sermons, ed. R.J. White, in Collected Coleridge, vol. 6 (London and Princeton, 1972) MC Miscellaneous Criticism, ed. T. M. Raysor (London, 1936) Phil Lects The Philosophical Lectures of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, ed. Kathleen Coburn (London, 1949) Poems Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Poems, ed. John Beer (London, 1 9 7 4 ) P W The Complete Poetical Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, ed. E.H. Coleridge, 2 vols (Oxford, 1912) ShC Shakespearean Criticism, ed. T. M. Raysor, 2 vols, 2nd edn (London, 1960) SM The Statesman's Manual, in Lay Sermons, ed. R.J. White, in Collected Coleridge, vol. 6 (London and Princeton, 1972) 71 'The Theory of Life1, in Miscellanies, /Esthetic and Literary: to Which Is Added The Theory of Life, ed. T. Ashe (London, 1 8 8 5 ) 7T Table Talk, ed. Carl Woodring, 2 vols, in Collected Coleridge, vol. 14 (London and Princeton, 1990) Introduction A reader of Coleridge soon discovers that a small fragmentary piece may carry the whole weight of his philosophy and theology. In his major works, Coleridge both confesses and inquires, and produces a large mosaic of the accounts of his personal life organized by his philosophical and theological endeavour to make sense of them. And he is even so in a small fragment. He often reveals the essence of his thinking in a drafted poem of just one stanza, a Notebook entry of a few lines or a brief aphorism in a letter. 'Phantom or Fact: A Dialogue in Verse', probably of 1830,1 is such a typically Coleridgean small piece. The 'AUTFIOR' presents his brief autobiographical account in the first stanza, and the 'FRIEND' asks about 'This riddling tale' in the second stanza. Then the 'AUTFIOR' concludes the poem: Call it a moment's work (and such it seems) This tale's a fragment from the life of dreams; But say, that years matur'd the silent strife, And 'tis a record from the dream of life. 'Phantom or Fact' is a philosophical and, in Coleridge's case, a theological question. But first of all it is a personal question which imposes on him the choice between his miserable 'life' and his bright 'dream'. He cannot make this choice since it is either to confine himself in the lightless 'life' or to deceive himself in the bright but untrue 'dream'. All his philosophy and theology is an effort to avoid such a choice and proceed from 'Phantom or Fact1 to 'Phantom and Fact'.