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Der Islam Als Politischer Faktor Vorwort

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Der Islam Als Politischer Faktor Vorwort Peter Antes Der Islam als politischer Faktor Vorwort Vorwort der Niedersächsischen Kultusministerin In diesen Wochen zieht die Welt- beschäftigen oder nehmen über- religion Islam besonders große Auf- wiegend nur äußere Erscheinungs- merksamkeit auf sich . formen wahr, ohne sich mit seiner Geschichte oder seinem Wesensge- Die aktuellen Ereignisse in der Folge halt zu beschäftigen. Deshalb ist ge- terroristischer Anschläge in den USA rade jetzt der „Dialog der Kulturen“ wirken sich in vielfacher Weise zu- ein besonders wichtiges Erfordernis, mindest mittelbar auch auf unser dem die vorliegende Schrift Rech- Land mit seinem erheblichen Anteil nung trägt. Bereits ihr Titel macht an Menschen muslimischen Glaubens deutlich, dass wir den Islam über aus. seine religiösen Aspekte hinaus in seiner politischen Dimension zu be- Wir alle spüren, dass sich neue greifen haben, im Inneren wie nach Fragen ergeben, die in ihrer Brisanz außen. und Schärfe unvorhersehbar waren. Nicht nur die verantwortlich Han- Lehrkräfte in unseren Schulen und delnden sind jetzt besonders heraus- Einrichtungen der Erwachsenenbil- gefordert. Alle Menschen machen dung brauchen Unterstützung, wenn sich Gedanken und auch Sorgen. sie sich im Rahmen ihres Auftrags mit dem Islam auseinandersetzen, denn Es gehört gerade in solchen Situatio- ihnen werden naturgemäß beson- nen zu den Kernaufgaben politischer ders viele Fragen gestellt. Die von Bildung, mit fundierten Sachinfor- Schülerinnen und Schülern aufge- mationen Beiträge zur öffentlichen nommenen Bilder sowie die Fülle Diskussion und zur Orientierung zu von Informationen aus den elektro- leisten, denn nicht wenige Bürgerin- nischen Medien bedürfen der ver- nen und Bürger sind zur Zeit ver- tiefenden Erläuterung und Inter- ständlicherweise verunsichert. Sie er- pretation in den Lerngruppen. Für warten Aufklärung , die ihnen hilft, die Erfüllung dieser wichtigen sich in einer schwierigen Lage eine pädagogischen Aufgabe ist die Meinung zu erarbeiten und somit Arbeit von Professor Peter Antes be- verhindert, dass Verallgemeinerun- sonders hilfreich. Sie erscheint zum gen und Vorurteile mit gefährlichen richtigen Zeitpunkt. Folgen Platz greifen. Deshalb begrüße ich, dass die Nieder- Jedes verantwortungsbewusste Mit- sächsische Landeszentrale für politi- glied unserer Gesellschaft muss an sche Bildung auf das Informationsbe- dieser Aufklärung interessiert sein, dürfnis einer breiten Öffentlichkeit denn sie ist Voraussetzung für das Zu- zügig reagiert hat und mit dieser Pu- sammenleben in einer kleiner und blikation in ihrer Reihe „Informativ enger werdenden Welt. und Aktuell“ gerade auch den Lehr- kräften in Niedersachsen eine inhalt- Vielen von uns erscheint der Islam liche Orientierung für ihre Arbeit er- fremd. Andere hatten oder haben möglicht, der ich guten Erfolg wün- keine Gelegenheit, sich mit ihm zu sche. Hannover, Oktober 2001 3 Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort zur 4. Auflage .......................................................................... 5 1 Einführung.......................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Religiöser Fundamentalismus und Kampf der Kulturen ........................ 8 1.2 Der Islam als Herausforderung Europas.................................................. 9 1.3 Das islamische Selbstverständnis.............................................................. 10 2 Der Islam zur Zeit Mohammeds ................................................................ 11 2.1 Der Koran als Offenbarung...................................................................... 12 2.1.1 Die Offenbarungsgeschichte.................................................................... 12 2.1.2 Gott als Autor des Koran.......................................................................... 13 2.1.3 Islamische Textkritik.................................................................................. 13 2.2 Monotheismus und Ethik ......................................................................... 13 2.2.1 Mohammeds Predigt in Mekka................................................................ 14 2.2.2 Mohammeds Predigt in Medina .............................................................. 15 2.2.3 Die Abrogationsproblematik ................................................................... 15 2.2.4 Die Problematik der konkreten Verordnungen...................................... 15 2.2.5 Gerechtigkeit ............................................................................................ 16 3 Die fünf Säulen des Islam ............................................................................ 17 3.1 Die Bekenntnisformel (shahada) ............................................................. 17 3.2 Das Gebet (‚alat)....................................................................................... 17 3.3 Zakat.......................................................................................................... 18 3.4 Das Fasten im Monat Ramadan ............................................................... 18 3.5 Die Wallfahrt nach Mekka ....................................................................... 20 3.6 Exkurs: Der Djihad .................................................................................... 20 4 „Fatalismus“ und menschliche Ordnung ............................................... 21 4.1 Gottes Allmacht und menschliche Handlungsfreiheit............................ 21 4.2 Zur Anthropologie.................................................................................... 22 5 Die Zeit nach Mohammed............................................................................ 23 5.1 Die geographische Ausbreitung .............................................................. 23 5.2 Probleme um die Nachfolge Mohammeds.............................................. 24 5.3 Kalifat und Führungsprinzip.................................................................... 24 6 Unterschiedliche Gruppierungen innerhalb des Islam .................... 25 6.1 Rechtsschulen und ihre Institutionen...................................................... 25 6.2 Die Wahhabiten........................................................................................ 26 6.3 Die Bruderschaften................................................................................... 27 6.4 Die Schiiten ............................................................................................... 27 6.4.1 Die Anfänge.............................................................................................. 27 6.4.2 Die Trauerfeierlichkeiten im Monat Muharram ..................................... 28 6.4.3 Die Imame und erste Spaltungen in der Schia........................................ 28 6.4.4 Der Mahdiglaube...................................................................................... 29 6.4.5 Dualistisches Gedankengut...................................................................... 30 6.4.6 Die Verheimlichung des religiösen Bekenntnisses.................................. 30 7 Die Ethik des Islam.......................................................................................... 31 7.1 Die Ideale der Erziehung des Einzelnen.................................................. 31 7.2 Das Verhältnis der Geschlechter untereinander ..................................... 32 7.3 Die islamische Wirtschaftsordnung ......................................................... 34 7.4 Das islamische Strafrecht.......................................................................... 35 7.5 Demokratie und Menschenrechte (einschließlich des Umganges mit Nichtmuslimen) ................................ 35 7.6 Das Leben von Muslimen in nicht-islamischen Ländern......................... 38 8 Ergebnis und Ausblick ................................................................................... 39 8.1 Das Festhalten an der Scharia.................................................................. 40 8.2 Der Koran als absoluter Maßstab ............................................................ 40 8.3 Ewig Gültiges und zeitlich Bedingtes im Koran...................................... 40 8.4 Die Rückkehr zur mekkanischen Botschaft............................................. 41 8.5 Ein weltlicher Staat................................................................................... 41 Verfassernotiz ........................................................................................................ 43 4 Vorwort Vorwort des Verfassers Seitdem am 11. September 2001 kann nur noch durch Terroraktionen durch Terroristen das World Trade herbei geführt werden. Die große Centre in New York zum Einsturz ge- Mehrheit dagegen setzt nach wie bracht wurde und das Pentagon in vor auf friedliche Formen der Ver- Flammen aufging und all dies mit änderung, wobei die vorgeschla- islamischen Terroristen aus der Schule genen Wege deutlich zeigen, dass Usama bin Ladens und seiner Qa’ida der Islam alles andere als ein einheit- in Verbindung gebracht wurde, hat licher Block ist, sondern sehr unter- ein bislang alle Erwartungen über- schiedliche Modelle diskutiert und treffendes Interesse an Informatio- teilweise ausprobiert werden. Jeder nen über den Islam eingesetzt, das Rückschlag allerdings scheint denen bewirkt hat, dass Ende Oktober 2001 Recht zu geben, die für gewalt- nahezu die gesamte Fachliteratur same Veränderungen eintreten und zum Thema Islam ausverkauft war. In an friedliche Lösungen nicht mehr dieser Phase des Hungers nach Infor- glauben. mation
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