Urbanistica n. 122 September-December 2003

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Angela Barbanente Urbanistica: differences between languages, focuses and cultures

Problems, policies, and research Policies and plans for medium sized cities in South Italy Giovanni Soda Urban policies in Cosenza Roberto Gerundo Salerno: a daring approach to town planning Paolo La Greca Programmes and policies of urban regeneration in Catania metropolitan area Antonio Pietro Latini The plan of Catania between the fox and the hedgehog Enrico Fontanari, Daniele Rallo Policies of conservation and revitalization of historic centres. The case of Ortigia (Siracusa) Carla Tedesco Europeanisation and urban policy initiatives in the Italian Mezzogiorno

Projects and implementation Augusto Cagnardi A fascinating adventure Augusto Cagnardi The new "italian city" for 80,000 inhabitants at Pujiang

Huang Xiang Ming One City, Nine Towns. Search for ideal suburbia in China

Profiles and practices Ilene Steingut Ground Zero: costruction, recostruction, participation

Teresa Cannarozzo Sicily: the interpretation of the territory in the Bourbon land registry of the first half of the XIX century

Methods and tools Stefano Stanghellini Equalization in the new master plan for Catania

Andrea Di Giovanni Reviews

Received books Urban policies in Cosenza development and centre of island in the centre of a History of urban planning Giovanni Soda* intellectual and human region depressed both and paradigms resources for the whole socially and economically. Cosenza has an unusual

U 122/03 area thanks to the location Indeed the area's economic urban structure, which is The fact that Calabria has of the largest university in and productive base is still reminiscent, if the analogy few towns is strange the region. For all these weak, unemployment is is not too farfetched, of the considering its origins as reasons, Cosenza appears high and social deprivation Colonial town in French the centre of the Magna to have the greatest and marginalisation is on north Africa. In these Grecia urban civilisation. potential for growth of high the increase. From an urban places, the ville nouvelle, The recurring image of tech and tertiary industries planning perspective, the with its straight wide Calabria is that of scattered in the region. To sum up, urban core of Cosenza- boulevards flanked by cafés settlements with little Cosenza is an urban Rende gives the impression and shops, is the modern binding infrastructure. That system (1) whose of being incomplete and antithesis of the medieval image hides a number of concentrated population like there is an evident lack of city with its maze of winding dynamic changes and does other metropolitan areas is services and green spaces lanes of tall houses and not take into account of the made up of a fluctuating in the part of Cosenza built crumbling palaces. A visitor polarisation and diffusion of mixture of residents, in the period of rapid to Cosenza cannot help settlements along the commuters, consumers and expansion in the 1970s. being struck by the almost principal arteries, among businessmen (2); it acts as Furthermore, from the urban metaphysical contrast which the valley of the river a service point for local and social point of view, as between the nineteenth Crati is the one which, in productive subsystems and well as from the perspective century design (viale recent years, has not only a focus for a network of of environmental harmony, Trieste, corso Umberto and shown the liveliest and most relations with the there is a stark contrast adjacent streets, parts of the dynamic growth but also surrounding area. Cosenza between areas of great Carmine and Lungo offer the best prospects for is open to the outside world quality and potential, and Busento quarters), which development. At the head of and possesses a good crisis areas. Moreover as a seem to have been the valley, in a site inhabited number of attractions result of the high demand designed by a surrealist since earliest times, lies (university, research for building in certain areas artist, and the old town, Cosenza, an inland centres, commercial (and neglect in others) parts which begins on the other Calabrian town. Cosenza system, culture and of the territorial system side of the bridge over the offers an excellent contrast services). It is important to (historic centre, river Busento, almost suspended to the stereotypes. It is, in mention also the strong ecosystems, rural, hillside on the semicircle of hills fact, an evolving town, a tradition of urban planning and plain landscapes) have that divide the long flat Crati node of a complex, in Rende, the recent suffered damage. valley from the buttresses of polycentric and dynamic relaunching of the image of What is striking, however, is the Sila mountains. The urban system. Cosenza, the balanced the widespread processes Busento and Crati rivers are The Cosenza urban area nature of its urban of dynamic change over the frontier, the symbolic, contains 120,000 environment, the absence recent years (spanning out physical and functional inhabitants (Cosenza, of largescale phenomena of from the urban core to the divide between the two Rende, Castrolibero), but abusivismo, the cultural and system of satellite completely different parts of that number can be doubled historic treasures housed in communes). In this sense, the town. This separation with a wider interpretation the old part of Cosenza to understand the Cosenza has, in fact, quite a recent (Cosenza, Rende, (Cosenza Vecchia), and the urban area means we have history. In the nineteenth Castrolibero and other potential for development to consider the context in century, the urban area was hinterland districts often connected with Cosenza's which significant restricted to the hills and it physically attached to each historic traditions as well as morphogenetic urban was only at the beginning of other or the three main those of Rende and other processes are at work. This the twentieth century, when areas). It constitutes the minor centres. All these is not all. In recent urban the population rose to over most evolved urban system factors place Cosenza in an and regional policy 20,000 that the city began in the region. This urban excellent position to developments financed to cross the rivers and concentration, clustered compete or cooperate with through public and move northwards around the two major other urban areas in community funding, there a transforming the countryside centres, Cosenza and southern Italy. Finally, if a process has emerged, below into an urban milieu, Rende, has now fused into comparison is made though not without until it at last converged a single urban core between Cosenza and other difficulties and with Rende to create the stretching from the historic urban centres in the region, contradictions, of conurbation of today. This centre of Cosenza at one it is clear that Cosenza is a cooperation between linear conurbation settled end, to the University of better place to live as it is different institutions that along the sides of natural Calabria in Rende at the better organised, has strong could form the basis of local (the Crati river and its other. Over the last 20 artistic and historical roots intercommunal networks tributaries) and manmade years, it has undergone and offers a variety of social that could become the features (the railway, the considerable change both activities and cultural community governance of Calabrian State Highway, from the physical and social diversity. the future. via Popilia which was the point of view. Cosenza and Of course, it would be ancient Roman road to Rende together have overstating the case to say Sicily). Between 1887 and become the motor of that Cosenza is an idyllic 1972, this expansion was

Urbanistica 2 www.planum.net governed by 5 planning acts the planning regulations in control of the politicians and coincidence that urban as regards Cosenza, and, 1972 were able to propose the construction lobby planning headed his as regards Rende, by the an alternative. This vision (administrators, election manifesto and the 1971 PRG (town plan), has many implications and bureaucrats, mediators, first priority was the which confirmed the north- anticipates a number of designers and approval of the modification south direction of questions that are still businessmen). The of the PRG. Attention was settlement. Without entering relevant today but pays little experience of Cosenza, focused on physical and into too much detail on the attention to the real however, was not marked social regeneration of the above mentioned planning possibilities of the situation by series cases of old town and the realisation instruments introduced by and is quite incapable of abusivismo. The limitations of a new north-south Cosenza (3), it should be tackling the problems imposed physical or transport system as a pointed out that the created by expansion along geographical features and means of reuniting the polarisation between the old the valley. Foremost among the absence of catalysts urban area. Other priorities town on the hill and the new these problems are the such as ports, largescale concerned integrating the one across the rivers, isolation of working class industrial or commercial university with the city, already latent in the 1939 areas with a high centres, spared the city, to a realising the Città dei plan, became accentuated percentage of public great extent, from the Ragazzi project and the after the war as a result of a housing such as San Vito, extremes of speculative construction of a new bridge demographic increase, by a Torrealta and via Popilia, building that happened in over the river Crati. The boom in construction and the marginalisation of the other towns in Southern purpose of this was to link the exploitation of lowlying ville nouvelle along the Italy. the town itself with the zone areas for building purposes. Busento and the decline of Nevertheless, the phase of to the east occupied by These dynamics were the old town, through unregulated expansion did gypsies in a shanty town furthered by the 1959 plan, depopulation, social have drastic effects on the which was very much the which, for the first time, exclusion and deprivation; town, when, as special symbol of urban decay, envisaged the town's the houses remain but there funding dried up, Cosenza marginalisation and social expansion up to the border are no inhabitants and no entered the final decade of exclusion. The idea was to with Rende. This was the community. the twentieth century with a knock down the bidonville period of unregulated The linear model of number of unresolved and rehouse the gypsies in intensive construction, in expansion followed in problems and much three new buildings. which new quarters without Cosenza replicates the uncertainty. Overbuilt in the Underpinning all this was services (including a classical paradigm of north, without any the vision of a new city: to number of public housing urbanisation in southern productive base in a region make Cosenza a cultural projects) were being Italy (5), dictated by the already suffering from social centre and relaunch its role constantly erected along the administrative needs of a and economic recession, its as the fulcrum of the urban main arterial routes in a united state, according to leading role threatened by network for the entire area, northerly direction. The which small and medium more dynamic parts of the focal point for high quality centre of gravity of the city, sized towns in southern Italy area, its population in services and functions, also which doubled in population are allocated a territorial decline, the town of through the transfer of parts between 1951 and 1981 (4), role and selected as Cosenza did not appear to of the university to the also moved northwards. As provincial capitals and city be in any position to cope centre of Cosenza. The a result, Cosenza became prefectures. Unlike the cities with the problems caused approval of the PRG in effectively joined with the in the north of Italy, these by decades of neglect. 1995 marked the end of a new residential areas in new administrative centres These included the long phase of ungoverned Rende and the land on the are seen as places where abandonment of the old growth, laying down the west bank of the river Crati wealth is collected and town, the isolation of guidelines of Mancini's became saturated with redistributed, rather than as outlying areas, traffic vision of the city of the construction. Rende, places where wealth is congestion, malfunctioning future. At the same time, however, though building created, i.e. centres of services, a poor quality of Cosenza joined the Urban also along a single axis, industry and production life and so on, all Programme, which was to albeit from the opposite which will lead to growth exacerbated by the city's be for the following five direction, applied different over time. An 'administrative linear morphology. A drastic years the financial motor for and much higher standards urbanism' (6), an change was needed in the administration's plan with regard to housing administrative urban strategic thinking to come to and the instrument for density and the relation structure of this kind, is grips with the vast urban redefining the city's image. between residential evident in the nouvelle ville sprawl that had grown up. The Urban experience in development and public and the quarters built during Cosenza has been the spaces. Being trapped in the 20 years of Fascism. The urban transformation object of various studies the logic of the time, in Grafted onto this matrix was in the 1990s and there is no need to go which Cosenza is seen as the post war construction The turning point for into further detail here (7). the node of the north-south boom, with the allocation of Cosenza came half way One should point out, infrastructure and the government funding. through the 1990s with the however, some basic directional centre of the Unfortunately, the planning election of Giacomo Mancini elements starting with the districts earmarked for regulators of the time were as mayor, an important choice of the two target agroindustrial development unwilling, or did not have figure in the history of Italian areas, the old town and via along the valley, not even the tools to, challenge the socialism. It was no Popilia. These areas

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www.planum.net suffered from a number of recently, a conference and works carried out so far the decades of neglect, serious problems: exhibition (8) centre, as well following deserve special problems such as depopulation, lack of as the headquarters of Info mention: the Città dei interconnecting Rende and services, poor housing, Point Europe. ragazzi, the river park along the university, with physical, social and There has been a the banks of the Crati, a Cosenza, maintaining the economic decay (old town), turnaround. The renovation commercial and business hillsides, improving various marginalisation, lack of of the old town has led to centre in piazza Matteotti, outlying areas, the problem services, high crime, social the creation of a milieu, a foot bridges across the river, of the quality of life in areas exclusion, squalor (via new identity through the new housing projects for built in the period of mono- Popilia). work of local groups, local gypsies. As regards directional expansion. The task of transforming the activists, voluntary future projects, the tram link Many of these problems old town was very difficult. A associations and others, from the centre of Cosenza require innovative solutions. place of legend, core of the creating a renewed sense of to the university on the For example, given the city's identity, full of history civic pride and self other side of town (a joint economic stagnation at local and art, yet at the same confidence. This new civic effort with Rende), the link level and the inherited time, in terminal decline, identity is now expressed in road and bridge over the problems of past neglect depopulated and without the awareness of the need Crati river designed by e.g. urban sprawl, the only any economic basis. It still for commitment and Calatrava, and the way forward is through an housed important city concrete action. Of course, construction of areas of approach whereby all the institutions (the Prefecture, many problems remain both parkland around the city. different municipalities work Provincial administration in the old town and other At the same time many together in order to take into offices, the civic theatre parts of the city. In the old problems remain account the area as a Rendano, the Liceo classico town the Urban Programme unresolved. The prospect of whole. Two aspects of Telesio and the determined conditions in linking the via Popilia area Mancini's vision remain of headquarters of the Cassa which more effective to the centre had not made fundamental importance: di Risparmio). The Urban strategies for regeneration much progress. The failure the rediscovery and Programme set itself a could come to the fore, of the 'Crati valley' project to restoration of Cosenza's number of specific aims: especially those to do with create a sort of Silicone artistic heritage, and rehabilitation of abandoned housing. In line with this, valley near the university second, the need maintain public buildings for social two initiatives (the Contratto set up in the 1980s but the hillside settlement and purposes, the utilisation of di quartiere Santa Lucia and abandoned a decade later. the Viale-Parco project as a open spaces, and support Urban Renovation Program) The difficulties of the means of reuniting the for local business initiatives. have been set up: the first industrial zone in Piano central part of the town with By the time the Programme focuses on housing Largo, south of Cosenza, its eastern periphery and came to an end in 2001 renovation, and confirm the problem faced call a halt to the mono- there had been a improvements in services by the area as a whole as directional expansion remarkable change: over a and infrastructure in a regards the inability of the northwards. It is not just the hundred commercial and difficult and run down local economy, which is town of Cosenza but the handcraft activities had section of the old town with basically based on whole urban area that is started up or transferred to a reputation as a red light consumption rather than undergoing rapid changes: corso Telesio, the road that area, while the PRU production, to take off. the spread of hinterland runs through the old town, involves overall coordination Consequently, there settlements towards the flat which has once again of private and public works remains a lack of resources lands and hills along the become the heart of the city, across the city, in particular and actors needed to come valley, a multiplication of attracting hundreds people in the Via Popilia and up with the right policy residential, tertiary and until late in the night. The Torrealta areas. solutions. The real power in industrial areas; the growth restored building housing the decision making of the university (9) which the Casa della cultura and City as node, city as network has not devolved now has 30,000 students the restoration of the former place: evolving ideas and but resides mainly within the and the consequent Albergo Bologna have images of new planning traditional circuit of people expansion of Rende to become community centres During the years of the connected with the building accommodate the student incubating ideas and Mancini administration industry. The role of the population and people cultural projects, through between 1994 and 2002, public sector funding and whose work is connected cultural associations, which Cosenza underwent a hence political with the university; the have taken advantage of profound change. The intermediation in releasing development of the the new spaces created. relationship between the funds remains crucial. industrial zone in the Other success stories city and the old town was On the planning level, the northern part of Rende, included the children's re-established. The latter lines established by the which has now merged with library (3,000 members in became once again a focal Mancini administration need that of Montalto; the the first few months) and point for the whole town, at to be re-enforced but there dramatic changes brought the renovation and least as regards Corso is also a need for new about by the opening of the reutilisation of former Telesio, where the first policy instruments and Centro Metropolis railway station in piazza steps were taken by private resources, seeing as it has hypermarket in Rende and Matteotti, first headquarters initiatives to restore the become clear that the two other commercial of the piano telematico buildings for housing. ongoing projects can only centres on the outskirts of calabrese and, more Among the most important partly solve the problems of the urban area in Zumpano

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www.planum.net and Montalto (10) (e.g. other risks (the threat the modernisation of the city's attractions to help residential and traffic Regional will withdraw infrastructure and so on. Cosenza-Rende, already a disruption). Given this support from the PIT in In this sense the PSU is an university town, become a situation, the need for order to cut costs), the umbrella framework for a tourist location and a place strategic planning is long process underway in whole array of local of cultural interest. Hence, a overdue. Unfortunately each Cosenza does seem to planning instruments number of works aimed at municipalities continues to have introduced a new (including the PIT), in which restoring artistic and operate independently and pattern of interaction at local different segments of policy architectural treasures there has been no level (12), and the are brought together into an (Castello Svevo in Cosenza, successful attempt to act participants appear to be integrated whole. Moreover, Rende castle, the former together or agree an overall taking their work seriously. it is also a possible blueprint Fratelli Bandiera barracks plan (11). What happens The Urban Development for the construction of a and many others) and instead is competition to Programme (PSU) for 'strategic structural' (13) environmental increase the supply of Cosenza-Rende is the most plan for the new city of improvements (parks along residential housing. important planning tool for Cosenza and Rende. the banks of the Crati river Hopeful signals, on the the two communes. Unlike Not surprisingly such an and the creation of other other hand, have come from the PIT, it is more orientated operation requires a green spaces in the centre the recent experience of the to giving the municipalities considerable and complex and on the periphery). programming of the the responsibility for the financial organisation (14). To sum up the PSU for Structural Funds for 2000- construction and As regards the strategic Cosenza and Rende is a 06, which could become a management of the aspect, the PSU focuses on blueprint for the future. That model for public initiatives in programme. The PSU is not six priorities. The first is to is not to say that there are the urban area, in which the merely a programme of re-enforce the process of no problems, there are, themes of modernisation of public investments, but integration between the two especially as regards public the infrastructure, urban above all a framework towns. It is one of the most participation and co- redevelopment are within which one can start to important areas of the ordination. Nevertheless, addressed in an innovative describe and construct a whole programme involving although still rather vague in way. joint approach for the local projects such as the certain of its specifications, The Integrated Territorial government of the whole extension of the Viale-Parco it does provide an ambitious Project (PIT) that takes in urban area of Cosenza and (a new road) towards and imaginative approach. It Cosenza, Rende and 14 Rende. The programme is Rende and the realisation of first addresses the other hinterland called 'COsenza-REnde - A a Planetarium and Science immediate problems created municipalities is the most City Project' sums up the Museum in the old railway by Cosenza's recent history advanced experiment so far basic idea in a slogan: station in piazza Matteotti in (old town, periphery, urban in using a joint approach to building a city means further Cosenza. The station itself, models, mono-directionality, local development. The integration through the which has already been integration with Rende). The project proposes an exciting sharing of political and restored through the Urban time span being limited strategy to tackle the institutional responsibility programme, is being 2000-06, it offers a limited evolving problems of the and identifying together converted into a new number of risky but area; it focuses on social strategic aims, means of commercial centre through important solutions, leaving policy, artistic restoration verification and evaluation private funding; it is also the it up to local actors to work and the promotion of local of common projects. terminus for the projected out the details in the industries (for example, The strategic goal of the tramline to the university. medium term. Underlying all through strengthening the programme goes to the The second line of action this is the vision of a future connection between local heart of the problem, not involves action to resolve city. The two symbolic businesses and the only because it involves the the crisis in the city's landmarks are the old town university). Besides its intercommunal dimension, transport system, both on the one hand and the intrinsic merits, the project but, above all, because the organisationally and university on the other; has the added virtue of emerging conurbation is physically, through the between these points lies promoting a partnership seen both as a place or building of a new bridge the space for action, the plan at institutional level milieu and a node for across the Crati and the need to create new between the mayors, local networks local and beyond. above-mentioned tramline functions, unite the various actors (PIT managers) and The programme sets out the from the centre of Cosenza parts, provide areas of the university, which has following objectives: to the university. The third green and so on. taken on the role of accelerate integration of the and forth areas propose an The Cosenza-Rende PSU is constructing a public project urban system, strengthen integrated strategy for the a hybrid. It cannot really be for local development. the economic base, invest regeneration of run-down called a strategic plan Having said that, the setting in training, in the system of areas along the lines of the because, although it tries to up of such a body does not production, and seek points Urban programme, through links political programme to guarantee the creation of a of contact outside the area. a variety of measures aimed a spatial model and real developmental The perspective is to use especially at helping the expresses choices in coalition. Indeed, it could public policy as a catalyst in elderly and disabled get general terms, as a model get bogged down by order to further the access to goods and of spatial organisation is it opportunism, selfinterest or reorganisation of urban services (such as good still too generic. The same mere tokenism. space, the renovation of neighbour schemes). The can be said, for reasons Notwithstanding these and run-down areas, the final two lines focus on the mentioned above, as

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www.planum.net regards the phases of Cosenza, Rende and Notes of declining numbers, framing and networking. It Castrolibero, should 1. See the classification of demographic density is cannot even be considered concentrate minds round a the Cosenza urban area in equal to roughly 1928 a mere practical tool, as it search for common ground the Itaten research inhabitants/sqkm (71,300 also contains an on certain important issues (Clementi A., Dematteis G., inhabitants on an area of experimental and visionary (mobility, environment, Palermo P., Le forme del only 3.700 ha), the highest side. What is important, planning, etc.). Rather than territorio italiano, Laterza, level in the region. The however, is the space for abstract and institutions Bari, 1996) and the housing stock is roughly public action that the PSU formulas, there is a need for research promoted by the 28,000, around 7% of which along with the PIT has an approach, which is both Dipartimento per il was built between 1981 and opened up and the political strategic and pragmatic, if coordinamento delle 1991. The erosion of implications accompanying we are to overcome politiche comunitarie della population in the provincial this process. practical and political Presidenza del Consiglio capital, Cosenza, in the last At least the programme in obstacles. and by the DG XVI of the twenty years to the its intention of accelerating As regards the future of European Commission (cfr. advantage of other councils the dynamics of integration Cosenza and the urban Bonavero P., Dematteis G., in the urban area (Rende contains the double area, the basic question is Il sistema urbano italiano above all) is a very serious dimension (city as node, city the identification of the nello spazio unificato phenomenon which, as place) placing in the concept of development and europeo, Il Mulino, Bologna, according to official foreground the issue of the the role of the public sector. 1996). statistics, amounts to urban milieu as a strategic In this sense, the ongoing 2. The reference is to the 35,000 units, in other terms resource for reconnecting experiences described here well known analysis of a variation of -32,8% (- the urban area with both its portray the choices made by metropolitan populations by 18,9% in the period 1981-91 immediate neighbourhood the administrations involved Guido Martinotti (Metropoli. and -17,2% in the decade and the outside world (15). in their response to La nuova morfologia sociale 1991-01). On the contrary, At the same time it poses concrete situations. della città, Il Mulino, the number of residents in the problem strengthening However, it is clear that Bologna, 1993). Rende has risen by 9,230 the bonds within the city as what has been happening in 3. The urban history of units (+36,5% in relative a means of promoting the Cosenza is not only an Cosenza are analysed terms), with a particularly milieu. Its vision offers a attempt to reorganise the under various point of view. notable increase between new representation of a city area on an intermunicipal For a systematic study see 1981-91 (+22,4%) and a this: polycentric, incubator basis, but also a process of Mazza F. (ed.), Cosenza. slower, though still of research and redefining space, the Storia, cultura, economia, significant, increase development projects, meaning and the nature of Rubbettino, Soveria between 1991-01 (+11,5%). centre of functions and public action. It is not Mannelli (Catanzaro), 1991, 5. From this point of view, services surrounded and possible to predict what particularly the economic the contributions in the connected by green belts shape such events may analysis by Cersosimo. See 1990s to the review and blue belts (rivers). The take, as there are too many also Rubino G., Teti M.A., Meridiana editor Donzelli construction of a local variables and uncertainties Le città nella storia d'Italia. are of great interest. These project requires not just a in the background, including Cosenza, Laterza, Bari, contributions, which remain break from traditional ways the current difficulties in the 1997. The events of urban essential reading for anyone of planning and organisation negotiations with the region. planning are well analysed interested in understanding of space but also a new The Cosenza-Rende PSU, in two volumes edited by the social and economic language and semantics to by proposing a strong vision Giovanni Giannattasio mechanisms underlying the describe the city. For its for the city and the embryo (Cosenza al di là dei fiumi, development of the south of characteristics as a of a project on how to Edizioni 10/17, Salerno, Italy in the Nineteenth paradigm and as a achieve it, requires a 1986; Cosenza. Dimensione century, began a season of multidimensional, multi- considerable sense of urbana di una città works and discussions on resourced and multi-sector responsibility from the meridionale, Edizioni 10/17, the city and the Meridion tool, the action envisaged people involved, if they are Salerno, 1990), as well as (see numbers 5/1989 and by the PSU is based on to build a project that is both in the more recent work of 10/1990). Further practical contracts, 'authoritative and effective' Domenico Passarelli information can be found in partnerships, strategic (16). This is the central (Urbanistica a Cosenza, the recent works of guidelines and management theme of the public Gangemi, Roma, 1999), Domenico Cersosimo and of institutional guidelines. adventure on which the and summarised in the Carmine Donzelli (Mezzo In conclusion, the multiple participants in the Cosenza report of the Programma di Giorno. Realtà, construction of policies on laboratory will have to work. Sviluppo Urbano di rappresentazioni e tendenze an intermunicipal basis is Cosenza e Rende (POR del cambiamento the crucial theme by both * Hanks to Leo Acri, Sandro Calabria 2000-06, Asse V meridionale, Donzelli, the PSU and the PIT. The Adriano, Mimmo Cersosimo, Filippo Città, settembre 2002), Roma, 2000; Il territorio Ciccone and Laura Cipparrone for political difficulties, as have comments and proposals and to where an analysis of urban come risorsa, been seen recently from Sandro Adriano and Mario Tosti for planning in Rende can also Formez/Donzelli, Roma, some of the reactions to the the pictures. be found. 2000). proposed regional 4. Cosenza has had very 6. D. Cersosimo, C. legislation for the unification high population densities in Donzelli, Mezzo Giorno... of the three municipalities of the past. Currently, because cit., p. 173.

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www.planum.net 7. The research project was pianificazione territoriale at financed by the Ministero the Università della delle Infrastrutture e dei Calabria. Trasporti and carried out by 9. As can be seen from the the Politecnico di Milano, annual league tables Dipartimento di architettura published by authoritative e pianificazione, and by the institutions the Università Agenzia per la ricerca e la degli studi della Calabria is produzione avanzata of the one of the major centres of University Federico II, research in Italy (cfr. Napoli under the leadership Rapporto annuale Censis-la of Pier Carlo Palermo. This Repubblica sull'università effort constitutes the most italiana). comprehensive and detailed 10. With reference to this work so far of the first see the research on large Urban programme in Italy. It scale distribution network in involved 16 towns of Calabria undertaken by the different sizes, Cosenza Dipartimento di being the smallest. In 2002, pianificazione territoriale at the results were published the Università della by Franco Angeli/Diap in Calabria, summarised in three volumes entitled Il Rossi F., Pianificare il programma Urban e commercio. Che fare?, l'innovazione delle politiche Rubbettino, Soveria urbane, the first edited by Mannelli (Catanzaro), 1998. Pier Carlo Palermo, the 11. Added to this situation is second by P.C. Palermo the uncertainty surrounding and Paola Savoldi, and the the new PRG for Rende, third by Gabriele Pasqui which has been for months and Elena Valsecchi the centre of a legal and respectively. Inside these bureaucratic row between volumes one can find the council and the regional different specific government. contributions by the author; 12. The expression comes these were later used in a from Alessandro Balducci volume edited by ("Il piano come riferimento Gianfranco Franz ("Urban per le politiche", Atti del stories: il caso di Cosenza", XXIII Congresso INU, in Trasformazione, Napoli, 2000). innovazione, riqualificazione 13. The expression urbana in Italia, Angeli, 'strutturale strategico' is Milano, 2002). Prior to this, taken from recent the Pic Urban was the experience of urban subject of a Formez planning in Bologna. research project co- 14. For details on the PSU ordinated by Marco and the PIT see the sheet Cremaschi, the results of at the end of this article. which are discussed in the 15. Milieu, networks and review EuroPass, a. II, No. relationships are employed 22 (2000), as well as in in the sense used by number 172 of Urbanistica Giuseppe Dematteis Informazioni (2000). Both ("L'ambiente come reviews contain useful contingenza e il mondo information on the events in come rete", Urbanistica n. Cosenza. 85, 1986), and 8. Among the most recent subsequently developed in exhibitions was one entitled many later works. Architetture e progetti di 16. Expression used by spazi pubblici, nuovi Palermo P.C., "Osservare paesaggi contemporanei Milano, laboratorio nelle città italiane. Quaranta sperimentale di un futuro progetti di 40 studi di possibile", Urbanistica n. architettura italiani, 119, 2002, p. 122. organised by the local council in collaboration with the Dipartimento di

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