Age, Growth, and Diet of Fish in the Waldo Lake Natural-Cultural System

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Age, Growth, and Diet of Fish in the Waldo Lake Natural-Cultural System AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Nicola L.Swets for the degree of Master of Science in Fisheries Science presented on June 24, 1996. Title: Age, Growth, and Diet of Fish in the Waldo Lake Natural-Cultural S Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved priam J.Liss Waldo Lake, located in the Oregon Cascades, is considered to be one of the most dilute lakes in the world. Even with very low nutrient concentrations and sparse populations of zooplankton, introduced fish in the lake are large in size and in good condition when compared to fish from other lakes. Fish were originally stocked in Waldo Lake in the late 1800's. The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife began stocking in the late 1930's and continued stocking until 1991. Species existing in Waldo Lake today include brook trout, rainbow trout, and kokanee salmon. The overall objective of this thesis was to increase the understanding of the interrelationships that affect the age, growth, and diet of fish in Waldo Lake. The specific objectives were to summarize and synthesize available information on the substrate, climate, water, and biota of the Waldo Lake Basin; describe the cultural history and current cultural values of the Waldo Lake Basin; determine the age, growth, length, weight, condition, diet, and reproduction of introduced fish species in Waldo Lake; interrelate the above information to show how these components of the natural-cultural system are related. Fish were collected one week per month from early June through mid-October in 1992 and 1993. Variable mesh experimental gillnets set in nearshore areas were used to capture fish in 1992. During the 1993 sampling period, experimental gillnets and trapnets were set in the nearshore areas of the lake. Relative age specific growth rates of brook trout in Waldo Lake are comparable to brook trout growth rates in other lakes. Brook trout growth rates generally decreased with age, however, there were no significant differences in the growth rate of each age class between 1991 and 1993. The condition of brook trout in Waldo Lake is also comparable to brook trout in other lakes. The same is true for rainbow trout and kokanee salmon. Fish in Waldo Lake are large in size and in good condition due, in part, to the availability of benthic macroinvertebrates. Taxa found in stomach contents of fish captured in Waldo Lake consisted primarily of aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates, but terrestrial vertebrates and vertebrates, although infrequently consumed, were also part of the total diet. Rainbow trout in Waldo Lake consumed primarily chironomidae larvae and pupae although odonata larvae, ephemeroptera larvae, and amphipods were also consumed. Kokanee salmon fed almost exclusively on chironomid larvae although small numbers of ephemeroptera larvae, odonata larvae, and coleoptera were also consumed. The most important macroinvertebrate taxon consumed by Waldo Lake brook trout was chironomid larvae and pupae, although other species also were important. The diet of Waldo Lake brook trout varied in a complex way that appeared to be related to the relative abundance of macroinvertebrate taxa, feeding location in the lake, and time of year. Brook trout diet also varied by size class. The components of the Waldo Lake natural-cultural system are complexly interrelated and the nature of these relationships are constantly changing. Each component in some way affects and is, in turn, affected by each of the other components. Changes in some components, such as substrate, affect other components along geologic time scales. Other components, such human culture and biota, may change rapidly within a decade. The capacity of natural-cultural systems, such as Waldo Lake, to change over time makes it possible to view the present state of the system only as a snapshot in time. This dynamic nature of the Waldo Lake natural-cultural system is not unique to Waldo Lake, but is expressed in all natural- cultural systems. Age, Growth, and Diet of Fish In the Waldo Lake Natural-Cultural System by Nicola L. Swets A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Presented June 24, 1996 Commencement June, 1997 Master of Science thesis of Nicola Lyn Swets presented on June 24, 1996 APPROVED: Redacted for Privacy sor, representing Fisheries Science Redacted for Privacy Chair of Depar Fisheries and Wildlife Redacted for Privacy Dean of G ate School I understand that my thesis will become part of the permanent collection of Oregon State University libraries. My signature below authorizes release of my thesis to any reader upon request. Redacted for Privacy Nicol Lyn Swets ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my sincere appreciation to Dr. Gary Larson and Dr. Courtland Smith for serving on my graduate committee and providing insight throughout this process. Special thanks go to Dr. William Liss for his help in the various iterations of the preparation of the thesis and for the encouragement to stay on course, even when others did not see things in the same way that I did. I also wish to thank the employees of the Willamette National Forest who were patient with me as I juggled working full time and completing this thesis. Without these individuals, this accomplishment would not have been possible. Finally, I am most indebted to my family, to my parents Roger and Ellen Swets who always told me that anything is possible with hard work (an idiom that is perhaps idealistic, but which I still, and forever will believe), and to my husband Brian, who provided unending support and the encouragement necessary for me to fulfill this dream. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 COMPONENTS OF THE WALDO LAKE NATURAL-CULTURAL SYSTEM 9 Substrate 9 Geologic History 9 Basin and Lake Morphometry 11 Basin Substrate 11 Lake Substrate 13 Climate 13 Precipitation 14 Air Temperature and Solar Radiation 14 Wind Speed and Direction 14 Water 14 Water Chemistry 15 Other Limnological Information 16 Biota 17 Phytoplankton 17 Zooplankton 18 Benthic Macroinvertebrates 19 Terrestrial Macroinvertebrates 23 Amphibians 26 Allochthonous Input 26 Autochthonous Organic Material 29 Human Culture 30 History of human Culture Component 30 The Introduction of Fish to Waldo Lake 34 Fishing Pressure 34 Conflicting Values 36 The Values 37 Protectionists and Naturalists 37 Multiple Use Advocates 38 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) AGE, GROWTH, AND DIET OF FISH IN WALDO LAKE 40 Methods 40 Fish Capture 40 Age and Growth 41 Condition 42 Diet 43 Reproduction 44 Results 45 Fish Capture 45 Age and Growth 45 Condition 49 Diet 53 Reproduction 63 Discussion 66 Waldo Lake: A Complex, Dynamic Natural- Cultural System 66 Age, Growth, and Condition of Fish in Waldo Lake 72 Diet of Fish in Waldo Lake 73 Reproduction of Fish in Waldo Lake 76 BIBLIOGRAPHY 78 LIST OF FIGURES Figure, Page 1. A natural-cultural system symbolized in terms of its primary and secondary subsystems 6 2. The Waldo Lake Basin and the Waldo Lake Wilderness boundary 7 3. The natural-cultural system entailing compositional hierarchy of human culture, climate, biota, water, and substrate. The environment of the natural-cultural system 8 4. A bathymetric map of Waldo Lake 10 5. Fish sampling locations in Waldo Lake and its tributaries and outlet 12 6. Comparison of growth rates from recaptured fish of known age and from back-calculated age from otoliths of brook trout captured between 1991 and 1993 48 7. Average relative growth rate by year for Waldo Lake brook trout 50 8. Mean relative growth rates as determined from otolith analysis for Waldo Lake brook trout (1991-1993) compared to relative growth rates of brook trout from other lakes 51 9. Percent occurrence of taxa observed in the stomach contents of fish captured from Waldo Lake (1991-1993) 54 10. Location of prey items of Waldo Lake brook trout, rainbow trout, and kokanee salmon . 57 11. Percent of taxa observed in Waldo Lake brook trout stomach contents (1991-1993) 58 12. Location of prey items of Waldo Lake brook trout . 59 LIST OF FIGURES CONTINUED Figure Page 13. The relative abundance of aquatic macroinvertebrate taxa collected from nearshore and offshore areas (1992-1993) 61,62 14. The percentage of taxa observed in the stomach contents of two size classes of brook trout (1991-1993) 64 15. Location of prey items of two sizes of Waldo Lake brook trout 65 16. A food web focusing on the biotic component of the Waldo Lake natural-cultural system 70 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Macroinvertebrate taxa collected from nearshore microhabitats and offshore areas of Waldo Lake, 1992-1993 21 2. The number of taxa and the percent of the total taxa collected in the nearshore microhabitats, 1992 and 1993 22 3. The presence of nearshore macroinvertebrates from late May through early October) 24,25 4. Visitor use days at Waldo Lake Campgrounds from 1969 to 1992 32 5. Waldo Lake recreation use data 33 6. Number of fish stocked by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife in Waldo Lake, Oregon 35 7. Number of fish captured and the number of otoliths examined by species and year 46 8. Comparison of average growth rates and average relative growth rates between the marked 1988 cohort and the backcalculated length of fish captured in 1991-1993 47 9. Mean Fulton-type condition factor of fish in Waldo Lake compared to fish in other lakes .... 52 10. Taxa found in the stomach contents of fish collected from Waldo Lake in 1992 and 1993 55 11. A matrix for the Waldo Lake Basin showing the interrelationships between the components of the natural-cultural system 67,68 Age, Growth, and Diet of Fish in the Waldo Lake Natural-Cultural System INTRODUCTION "The lake stretches away to the north; crags and peaks tower above us.
Recommended publications
  • Central Cascades Wilderness Strategies Project Deschutes and Willamette National Forests Existing Conditions and Trends by Wilderness Area
    May 31, 2017 Central Cascades Wilderness Strategies Project Deschutes and Willamette National Forests Existing Conditions and Trends by Wilderness Area Summary of Central Cascades Wilderness Areas ......................................................................................... 1 Mount Jefferson Wilderness ....................................................................................................................... 10 Mount Washington Wilderness .................................................................................................................. 22 Three Sisters Wilderness ............................................................................................................................. 28 Waldo Lake Wilderness ............................................................................................................................... 41 Diamond Peak Wilderness .......................................................................................................................... 43 Appendix A – Wilderness Solitude Monitoring ........................................................................................... 52 Appendix B – Standard Wilderness Regulations Concerning Visitor Use ................................................... 57 Summary of Central Cascades Wilderness Areas Introduction This document presents the current conditions for visitor management-related parameters in three themes: social, biophysical, and managerial settings. Conditions are described separately for each of
    [Show full text]
  • A Bill to Designate Certain National Forest System Lands in the State of Oregon for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System and for Other Purposes
    97 H.R.7340 Title: A bill to designate certain National Forest System lands in the State of Oregon for inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System and for other purposes. Sponsor: Rep Weaver, James H. [OR-4] (introduced 12/1/1982) Cosponsors (2) Latest Major Action: 12/15/1982 Failed of passage/not agreed to in House. Status: Failed to Receive 2/3's Vote to Suspend and Pass by Yea-Nay Vote: 247 - 141 (Record Vote No: 454). SUMMARY AS OF: 12/9/1982--Reported to House amended, Part I. (There is 1 other summary) (Reported to House from the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs with amendment, H.Rept. 97-951 (Part I)) Oregon Wilderness Act of 1982 - Designates as components of the National Wilderness Preservation System the following lands in the State of Oregon: (1) the Columbia Gorge Wilderness in the Mount Hood National Forest; (2) the Salmon-Huckleberry Wilderness in the Mount Hood National Forest; (3) the Badger Creek Wilderness in the Mount Hood National Forest; (4) the Hidden Wilderness in the Mount Hood and Willamette National Forests; (5) the Middle Santiam Wilderness in the Willamette National Forest; (6) the Rock Creek Wilderness in the Siuslaw National Forest; (7) the Cummins Creek Wilderness in the Siuslaw National Forest; (8) the Boulder Creek Wilderness in the Umpqua National Forest; (9) the Rogue-Umpqua Divide Wilderness in the Umpqua and Rogue River National Forests; (10) the Grassy Knob Wilderness in and adjacent to the Siskiyou National Forest; (11) the Red Buttes Wilderness in and adjacent to the Siskiyou
    [Show full text]
  • Implications of Fish Stocking at Waldo Lake, Oregon by Jessica Bliss
    Implications of Fish Stocking at Waldo Lake, Oregon by Jessica Bliss Nearly a century of fish stocking at Waldo Lake, Oregon, has had a visible effect on the lake’s limnological properties. The renowned ultraoligotrophic waters of Waldo Lake witnessed an increase in nutrient concentrations, a decrease in zooplankton diversity, and reduced clarity as a result of the introduction of over 20 million fish between 1912 and 1990. Human use of the area has increased considerably over the last 49 years, requiring adjustments to the way Waldo Lake is managed. The termination of fish stocking at Waldo in 1991 suggests a shift in management priorities: recreation in this case did not take precedence over science or conservation. Independent research regarding the lake’s unique characteristics complements considerable public interest in maintaining the lake’s pristine quality. The combination of these two factors is the primary reason for the continued ban on fish stocking at Waldo Lake. I. Background: Basic Biology and Settler Use of Waldo Lake Waldo Lake, the headwaters of the North Fork of the Willamette River, is located approximately 110 km east of Eugene, Oregon, on the north side of State Highway 58. Waldo stretches 9.6 kilometers in length and 2.65 kilometers in width, giving it a total surface area of roughly 26 sq. km and making it the second largest lake in the Oregon Cascades. Its maximum depth (128 m), located at its southern basin, is considerably greater than its mean depth (39 m). Its elevation (1,650 meters above median sea level) and water clarity (Secchi-disk reading 40.5m) classify Waldo Lake as an ultraoligotrophic high-mountain lake (Bronmark 175, Larson 2000: 6).
    [Show full text]
  • Lake Name Acres Depth Elevation National Forest/ BT CT RB BT-T RB
    2017 SOUTH WILLAMETTE HIGH LAKES STOCKING Lake Name Species* GPS Coordinates Acres Depth Elevation National Forest/ NOTES BT CT RB BT-T RB-T Long Lat Wilderness** Abernathy, Lower NAT 43.6004313 -122.0982307 2 8' 4,950' Willamette NF - TH off FR5899 Abernathy, Upper NAT 43.6019144 -122.1011897 7 20' 4,960' Willamette NF - TH off FR5899 Aerial X X 43.98886915 -121.8738867 3 38' 5,400' Three Sisters Wilderness Mink Lake Basin Alameda X 43.4595055 -122.1573857 5 13' 5,500' Willamette NF Amstutz X 44.14173087 -121.8568697 2 20' 6,100' Three Sisters Wilderness Andrea X X 43.6198487 -122.2939419 6' 2,874' Willamette NF Andrews X 43.8548344 -122.3230379 2.4 18' 4,100' Benson X X 44.22161379 -121.9110135 20 55' 5,200' Mt. Washington Wilderness xc from Benson Lake trail #3502 Betty X 43.67673842 -122.0256862 40 28' 5,500' Waldo Lake Wilderness Birthday X 43.64364285 -122.0885188 3 11' 6,100' Waldo Lake Wilderness Blair NAT 43.8340519 -122.2393407 22.6 21' 4,750' Willamette NF Blue NAT 43.5306884 -121.2013972 13.2 33' 5,500' Diamond Peak Wilderness Boat NAT 43.9469003 -121.9262901 4 8' 5,100' Three Sisters Wilderness Bongo NAT 43.6914149 -122.0849723 6.9 14' 5,000' Waldo Lake Wilderness Boo Boo X X 43.62788785 -122.1093929 2.1 18' 5,400' Willamette NF Boot X X 43.93233415 -121.8850381 4.5 20' 5,270' Three Sisters Wilderness Mink Lake Basin Brittany X 43.77892474 -122.032864 4 29' 5,600' Waldo Lake Wilderness bushwhack from Rigdon Lake Bug X 43.3973286 -122.2248133 2.5 10' 5,000' Willamette NF Burnt Top X X 44.04265365 -121.8567562 20 28' 5,650' Three Sisters Wilderness via Horse Lake trail Cardiac X 43.7127412 -122.0921619 3.4 15' 5,500' Waldo Lake Wilderness xc from Koch Mtn trail #3576 Chetlo X X 43.75547637 -122.0743217 20 24' 5,289' Waldo Lake Wilderness Clare X X 44.27169097 -121.8998097 14 15' 4,500' Mt.
    [Show full text]
  • High Elevation Surveys, Willamette NF
    High Elevation Bryophyte Surveys Willamette National Forest Final Report March 2013 Project Objectives Our objective was to survey high priority, high elevation habitat for rocky outcrop and lakeside sensitive and strategic non vascular species on the Willamette National Forest during 2012. Few of these species are documented and most are suspected on the forest. Surveys in this habitat provide information on the range and rarity of these species. All surveys and special status species that were found in surveys (highlighted in red) have been entered into the NRIS TESP Database. Species codes from the USDA PLANTS database are used below for common tree species. Sweet Home District Surveys Surveys were conducted at upper Gordon Lake, Riggs Lake, Don Lake, Silver Lake, Crescent Lake, North Peak Lake, Heart Lake and Gordon Meadows. Cliffs adjacent to lakes were also surveyed. Surveys occurred in August and September, 2012. Surveyors were Ryan Murdoff, Alice Smith, Kate Richards and Anna Bonnette. Collections ranged from 0-10 bryophytes per site. Gordon Meadows 8/20/2012 T14S, R4E, Section 11 - UTM 0555208 4913002 Sphagnum sp., Potentilla palustris, Caltha biflora, Drosera rotundifolia, Hypericum anagalloides, Apargidium boreale, Kalmia occidentalis Collected 9 liverworts ; Alice Smith Upper Gordon Lake and meadow and cliff southwest of Upper Gordon Lake 9/17/2012 T14S, R5E, Section 18 - UTM 0558382 4911742 Gordon Lake: Sphagnum sp., Potentilla palustris, Menyanthes trifoliata, Carex lenticularis, Calamagrostis canadensis, Cicuta douglasii,
    [Show full text]
  • 50 HIKES CHALLENGE Join the 50 Hikes Challenge from May 1 Through October 31, 2014
    Oregon Wild presents: 50 HIKES CHALLENGE Join the 50 Hikes Challenge from May 1 through October 31, 2014. Hike in as many of the following designated or proposed Wilderness areas as you can and track your progress below. Join us on a guided hike or set out on your own. Oregon Wild members will receive prizes for completing 10 or more Wilderness adventures. Write the date of your completed adventure under each area below. Send us your log and trail photos (or Instagram name) when finished. � Badger Creek Wilderness � Lower White River Wilderness � Roaring River Wilderness � Black Canyon Wilderness � Mark O. Hatfield Wilderness � Rock Creek Wilderness � Boulder Creek Wilderness � Menagerie Wilderness � Rogue-Umpqua Divide � Bridge Creek Wilderness � Middle Santiam Wilderness Wilderness � Bull of the Woods Wilderness � Mill Creek Wilderness � Salmon-Huckleberry Wilderness � Clackamas Wilderness � Monument Rock Wilderness � Sky Lakes Wilderness � Copper Salmon Wilderness � Mount Hood Wilderness � Soda Mountain Wilderness � Crater Lake Proposed � Mount Jefferson Wilderness � Spring Basin Wilderness � Cummins Creek Wilderness � Mount Thielsen Wilderness � Steens Mountain Wilderness � Diamond Peak Wilderness � Mount Washington Wilderness � Strawberry Mountain Wilderness � Devil’s Staircase Proposed � Mountain Lakes Wilderness � Table Rock Wilderness � Drift Creek Wilderness � North Fork John Day Wilderness � Three Sisters Wilderness � Eagle Cap Wilderness � North Fork Umatilla Wilderness � Waldo Lake Wilderness � Gearhart Mountain Wilderness � Opal Creek Wilderness � Wenaha-Tucannon Wilderness � Grassy Knob Wilderness � Oregon Badlands Wilderness � Wild Rogue Wilderness � Hells Canyon Wilderness � Owyhee Canyonlands Proposed � Wild Rogue Proposed Wilderness � Kalmiopsis Wilderness � Red Buttes Wilderness � Whychus-Deschutes Proposed Learn more and register at www.oregonwild.org/50hikes.
    [Show full text]
  • Pacific Northwest Wilderness
    pacific northwest wilderness for the greatest good * Throughout this guide we use the term Wilderness with a capital W to signify lands that have been designated by Congress as part of the National Wilderness Preservation System whether we name them specifically or not, as opposed to land that has a wild quality but is not designated or managed as Wilderness. Table of Contents Outfitter/Guides Are Wilderness Partners .................................................3 The Promise of Wilderness ............................................................................4 Wilderness in our Backyard: Pacific Northwest Wilderness ...................7 Wilderness Provides .......................................................................................8 The Wilderness Experience — What’s Different? ......................................9 Wilderness Character ...................................................................................11 Keeping it Wild — Wilderness Management ...........................................13 Fish and Wildlife in Wilderness .................................................................15 Fire and Wilderness ......................................................................................17 Invasive Species and Wilderness ................................................................18 Climate Change and Wilderness ................................................................19 Resources ........................................................................................................21
    [Show full text]
  • Fiscal Year 2009
    United States Department of Agriculture Monitoring and Forest Service Evaluation Report Pacific Northwest Region Willamette National Forest Fiscal Year 2009 Sahalie Fall, Willamette National Forest ii JULY 2010 Welcome to the 2008 Willamette National Forest annual Monitoring and Evaluation report. This is our 20th year implementing the 1990 Willamette National Forest Plan, and this report is intended to give you an update on the services and products we provide. Our professionals monitor a wide variety of forest resources and have summarized their findings for your review. I would like to introduce myself. I have been the Willamette National Forest Supervisor since last Fall and am so honored to be here. My focus will be to find new ways to accomplish our land management objectives, working even more closely with partners and universities so that we can most efficiently and effectively produce products and services. I believe that restoring and maintaining the health of our ecosystems depends on our ability to work together to share ideas, costs and solutions. I invite you to read this year’s report and contact myself or my staff with any questions, ideas, or concerns you may have. I appreciate your continued interest in the Willamette National Forest. Sincerely, ________________________________________ MEG MITCHELL Forest Supervisor Willamette National Forest r6-will-009-10 The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual's income is derived from any public assistance program.
    [Show full text]
  • 10 Most Endangered Places 2013 an Oregon Wild Report
    Oregon’s 10 Most Endangered Places 2013 an Oregon Wild Report 1 Oregon WIld 2010 10 Most Endangered Places Our mission: Since 1974, Oregon Wild has worked to protect and restore Oregon’s wildlands, wildlife, and waters as an enduring legacy for future generations. Editor: Submissions by: Marielle Cowdin American Rivers, Inc. Hells Canyon Preservation Council Contributors: Klamath-Siskiyou Wildlands Center Darilyn Brown Klamiopsis Audubon Society Forrest English Friends of Kalmiopsis Erik Fernandez Friends of the Columbia Gorge Chris Hansen The Larch Company Doug Heiken Northwest Rafting Company Chandra LeGue Oregon Natural Desert Association Steve Pedery Rogue Riverkeeper Laura Stevens Sierra Club Barbara Ullian Soda Mountain Wilderness Council Veronica Warnock Umpqua Watersheds WaterWatch To find out more about our Western Environmental Law Center conservation work please visit www.oregonwild.org *Fold out the cover for a spectacular Western Oregon Backyard COVER: TIM GIRAUDIER 2 OregonForest WIld 2010 (Devil’s Staircase Proposed Wilderness) poster ABOVE: NEIL SCHULMAN BRIZZ MEDDINGS HUGH HOCHMAN KEN MORRISH Oregon: A State of Outdoors & A Tale of Two Economies Let’s get down to business. Oregon’s future, our future, landscape are the lifeblood of local communities, as well depends on the long-term investments we make in our as our most powerful magnet for tourism. From lush state. We stand now with two paths before us, each with coastal forests and towering Doug firs, to grasslands, radically different economic and environmental canyons, and vanilla-scented ponderosa stands, few states consequences. To choose which path we walk we must rival Oregon’s ecoregional diversity and status as an ask ourselves: What do we value as Oregonians and what is outdoor adventure mecca.
    [Show full text]
  • 2018 Route Guide
    2018 ROUTE GUIDE The Oregon Timber Trail is an iconic 670-mile backcountry mountain bike route spanning Oregon’s diverse landscapes from California to the Columbia River Gorge. © Dylan VanWeelden TABLE OF CONTENTS The small towns the route passes through, large amount of alpine singletrack and people of Oregon and Cascadia were truly special! - 2017 OTT Rider Overview . 6 By the numbers . 12 Logistics . 18 Getting There . 19 Stay Connected . 19 Is this route for you? . 19 Season & Climate . 20 Navigation and wayfi nding . 21 Resupply & water . 22 Camping and Lodging . 23 Leave No Trace . 24 Other trail users . 26 A note about trails . 27 4 © Gabriel Amadeus Disclaimer . 27 Springwater School Contribution . 27 Gateway Communities . 28 Fremont Tier . 34 Segment 1 of 10 - Basin Range . 40 Segment 2 of 10 - Winter Rim . 42 Segment 3 of 10 - Mazama Blowout . 46 Willamette Tier . 48 Segment 4 of 10 - Kalapuya Country . 52 Segment 5 of 10 - Bunchgrass Ridge . 56 Deschutes Tier . 60 Segment 6 of 10 - Cascade Peaks . 64 Segment 7 of 10 - Santiam Wagon Road . 67 Hood Tier . 70 Segment 8 of 10 - Old Cascade Crest. 75 Segment 9 of 10 - Wy’East. 78 Segment 10 of 10 - The Gorge. 80 Oregon Timber Trail Alliance . 84 5 Kim and Sam, Oregon Timber Trail Pioneers. © Leslie Kehmeier The Oregon Timber Trail is an iconic 670-mile backcountry mountain bike route spanning Oregon’s diverse landscapes from California to the Columbia River Gorge. The Oregon Timber Trail is a world-class bikepacking destination and North America’s premiere long- distance mountain bike route.
    [Show full text]
  • Oakridgeoregon
    Mountain Bike Capital of the NW OAKRIDGEOREGON oakridgechamber.com 1 Welcome to Oakridge & Westfir Discover the inspiring beauty and endless recreation opportunities in the mountain community of Oakridge and Westfir, Oregon. Located less than an hour from Eugene-Springfield and the I-5 corridor, the area offers world-class mountain biking trails, hiking, water sports, fishing, festivals, winter sports, restaurants and lodging year round. Immerse yourself in the lush landscape of the Cascade Mountains. Relax on a drive along the Aufderheide Scenic Byway. Walk through towering old growth forest and witness magnificent Salt Creek Falls. Take to the singletrack trails on an exhilarating mountain bike ride or hike to a summit view of Diamond Peak. Fish the clear running currents of the Middle and North forks of the Willamette River or canoe the emerald waters of Hills Creek Lake. Above the fog and below the snow, Oakridge and Westfir offer a memorable journey into the heart of the Cascades. We Speak Oakridge We hope we are able to make your visit more enjoyable by offering local expertise in areas of recreational interest. Whether you want to know where fish are biting, the best trail for your skill level, more about local history or anything else, the people of Oakridge and We Speak Westfir are excited to share their passions with you. Photo: Salt Creek Falls is a spectacular site and the second highest waterfall in Oregon. 2 WA Portland Eugene Bend ID ★Oakridge Crater Lake Medford CA The Mountain Bike Capital of the NW Mountain bikers from far and wide put Oakridge on their list of “must- ride” venues.
    [Show full text]
  • Waldo Lake Outstanding Resource Waters Designation Support Document
    Waldo Lake Outstanding Resource Waters Designation Support Document Date: July 1, 2020 Oregon Department of Environmental Quality 700 NE Multnomah St. Suite 600 Portland, OR 97232 Phone: 503-229-5696 800-452-4011 Fax: 503-229-6124 Contact: Debra Sturdevant www.oregon.gov/DEQ DEQ is a leader in restoring, maintaining and enhancing the quality of Oregon’s air, land and water. This report prepared by: Oregon Department of Environmental Quality 700 NE Multnomah St. Portland, OR 97232 1-800-452-4011 www.oregon.gov/deq Contact: Debra Sturdevant 503-229-6691 Alternative formats: DEQ can provide documents in an alternate format or in a language other than English upon request. Call DEQ at 800-452-4011 or email [email protected]. Oregon Department of Environmental Quality ii Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Introduction and Background .............................................................................................................. 2 1.1 Brief History ..................................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Outstanding Resource Waters ........................................................................................................................... 2 1.3. Citizen Rulemaking Petition ...........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]