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Legal Status of Warship Wrecks from World War Ii in Indonesian Territorial Waters (Incident of H.M.A.S
LEGAL STATUS OF WARSHIP WRECKS FROM WORLD WAR II IN INDONESIAN TERRITORIAL WATERS (INCIDENT OF H.M.A.S. PERTH COMMERCIAL SALVAGING) Senada Meskin Post Graduate Student, Australian National University Canberra Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Second World War was one of the most devastating experiences that World as a whole had to endure. The war left so many issues unhandled, one such issue is the theme of this thesis, and that is to analyze legal regime that is governing sunken warships. Status of warship still in service is protected by international law and national law of the flag State, stipulating that warships are entitled to sovereign immunity. The question arises whether or not such sovereign immunity status follows warship wreck? Contemporary international law regulates very little considering ”sovereign wrecks‘, but customary international law, municipal court decisions and State practices are addressing issues quite profoundly, stating that even the warship is no longer in service it is still entitled to sovereign immunity status. HMAS Perth is Australian owned warship whose wreck current location is within Indonesian Territorial Sea. Recent reports show that commercial salvaging has been done, provoking outrage amongst surviving HMAS 3erth‘s naval personnel and Australian historians. In order to acquire clear stand point on issue of Sovereign :recks legal status, especially of +0AS 3erth‘s wreck, an in-depth analysis of legal material is necessary. Keywords: Territorial Waters, Warship, Warship Wreck, Salvage World War2, and Indonesia, which waters, I. INTRODUCTION many countries used as passage, had its part Sea going vessels has been used as a as well. -
Disposition of Allied Naval Forces in the Eastern Theater, 8 December
Disposition of Allied Naval Forces in the Eastern Theater 8 December 1941 Eastern Fleet: Admiral Sir Tom Philips In Singapore: HMS Prince of Wales (Battleship) HMS Repulse (Battlecruiser) HMS Danae (Light cruiser) HMS Dragon (Light cruiser) HMS Durban (Light cruiser) HMS Electra (Destroyer) HMS Express (Destroyer) HMS Tenedos (Destroyer) HMAS Vampire (Destroyer) HMS Dragonfly (Gunboat) HMS Grasshopper (Gunboat) HMS Scorpion (Gunboat) Manoora (Armed merchant cruiser) Kanimbla (Armed merchant cruiser) Refitting: HMS Mauritius (Cruiser) HMS Encounter (Destroyer) HMS Jupiter (Destroyer) HMS Stronghold (Destroyer) HMS Vendetta (Destroyer) HMS Isis (Destroyer) HMS Rover (Submarine In Hong Kong: HMS Scout (Destroyer)(sailed for Singapore on 12/8/41) HMS Thanet (Destroyer)(sailed for Singapore on 12/8/41) HMS Tern (Gunboat) HMS Cicala (Gunboat) HMS Robin (Gunboat) 8 Motor Torpeado Boats Under Repair: HMS Thracian (Destroyer) HMS Moth (Gunboat) East Indies Squadron based on Ceylon: HMS Revenge (Battleship) HMS Exeter (Heavy cruiser)(sailed for Singapore on 12/10/41) Corfu (Armed merchant cruiser) Ranchi (Armed merchant cruiser) Refitting: HMS Hermes (Aircraft Carrier)(in Durban) HMS Enterprise (Light Cruiser) Australian & New Zealand Squadrons: HMAS Canberra (Heavy cruiser) HMAS Adelaide (Light cruiser) HMAS Perth (Light cruiser) HMS Achilles (Light cruiser) HMS Leander (Light cruiser) Westralia (Armed merchant cruiser) 1 Le Triomphant (Free French)(Destroyer) HMS Swan (Sloop) HMS Warrego (Sloop) Chevreuil (Free French)(Sloop) Refitting: Monowai -
DEATH of a BATTLESHIP the LOSS of HMS PRINCE of WALES December 10, 1941
DEATH OF A BATTLESHIP THE LOSS OF HMS PRINCE OF WALES December 10, 1941 A Marine Forensics Analysis of the Sinking Garzke - Dulin - Denlay Table of Contents Introduction to the 2010 Revision................................................................................................... 3 Abstract........................................................................................................................................... 5 Historical Background.................................................................................................................... 6 Force Z Track Chart.................................................................................................................. 11 The Fatal Torpedo Hit .................................................................................................................. 13 Figure 1 – Location of the First Torpedo Hit............................................................................ 15 Figure 2 – Transverse Section...................................................................................................18 Figure 3 – Arrangement of Port Outboard Shaft Tunnel .......................................................... 20 Figure 4 – Flooding Diagrams after First Torpedo Hit............................................................. 22 Figure 4a – Machinery and Magazine Arrangements Schematic ............................................. 22 Figure 4b – Location of the Port Torpedo Hit ......................................................................... -
HMCS Prince Henry (Ex-North Star) Escapes the St Lawrence Before Freeze-Up 1940
CHAPTER 8 HMCS Prince Henry (ex-North Star) escapes the St Lawrence before freeze-up 1940 CLARKE SHIPS GO TO WAR - AND WAR COMES TO THE ST LAWRENCE On Friday, September 1, 1939, the North Star, was in the middle of her final cruise of the summer, from New York to Montreal, at Bonne Bay, Newfoundland. The New Northland, on her sixth cruise of the season, was in the "Kingdom of the Saguenay." Both are places of great beauty. Passengers looked forward to a calm and peaceful day, but the news from Europe was anything but that. Germany had just invaded Poland. Two days later, on Sunday, September 3, with Germany having ignored a deadline set by the United Kingdom and France to withdraw from Poland, the world would be at war. On the day that war was declared, Donaldson Line's Athenia was a day out from Liverpool, en route from Glasgow to Montreal by way of the Strait of Belle Isle. But she would never reach Canada. Instead, she was torpedoed by the German submarine U-30, whose captain supposedly mistook her for a warship. Some 118 lives were lost in this, the first Allied merchant ship loss of the war. Luckily, conditions allowed 1,300 survivors to be rescued by two cargo ships, one American and one Norwegian, the Swedish yacht Southern Cross and the British destroyers HMS Electra, Escort and Fame. The 5,749- ton Knute Nelson landed 449 survivors at Galway Bay in Ireland, while the Southern Cross rescued 376 and transferred 236 of them to the 4,963-ton City of Flint, which took them on to Halifax. -
Evacuation of Singapore
1 THE FALL AND EVACUATION OF SINGAPORE INTRODUCTION This description of the fall and evacuation of Singapore in February 1942, followed by the journey from there to England via Australia, New Zealand, the Panama Canal and the US, was written by my father Frank Man (1914 – 1986), on his return to England some nine months after his escape. My father left England for the Far East in the autumn of 1936 to take up a position at a mercantile house - Edward Boustead. He was originally posted to Singapore but in early 1939 was transferred to Tumpat in Kelantan on the Malay Peninsular, a place he described as ‘awful’. He returned to Singapore a year later. He was always keen on the navy and would probably have chosen that as a career but his family placed a greater emphasis on succeeding at commerce and so when war came it was with some enthusiasm that he joined the navy. This version of my father’s escape was created for the internet in 2004 and will be revised and annotated in due course. At the end of the account is a letter from Frank Man’s mother to her daughter Eleanor (Frank’s sister) describing his arrival at home. David Man, New York City, April 2004. Postcard sent by Frank Man to his brother Henry on Frank’s first trip to Singapore. The card is dated October 10 1936, some two years later Frank’s future wife was to sail on the same ship from England to Singapore to visit her parents. 2 EVACUATION OF SINGAPORE On February 4th whilst still in command of H.M.S. -
Remembrance Ni
remembrance ni HMS Hood - no match for a much younger ship - the Bismarck HMS Hood On 24 May 1941 two mighty ships engaged in battle – the respective pride of the German and British navies: the Bismarck and HMS Hood. Page !1 HMS Hood was sunk by the Bismarck during the Battle of Denmark Strait on 24th May 1941 when only 3 of her 1415 strong crew survived. 11 of those who perished were from Northern Ireland. Summary - HMS Hood was a 42,100 ton battlecruiser built in 1920 for the Royal Navy. It held the position of world’s largest warship for more than two decades. In May 1941 Hood and the new battleship Prince of Wales were sent out to search for the German battleship Bismarck, which had left Norway for the Atlantic. On the morning of May 24th, the two British ships found the Bismark just west of Iceland. During this Battle of the Denmark Strait, one or more of Bismarck’s fifteen-inch shells found HMS Hood’s magazines and detonated in a massive explosion, killing all but three of her crew of 1,415. The event shocked the British nation and the entire world. The three survivors were Ted Briggs (1923– 2008), Robert Ernest Tilburn (1921–1995) and William John Dundas (1921–1965). They were rescued by the destroyer HMS Electra about two and a half hours after the sinking. The King during his final inspection of H.M.S. Hood on 06/03/1941. She was in Rosyth, undergoing a minor refit. In this photo, he is greeting an officer, who is most likely Captain Ralph Kerr. -
Guns Blazing! Newsletter of the Naval Wargames Society No
All Guns Blazing! Newsletter of the Naval Wargames Society No. 287 – SEPTEMBER 2018 Monday 6th August was International Naval War-Gaming Day, celebrating the birth of Fred Jane, father of naval wargaming. Last year games were played all around the world (the first started in Australia at just after midnight), ancient to ultra-modern, solo players to big groups. I hope this year was as good or better but as yet I have not seen anything to support it. Rob Morgan regularly brings to my attention articles in newspapers with naval links. Like the €1bn Spanish submarine that is too long for the dock at Cartagena resulting in additional expenditure for dock works and infrastructure. Another article was about the Australian invitation to China to join in the biennial Kakadu exercises and wargames. See also the book review about the “Indianapolis” which will be in next month’s AGB. WW2 shipwrecks are being plundered for scrap metal in Indonesia and Malaysian waters. The ten ships consist of HMS Prince of Wales, SS Loch Ranza, HMS Tien Kwang, HMS Banka, HMS Repulse, HMS Encounter, HMS Electra, HMS Exeter and HMS Thanet. The UK government absolutely condemns the unauthorised disturbance of any wreck containing human remains, and always has done. A military wreck should remain undisturbed and those who lost their lives on board should be allowed to rest in peace. The UK will work closely with the Indonesian and Malaysian Governments and local authorities to investigate. Somewhere in the world, the sun is over the yardarm. Norman Bell EAST CHINA SEA (Aug 2018) A Mark 45 5-inch gun weapon system fires ordinance during a live-fire weapon training exercise aboard the Ticonderoga-class guided-missile cruiser USS Antietam (CG 54). -
Admiral Thomas C. Hart and the Demise of the Asiatic Fleet 1941 – 1942
East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works 5-2014 Admiral Thomas C. Hart And The eD mise Of The Asiatic Fleet 1941 – 1942 David DuBois East Tennessee State University Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the Asian History Commons, Military History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation DuBois, David, "Admiral Thomas C. Hart And The eD mise Of The Asiatic Fleet 1941 – 1942" (2014). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 2331. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2331 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Admiral Thomas C. Hart And The Demise Of The Asiatic Fleet 1941 – 1942 A thesis presented to the faculty of the Department of History East Tennessee State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in History by David DuBois May 2014 Dr. Emmett M. Essin III, Chair Dr. Stephen G. Fritz Dr. John M. Rankin Keywords: Admiral Thomas C. Hart, U.S. Navy WWII, Asiatic Fleet, ABDA, USS Houston, Battle of the Java Sea ABSTRACT Admiral Thomas C. Hart And The Demise Of The Asiatic Fleet 1941 – 1942 by David DuBois Admiral Thomas C. Hart And The Demise Of The Asiatic Fleet 1941 – 1942 is a chronicle of the opening days of World War II in the Pacific and the demise of the U.S. -
Brave Report Issue 27 HMS PRINCE of WALES
Issue 27 !1 Brave Report HMS Prince of Wales - Force Z ! HMS Prince of Wales was built by Cammell Laird and Company at the Cammell Laird shipyard in Birkenhead, England. Laid down on 01/01/1937. Launched on 03/05/1939. RN Northern Ireland - In Remembrance Issue 27 !2 During the Battle of Britain, Prince of Wales was damaged during August 1940 in the Merseyside Blitz, suffering a near-miss that exploded between her port side and the dockside, severely buckling and springing her outer plates. Construction was advanced by postponing tests, shortening trials. Commissioned 19/01/1941 with Captain John Leach. The ship was not completed until 31/03/1941. Intercepting Bismarck" The Prince of Wales entered service with HMS Hood to intercept Bismarck and Prinz Eugen. On May 24, she and the Hood fought the two German warships at the Battle of the Denmark Strait. Following the sinking of Hood, Prince of Wales, received seven large-caliber hits, and disengaged under a smokescreen. During the brief battle, she struck Bismarck three times. Prince of Wales joined HMS Suffolk and Norfolk. Gunfire was exchanged with the Bismarck briefly at 0131 hours on May 25. Twelve hours later, Prince Of Wales broke off pursuit due to her fuel running low. She then returned for six weeks of repair. In early August, the Prince of Wales carried Winston Churchill as a passenger to RN Northern Ireland - In Remembrance Issue 27 !3 Newfoundland for a secret meeting with Franklin D. Roosevelt beginning and resulted in the signing of the "Atlantic Charter". Next, she was assigned to the Mediterranean for convoy escort duty, where she shot down several attacking planes on September 27. -
CHAPTER 1 6 DEFEAT in ABDA RILE the Japanese Surface Forces
CHAPTER 1 6 DEFEAT IN ABDA RILE the Japanese surface forces stealing up the Musi River wer e W being continuously attacked by Allied air forces on the 15th Feb- ruary, Doorman's striking force was the target for repeated fierce attack s by Japanese aircraft to the east of Banka Island . The force weighed and left Oosthaven at 4 p .m. on the 14th, and formed in two columns . The Dutch cruisers, led by De Ruyter, were to starboard ; and the British, led by Hobart as Senior Officer, to port . The six U.S. destroyers screened ahead ; and three Dutch astern. One of the four Dutch ships had bee n sent on ahead to mark Two Brothers Island off the south-east coast o f Sumatra, and join later. Air reconnaissance on the 13th had indicated four groups of enemy vessels : two cruisers, two destroyers, and two transports about sixty miles south of the Anambas Islands, steering south-west a t 10 a.m. ; one cruiser, three destroyers and eight transports some twenty miles to the eastward of the first group, and steering south at 10.30 a.m. ; three cruisers, five destroyers and one transport, about sixty miles nort h of Banka Island and steering west at 3 .30 p.m.; and two destroyers with fourteen transports about 100 miles north of Billiton island, and steerin g S.S.W., at 4.30 p.m. Doorman led his force northwards in accordance with the decision s reached by him and Helfrich—to go northwards through Gaspar Strait, round Banka, and back through Banka Strait, "destroying any enemy force s seen". -
Peter SANDERSON Born: 26 June 1921 Parents: Son of Henry Cecil and Dorothy Florence Sanderson of Chichester Sussex School Years: 1932-1935
Peter SANDERSON Born: 26 June 1921 Parents: Son of Henry Cecil and Dorothy Florence Sanderson of Chichester Sussex School Years: 1932-1935 Armed Forces Record Service Rank: Able Seaman Service Number: P/JX 156 294 Service Base: HMS Hood Date of Death: 24 May 1941 Battlecruiser HMS Hood Bismarck Upon leaving Chichester High School for Boys in 1935 Old Boy Peter SANDERSON known as ‘Sandy’ entered the Royal Navy. He trained at HMS Vincent before joining the battle-cruiser HMS Hood in 1939 as an Able Seaman. He was 19 at the time of his loss. The ‘School Notes’ in the ‘Martlet’ of June 1941 described him as a “most keen athlete”. Prelude – The Battle of Denmark Straits On the 18 th May 1941 the German battleship Bismarck accompanied by the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen sailed from the Polish port of Gdynia. The capital ships were heading for the Atlantic, the aim to cause as much damage as possible to convoys shipping supplies into Britain. The ships passed Norway and entered the Denmark Straits between Iceland and Greenland where they were detected. HMS Hood and Prince of Wales were ordered to intercept. The Sinking of HMS Hood – 24 th May 1941 Of the modern Bismarck the British writer and broadcaster Ludovic Kennedy wrote “There had never been a warship like her …… No German saw her without pride, no neutral or enemy without admiration”. In contrast the aging “Mighty Hood ’ had been built and launched during the First World War. Although sailing around the Empire in peacetime as the “embodiment of British sea power” her deck armour had been compromised for speed. -
Of Deaths in Service of Royal Naval Medical, Dental, Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service and Sick Berth Staff
Index of Deaths in Service of Royal Naval Medical, Dental, Queen Alexandra’s Royal Naval Nursing Service and Sick Berth Staff World War II Researched and collated by Eric C Birbeck MVO and Peter J Derby - Haslar Heritage Group. Ranks and Rate abbreviations can be found at the end of this document Name Rank / Off No 1 Date Ship, (Pennant No), Type, Reason for loss and other comrades lost and Rate burial / memorial details (where known). Abel CA SBA SR8625 02/10/1942 HMS Tamar. Hong Kong Naval Base. Drowned, POW (along with many other medical shipmates) onboard SS Lisbon Maru sunk by US Submarine Grouper. 2 Panel 71, Column 2, Plymouth Naval Memorial, Devon, UK. 1 Officers’ official numbers are not shown as they were not recorded on the original documents researched. Where found, notes on awards and medals have been added. 2 Lisbon Maru was a Japanese freighter which was used as a troopship and prisoner-of-war transport between China and Japan. When she was sunk by USS Grouper (SS- 214) on 1 October 1942, she was carrying, in addition to Japanese Army personnel, almost 2,000 British prisoners of war captured after the fall of Hong Kong in December Name Rank / Off No 1 Date Ship, (Pennant No), Type, Reason for loss and other comrades lost and Rate burial / memorial details (where known). Abraham J LSBA M54850 11/03/1942 HMS Naiad (93). Dido-class destroyer. Sunk by U-565 south of Crete. Panel 71, Column 2, Plymouth Naval Memorial, Devon, UK. Abrahams TH LSBA M49905 26/02/1942 HMS Sultan.