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Italian Thistle (Carduus Pycnocephalus)
Thistles: Identification and Management Rebecca Ozeran 1 May 2018 Common thistles in the San Joaquin Valley Carduus Centaurea Cirsium Silybum Onopordum Italian thistle Yellow starthistle Bull thistle (Blessed) milkthistle Scotch thistle Tocalote Canada thistle (Malta starthistle) All of these species are found at least one of Fresno, Kern, Kings, Madera, or Tulare Counties Identification • Many species start as a basal rosette in fall • Mature plants can have dense & bushy or tall & stemmy appearance • Purple/pink or yellow-flowered Identification • Why does thistle species matter? • Varying levels of risk to animals • Varying competition with forage • Varying susceptibility to control options Identification – 1. Italian thistle • Carduus pycnocephalus • narrow, spiky flower heads • winged, spiny stems branching above the base • found in Fresno, Kern, Madera, Tulare Identification – 2. Centaurea thistles • YELLOW STARTHISTLE (C. solstitialis) • long, yellow/white spines on phyllaries • can get a bushy structure • found in Fresno, Kern, Madera, Tulare • TOCALOTE (MALTA STARTHISTLE, C. melitensis) • stouter flower heads and shorter, redder spines on phyllaries • found in all 5 counties Identification – 3. Cirsium thistles • Canada thistle (C. arvense) • smooth stems, non-spiny flowerheads • flowers Jun-Oct • found in Fresno, Kern, Tulare • Bull thistle (C. vulgare) • large spiky looking flowerheads • lots of branching, dense plant • flowers Jun-Oct • found in all 5 counties Identification – 4. Blessed milk thistle • Silybum marianum • Distinct, -
Slender Thistles LC0229 Department of Primary Industries ISSN 1329-833X
Updated: August 2007 Slender Thistles LC0229 Department of Primary Industries ISSN 1329-833X Common and scientific names in colour. All seeds have a group of plumes (the pappus) about three times as long as the seed for wind dispersal. Slender thistle, shore thistle Roots - branched, slender or stout tap root. Carduus pycnocephalus L. (slender thistle) Carduus tenuiflorus Curt. (winged slender thistle) Family Asteraceae (daisy family) Origin and distribution Slender thistles are native to Europe and North Africa. The range of C. pycnocephalus extends to Asia Minor and Pakistan while that of C. tenuiflorus extends northwards to Britain and Scandinavia. They are a problem in many areas of the world. Both species were present in Victoria during the 1880s and now occur throughout much of the State. Slender thistles are troublesome weeds in pastures and wastelands, favouring areas of winter rainfall and soils of moderate to high fertility. The two species often occur together in mixed populations. Description Erect annual herbs, commonly 60 to 100 cm high but up to 2m, reproducing by seed. Seed germinates in the 6 weeks Figure 1. Slender thistle, Carduus tenuiflorus. following the autumn break. Seedlings develop into rosettes and remain in the rosette stage over winter. Flowering stems are produced in early spring and flowering continues from September to December. Plants die in early summer after flowering, but dead stems can remain standing for months. Stems - flowering stems are single or multiple from the base, branched, strongly ribbed and slightly woolly. Spiny wings occur along most of the length of flowering stems. Leaves - rosette leaves 15 to 25 cm long, stalked and Figure 2. -
Milk Thistle
Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Biological Control BIOLOGY AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF EXOTIC T RU E T HISTL E S RACHEL WINSTON , RICH HANSEN , MA R K SCH W A R ZLÄNDE R , ER IC COO M BS , CA R OL BELL RANDALL , AND RODNEY LY M FHTET-2007-05 U.S. Department Forest September 2008 of Agriculture Service FHTET he Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team (FHTET) was created in 1995 Tby the Deputy Chief for State and Private Forestry, USDA, Forest Service, to develop and deliver technologies to protect and improve the health of American forests. This book was published by FHTET as part of the technology transfer series. http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/ On the cover: Italian thistle. Photo: ©Saint Mary’s College of California. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call 202-720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for information only and does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. -
Fort Ord Natural Reserve Plant List
UCSC Fort Ord Natural Reserve Plants Below is the most recently updated plant list for UCSC Fort Ord Natural Reserve. * non-native taxon ? presence in question Listed Species Information: CNPS Listed - as designated by the California Rare Plant Ranks (formerly known as CNPS Lists). More information at http://www.cnps.org/cnps/rareplants/ranking.php Cal IPC Listed - an inventory that categorizes exotic and invasive plants as High, Moderate, or Limited, reflecting the level of each species' negative ecological impact in California. More information at http://www.cal-ipc.org More information about Federal and State threatened and endangered species listings can be found at https://www.fws.gov/endangered/ (US) and http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/nongame/ t_e_spp/ (CA). FAMILY NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME LISTED Ferns AZOLLACEAE - Mosquito Fern American water fern, mosquito fern, Family Azolla filiculoides ? Mosquito fern, Pacific mosquitofern DENNSTAEDTIACEAE - Bracken Hairy brackenfern, Western bracken Family Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens fern DRYOPTERIDACEAE - Shield or California wood fern, Coastal wood wood fern family Dryopteris arguta fern, Shield fern Common horsetail rush, Common horsetail, field horsetail, Field EQUISETACEAE - Horsetail Family Equisetum arvense horsetail Equisetum telmateia ssp. braunii Giant horse tail, Giant horsetail Pentagramma triangularis ssp. PTERIDACEAE - Brake Family triangularis Gold back fern Gymnosperms CUPRESSACEAE - Cypress Family Hesperocyparis macrocarpa Monterey cypress CNPS - 1B.2, Cal IPC -
Thistle Identification
Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service PSS-2776 Thistle Identification January 2021 Laura Goodman Extension Rangeland Ecology Specialist Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Fact Sheets are also available on our website at: Tom Royer extension.okstate.edu Extension Entomologist Alex Rocateli can often develop. The current Thistle Law includes three of Forage Systems Extension Specialist the five species. However, all introduced thistles should be considered invasive. Oklahoma’s Noxious Weed Law, first enacted in 1994 in four counties in northeastern Oklahoma (Code 35:30-36-13) Thistles Listed in the Noxious Weed Law was amended in 1995, 1998 and 1999. The current law de- Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) is an introduced peren- clares musk, scotch and Canada thistles to be noxious weeds nial thistle widely distributed in Nebraska and other northern and public nuisances in all counties of the state. states. At present, it does not appear to be a major threat in There are about a dozen purple-flowered spiny thistle Oklahoma. Several plants were collected in the panhandle species that occur in Oklahoma. Oklahoma’s Noxious Weed counties in the 1950s and several more in Bryan County in Law can raise concern among landowners if they do not the 1970s, but currently, no infestations are known to exist in know which thistles on their land they are required to control. the state. In a 1998 survey of noxious weeds in Meade County The purpose of this publication is to describe the introduced Kansas, north of Beaver County, Oklahoma, reported a small thistles, selected common native thistles and provide infor- infestation of Canada thistle. -
Biologically Active Secondary Metabolites from Asteraceae and Polygonaceae Species
University of Szeged Faculty of Pharmacy Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Department of Pharmacognosy Biologically active secondary metabolites from Asteraceae and Polygonaceae species Ph.D. Thesis Ildikó Lajter Supervisors: Prof. Judit Hohmann Dr. Andrea Vasas Szeged, Hungary 2015 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS RELATED TO THE THESIS I. Lajter I, Zupkó I, Molnár J, Jakab G, Balogh L, Vasas A, Hohmann J. Antiproliferative activity of Polygonaceae species from the Carpathian Basin against human cancer cell lines Phytotherapy Research 2013; 27: 77-85. II. Lajter I, Vasas A, Orvos P, Bánsághi S, Tálosi L, Jakab G, Béni Z, Háda V, Forgo P, Hohmann J. Inhibition of G protein-activated inwardly rectifying K+ channels by extracts of Polygonum persicaria and isolation of new flavonoids from the chloroform extract of the herb Planta Medica 2013; 79: 1736-1741. III. Lajter I, Vasas A, Béni Z, Forgo P, Binder M, Bochkov V, Zupkó I, Krupitza G, Frisch R, Kopp B, Hohmann J. Sesquiterpenes from Neurolaena lobata and their antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory activities Journal of Natural Products 2014; 77: 576-582. IV. McKinnon R, Binder M, Zupkó I, Afonyushkin T, Lajter I, Vasas A, de Martin R, Unger C, Dolznig H, Diaz R, Frisch R, Passreiter CM, Krupitza G, Hohmann J, Kopp B, Bochkov VN. Pharmacological insight into the anti-inflammatory activity of sesquiterpene lactones from Neurolaena lobata (L.) R.Br. ex Cass. Phytomedicine 2014; 21: 1695-1701. V. Lajter I, Pan SP, Nikles S, Ortmann S, Vasas A, Csupor-Löffler B, Forgó P, Hohmann J, Bauer R. Inhibition of COX-2 and NF-κB1 gene expression, NO production, 5-LOX, and COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes by extracts and constituents of Onopordum acanthium Planta Medica 2015; 81: 1270-1276. -
Lipid Composition of Carduus Thoermeri Weinm., Onopordum Acanthium L
622 Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 20 (No 3) 2014, 622-627 Agricultural Academy LIPID COMPOSITION OF CARDUUS THOERMERI WEINM., ONOPORDUM ACANTHIUM L. AND SILYBUM MARIANUM L., GROWING IN BULGARIA I. ZHELEV1, P. MERDZHANOV2, М. AngelovA-RomovA3, M. ZLATANOV3, g. AntovA3, I. DImItRovA-DyulgeRovA*3 and A. StoyAnovA2 1 Medical University of Varna, Faculty of Pharmacy, BG - 9002 Varna, Bulgaria 2 University of Food Technologies, BG - 4003 Plovdiv, Bulgaria 3 University of Plovdiv ”Paisij Hilendarski”, BG - 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria Abstract ZHELEV, I., P. MERDZHANOV, М. AngelovA-RomovA, m. ZlAtAnov, g. AntovA, I. DImItRovA- DyulgeRovA and A. StoyAnovA, 2014. Lipid composition of Carduus thoermeri Weinm., Onopordum acanthium L. and Silybum marianum L., growing in Bulgaria. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 20: 622-627 Seed oil chemical composition of wild growing Carduus thoermeri Weinm., Onopordum acanthium L. and Silybum mari- anum l. were studied for the first time in Bulgaria, by using gC, HPlC, TLC and spectrophotometrical methods. the major components of fatty acids were oleic (342 - 530 g.kg-1), linoleic (176 - 511 g.kg-1) and palmitic (99 - 150 g.kg-1). α-tocopherol was the main component in the tocopherol fraction of O. acanthium seeds (911 g.kg-1). In the sterol fraction the main components were β-sitosterol (546 - 632 g.kg-1) and campesterol (128 - 156 g.kg-1). Phosphatidylinositol was with the highest concentration in the phospolipid fraction (317 g.kg-1 in C. thoermeri and 320 g.kg-1 in O. acanthium). Due to content of unsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols and phytosterols, the seeds of these widespread species (especially O. -
Preliminary Results on the Phytophagous Insect Fauna on Onopordum Acanthium (Asteraceae) in Bulgaria
Pestic. Phytomed. (Belgrade), 25(4), 2010, 301-309 UDC: 591.617:632.51 Pestic. fitomed. (Beograd), 25(4), 2010, 301-309 Scientific paper * Naučni rad DOI: 10.2298/PIF1004301H Preliminary Results on the Phytophagous Insect Fauna on Onopordum acanthium (Asteraceae) in Bulgaria Vili Harizanova1, Atanaska Stoeva1, Massimo Cristofaro2, Allesandra Paolini2, Francesca Lecce2 and Franca Di Cristina2 1UAgricultural University-Plovdiv, Plovdiv 4000, Mendeleev 12, Bulgaria ([email protected]) 2ANEA C.R. Cassacia UTAGRI-ECO Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 S. Maria di Galeria (Rome), Italy Received: August 5, 2010 Accepted: November 3, 2010 SUMMARY The Scotch thistle, Onopordum acanthium (Asteraceae) has the Eurasian origin and represents an invasive weed in the USA and Australia. It is a serious problem in pastures, along roadsides, rangeland, etc. The weed is very common in Bulgaria and in 2009-2010 several sites with large populations of O. acanthium have been located. The weekly sur- veys of some of the sites, mainly in the region of Plovdiv, revealed a significant diver- sity of phytophagous insect species, some of which had very high population density. More than 30 species have already been identified and observations on the phenolo- gy and biology of some of them have been conducted. For some of the species, such as endophagous Larinus latus, Lixus cardui, Eublemma amoena, Trichosirocalus briesei, or ectophagous Cassida rubiginosa etc. found during our surveys, there are reports in the lit- erature describing them as having been already introduced as successful biocontrol agents in Australia. Endophagous species like lepidopteran Myelois circumvoluta and Pyroderces argyrogrammos which feed on the stems and the head, and the tephritid flies Tephritis pos- tica and Chaetostomella cylindrica which feed on the capitula, seem quite destructive for the weed, but need to be further studied regarding host specificity. -
Oregon Department of Agriculture Pest Risk Assessment for Welted Thistle, Carduus Crispus L
Oregon Department of Agriculture Pest Risk Assessment for Welted thistle, Carduus crispus L. February 2017 Species: Welted thistle, Curly plumeless thistle, (Carduus crispus) L. Family: Asteraceae Findings of this review and assessment: Welted thistle (Carduus crispus) was evaluated and determined to be a category “A” rated noxious weed, as defined by the Oregon Department of Agriculture (ODA) Noxious Weed Policy and Classification System. This determination was based on a literature review and analysis using two ODA evaluation forms. Using the Noxious Qualitative Weed Risk Assessment v. 3.8, welted thistle scored 61 indicating a Risk Category of A; and a score of 16 with the Noxious Weed Rating System v. 3.1, indicating an “A” rating. Introduction: Welted thistle, native to Europe and Asia, has become a weed of waste ground, pastures, and roadsides, in some areas of the United States. The first record of welted thistle occurred in the Eastern U.S. in 1974. For decades, only one site (British Columbia) had been documented west of the Rockies. In 2016, a new western infestation was detected in Wallowa County, Oregon. Welted thistle was found invading irrigated field margins, ditch banks and tended alfalfa crops. Several satellite infestations were found within a mile radius of the core infestation (see Appendix, Map 1). It is not clear how the plant was introduced into Oregon, but contaminated crop seed is suspected. Carduus crispus closely resembles the more common C. acanthoides (plumeless thistle) that is also present in very low numbers in Wallowa County. Wallowa County listed welted thistle as an A-rated weed and quickly expanded survey boundaries and began implementing early eradication measures. -
The Phytophagous Insect Fauna of Scotch Thistle, Onopordum Acanthium L., in Southeastern Washington and Northwestern Idaho
Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds 233 4-14 July 1999, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA Neal R. Spencer [ed.]. pp. 233-239 (2000) The Phytophagous Insect Fauna of Scotch Thistle, Onopordum acanthium L., in Southeastern Washington and Northwestern Idaho J. D. WATTS1 and G. L. PIPER Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6382, USA Abstract Scotch thistle, Onopordum acanthium L. (Asteraceae: Cardueae), a plant of Eurasian origin, has become an increasingly serious pasture, rangeland, wasteland, and roadside weed in the western United States. Prior to the implementation of a biological control agent acquisition and release program, a domestic survey was carried out at 16 sites in five southeastern Washington and northwestern Idaho counties between 1995-96 to ascertain the plant’s existing entomofauna. Thirty phytophagous insect species in six orders and 17 families were found to be associated with the thistle. Hemiptera, Homoptera, and Coleoptera were the dominant ectophagous taxa, encompassing 50, 20, and 17% of all species found, respectively. The family Miridae contained 60% of the hemipteran fauna. Onopordum herbivores were polyphagous ectophages, and none of them reduced popula- tions of or caused appreciable damage to the plant. The only insect that consistently fed and reproduced on O. acanthium was the aphid Brachycaudus cardui (L.). A notable gap in resource use was the absence of endophages, particularly those attacking the capitula, stems, and roots. Consequently, the importation of a complex of nonindigenous, niche- specific natural enemies may prove to be a highly rewarding undertaking. Key Words: Onopordum, Scotch thistle, weed, biological control, entomofauna Scotch thistle, Onopordum acanthium L. -
Draft Written Findings for Turkish Thistle, Carduus Cinereus
DRAFT: WRITTEN FINDINGS OF THE WASHINGTON STATE NOXIOUS WEED CONTROL BOARD Scientific Name: Carduus cinereus M.Bieb. Synonyms: Carduus pycnocephalus L. subsp. cinereus (M.Bieb.) P.H.Davis; Carduus arabicus Jacq. subsp. cinereus (M.Bieb.) Kazmi Common Name: Turkish thistle, Spanish thistle Family: Asteraceae Legal Status: being considered for listing on the monitor list or the state noxious weed list Description and Variation: Turkish thistle’s description is adapted from Gaskin et al. (2019) unless otherwise cited. Refer to Gaskin et al. (2019) for Turkish thistle’s full botanical description as well as the genetic research that determined these plants to be this new species in North America. Overall habit: Turkish thistle is an annual thistle with winged stems that can grow up to 4 feet tall. Its basal leaves are up to 4 inches long, and stem leaves reduce in size moving up the stem. Flower heads are compressed, non-spherical, and single or in loose clusters. Each purplish flower head is typically on a short hairy stem or may be stemless. Images: left, Turkish thistle plants can flower when they are as small as 3 inches or can grow up to 4 feet tall depending on growing conditions (right image), images by Mark Porter, Oregon Department of Agriculture. Stems: Turkish thistle stems can vary greatly in size depending on habitat conditions, growing from 3 to 48 inches tall, (7.7 to 120 cm) (Porter 2020, Gaskin et al. 2019). Stems are unbranched to openly branched, and loosely covered with soft woolly hairs (tomentose). The stems are winged, with teeth of wings to 0.2 inches (5 mm) long and wing spines to 0.4 inches (10 mm) long. -
Chemical Profile and Phytotoxic Action of Onopordum Acanthium Essential
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Chemical profle and phytotoxic action of Onopordum acanthium essential oil Caixia Wei1, Shixing Zhou2, Kai Shi3, Chi Zhang4 & Hua Shao1,2* The potential of utilizing Onopordum acanthium essential oil and its major constituents as environment friendly herbicides was investigated. In total 29, 25, and 18 compounds were identifed from fower, leaf, and stem oils, representing 94.77%, 80.02%, and 90.74% of the total oil, respectively. Flower and stem oils were found to be rich in n-alkanes, which accounted for 57.33% in fower oil, and 82.33% in stem oil. Flower oil exerted potent inhibitory activity on both receiver species, Amaranthus retrofexus and Poa annua, which nearly completely suppressed seed germination at 5 mg/mL, and β-eudesmol is the most likely responsible compound for its phytotoxicity; in comparison, leaf and stem oils exhibited much weaker inhibitory activity on A. retrofexus, and stimulatory efect on P. annua when tested concentration was below 2.5 mg/mL. Alkanes in the oils were found to exert relatively weak plant growth regulatory activity. This report is the frst on the chemical profle and phytotoxic action of O. acanthium oil as well as the phytotoxicity of β-eudesmol. Te genus Onopordum (Asteraceae) comprises 50 species that distribute in continental Europe and central and southwest of Asia1. Among them, O. acanthium L., also known as Scotch thistle, is a biennial species, and height of mature plants can reach up to 3 m. Flowering plants have white lanate stems that are ridged with spiny- margined wings; the plant bears purple fowers, the inforescence is a panicle that bears capitula 2.