Raport Privind Starea Factorilor De Mediu În Judeţul Timiş ,În Anul 2005

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Raport Privind Starea Factorilor De Mediu În Judeţul Timiş ,În Anul 2005 _____________________Raport privind starea factorilor de mediu în judeţul Timiş ,în anul 2005 CAPITOLUL 1. CADRUL NATURAL ŞI DEZVOLTAREA SOCIO-ECONOMICĂ 1.1 Poziţia geografică a Judeţului Timiş Judeţul Timiş se situează în partea de vest a României, la nord, se mărgineşte cu judeţul Arad, la est, cu judeţul Hunedoara, la sud, cu judeţul Caraş- Severin. Coordonatele geografice Puncte extreme : la vest, longitudine estică –200 16` (Beba Veche), la răsărit, longitudine estică -22033` (Poieni), la sud, latitudine nordică 45011` (Lăţunaş), iar la miazănoapte, latitudine nordică - 46011` (Cenad). Suprafaţa ; 8696,7 km2 1.2 Principalele cursuri de apă şi lacuri naturale Râurile care străbat teritoriul judeţului, fac parte din grupa râurilor de sud-vest (cu excepţia Mureşului şi Begheiului). Râul Mureş : străbate partea nordică a judeţului, pe o lungime de 42 km. La sud de Mureş, curge Aranca, pe o lungime de 104 km (65 km pe cuprinsul judeţului Timiş). 1 _____________________Raport privind starea factorilor de mediu în judeţul Timiş ,în anul 2005 Bega-Veche, are o lungime de 88 km, izvorăşte din Dealurile Lipovei, de la 250 m altitudine, este o continuare a Beregsăului. Printre afluenţi enumerăm : Bacin, Surduc, Niarad, Apa Mare. Bega, îşi are izvoarele în Munţii Poiana Ruscăi (1150 m altitudine) ; dintre afluenţii pe care-i primeşte pe cei 159 km, pe care îi parcurge, pe teritoriul României, enumerăm: Gladna, Cladova, Miniş, Cherteamoş, Vădana, Saşa, Niergis, Behela. Există două canale de legătura cu râul Timiş : între Coştei şi Chizătău (de alimentare) şi între Topolovăţu Mare şi Hitiaş (de desecare), precum şi canalul navigabil Bega, între Timişoara şi confluenţa cu Tisa. Timişul : drenează judeţul Timiş pe o lungime de 141,6 km şi are ca afluenţi : Pogăniş, Lunca Birda, Nădrag, Spaia. Bârzava şi Moraviţa sunt cele mai sudice râuri. Câmpia Timişului are câteva tipuri de lacuri variate ca geneză : lacurile relicte (cele de la Satchinez şi Becicherecu Mic) sunt resturi din mlaştinile care au acoperit o mare parte din câmpie ; lacurile fluviale (cele de la Macedonia, Ionel, Niţchidorf, Cebza, Obad) formate în braţele părăsite şi parţial colmatate ale râurilor Bârzava, Bega, Timiş ; lacurile de tasare (cele de la Valcani, Deta, Izvin, Voiteg) alimentate din apa freatică, din ploi. Lacurile artificiale, sunt rezultatul unei acţiuni directe sau indirecte, în scopuri economice. Lacurile antropice, sunt lacurile ce s-au format în excavaţiile executate pentru extragerea argilei, cum ar fi cele de la Cărpiniş, Sânnicolau Mare, Jimbolia, Deta, Timişoara. Lacurile antropice, pot fi : Acumulările în urma construirii de baraje : Surduc, Giarmata, Satchinez, Mănăştur, etc. Eleşteele piscicole : Diniaş, Urseni, Nădrag, Bazoşu Vechi, Partoş. 1.3 Principalele altitudini muntoase. Altitudinea medie a principalelor localităţi Relieful este caracterizat printr-o varietate de forme morfologice : munţi, dealuri, depresiuni de contact şi câmpii, succesionate altitudinal, de la est la vest. Munţii Poiana Ruscă sunt cea mai veche şi înaltă formă de relief de pe teritoriul judeţului, fiind situaţi în extremitatea estică, cu înălţimi de aproximativ 1300 m (Vârful Padeş 1374 m, Vârful Rusca 1355 m). La altitudini situate între 600-800 m, sunt prezente suprafeţe plane (platourile Luncani, Poieni), lipsite de pădure. La acelaşi nivel, se găsesc câteva măguri cristaline izolate : Druja (Vârful Druja 958 m), masivul Braianu (Vârful Braianu Mare 873 m), Masivul Pleşa Jdioarei (623m). În regiunea periferică a munţilor se află Vârful Măgura Surduc 496 m) străbătut transversal de Valea Gladna. 2 _____________________Raport privind starea factorilor de mediu în judeţul Timiş ,în anul 2005 Între zona montană cristalină şi cea a dealurilor piemontane sunt prezente depresiunile: Zolt, Gladna Română, Gladna Montană, Fârdea-Hăuzeşti. Zona dealurilor piemontane, reprezintă o altă treaptă a reliefului judeţului, alcătuit din dealuri cu altitudini între 200-400 m : dealurile Frăgulii (Bulzii)-situate în N-V Poiana Ruscăi, depăşesc uneori 400 m altitudine (Vârful Frăgulii); dealurile Lăpugiului-situate între Valea Icuii şi Valea Hompsdiei; dealurile Făgetului-între Valea Begăi şi Valea Gladnei, cu înălţimi între 20-300 m ; dealurile Lugojului-situate la marginea vestică a munţilor Poiana Ruscăi, despărţiţi fiind de aceştia prin Valea Hăuzeşti ; dealurile Lipovei-situate între Văile Mureşului (la N), Begăi (la S), Beregsăului (la V) ; dealurile Silagiului-limitate de Văile Timişului şi Pogănişului, cu înălţimi situate între 200-300 m ; dealurile Sacoşului-continuă spre dealurile Silagiului (spre S-E), în dreapta Văii Pogănişului. Se remarcă unele măguri ce domină regiunea, Măgura Poieni 434 m, Bleaua 356 m. La nivelul judeţului Timiş principalele localităţi urbane sunt situate preponderent în zone de câmpie-şes cu următoarele altitudini: Timişoara – 90 m Buziaş – 128 m Lugoj – 125 m Jimbolia – 82 m Deta – 89 m Făget 159 m 1.4 Temperatura ambientală (media anuală, maximă şi cantitatea minimă anual). Precipitaţii atmosferice (cantitatea anuală). Judeţul Timiş, e dominat de un climat continental moderat, cu influenţe mediteraneene şi oceanice. Vânturile care bat în judeţ, sunt Vântul de Vest (bate de la nord vest-vara) şi iarna (de la sud-vest) Austrul. Datele privind mediile lunare şi anuale ale temperaturii aerului, sunt redate în tabelul 1.1. ; temperaturile medii pe anotimpuri la principalele staţii meteorologice din judeţul Timiş, sunt redate în tabelul 1.2. ; data medie şi extremă a primului şi a ultimului îngheţ, sunt redate în tabelul 1.3. ; frecvenţa iernilor cu diferite grade de asprime în funcţie de ∑T<00C, sunt redate în tabelul 1.4., iar tabelul 1.5., prezintă frecvenţa (%) medie anuală a vânturilor pe direcţii. Mediile lunare şi anuale ale temperaturii aerului (1896-1975) (după Clima României, 1966, V. Ghibedea, 1972, 1973) Tabelul 1.1. 3 _____________________Raport privind starea factorilor de mediu în judeţul Timiş ,în anul 2005 Staţia Altitudine I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Anual (m) Timişoara 91 - 0,3 5,5 11,0 16,1 19,6 21,6 20,7 16,8 11,3 5,5 0,7 10,6 1,9 Sânnicolau 90 - 0,4 5,6 11,1 16,3 19,7 21,7 20,9 17,0 11,0 5,6 0,9 10,8 Mare 1,7 Jimbolia 82 - 0,2 5,9 11,9 16,0 19,4 21,4 20,7 16,7 11,2 5,5 1,4 10,7 1,5 Lugoj 124 - 0,9 5,7 11,0 16,0 19,3 21,2 20,4 16,8 11,3 5,7 1,1 10,6 1,4 Temperaturi medii anotimpuale (1896-1955) la principalele staţii meteorologice din judeţul Timiş (după V. Ghibedea, 1972, 1973) Tabelul 1.2. Staţia Altitudine Anotimpurile (0C) (m) Iarna Primavara Vara Toamna Timişoara 91 0,2 11,2 20,7 11,3 Sânnicolau 90 0,2 11,0 20,8 11,5 Mare Jimbolia 82 0,0 11,2 20,5 11,1 Lugoj 124 0,1 11,1 20,6 11,6 Data medie şi extremă a primului şi a ultimului îngheţ (după O. Berbecel-1979) Tabelul 1.3. Staţia Data medie Durata Date extreme Primul Ultimul medie a Primul îngheţ îngheţ intervalului îngheţ fără îngheţ Timişoara 29 X 11 IV 202 zile 1 X 19 V Sânnicolau 29 X 13 IV 201 zile 28 IX 13 V Mare Lugoj 21 X 16 IV 188 zile 19 IX 13 V Frecvenţa iernilor cu diferite grade de asprime în funcţie de ∑T<00C (XI-III-după O. Berbecel-1979) Tabelul 1.4. Staţia Intervalul de Ierni ∑T<00C (%) observaţie Blânde Moderate Aspre <2000C 200-4000C 400-500 0C Timişoara 1942-1978 68 23 9 Sânnicolau 1931-1978 63 26 11 Mare Lugoj 1955-1978 73 18 9 4 _____________________Raport privind starea factorilor de mediu în judeţul Timiş ,în anul 2005 Frecvenţa % medie anuală a vânturilor pe direcţii (după Gh. Ianoş, I. Puşcă, M. Goian, 1997) Tabelul 1.5. Staţia N NE E SE S SV V NV Calm Timişoara 16,9 8,7 15,0 7,4 8,4 8,6 7,0 9,1 20,9 Sânnicolau 6,3 12,0 2,0 18,4 9,4 10,6 6,8 15,0 19,5 Mare Lugoj 4,7 4,2 2,9 15,9 2,9 4,7 6,3 7,8 51,6 1.5 Resurse naturale Prin “resurse naturale” se înţelege: totalitatea elementelor naturale ale mediului înconjurător ce pot fi folosite în activitatea umană: resurse neregenerabile – minerale şi combustibili fosili; resurse regenerabile – apă, aer, sol, floră, faună sălbatică; resurse permanente – energie solară, eoliană, geotermală şi a valurilor. Astfel noţiunea de “mediu înconjurător” cuprinde de fapt, toate activităţile umane în relaţia om-natură, în cadrul planetei Terra. Conceptul actual de “mediu înconjurător” are un caracter dinamic, care caută să cunoască, să analizeze şi să urmărească funcţionarea sistemelor protejate în toată complexitatea lor. Problema rezidurilor activităţilor umane a luat proporţii îngrijorătoare, prin acumularea lor provocând alterarea calităţii factorilor de mediu. Aceste alterări sunt cauza unor dezechilibre în faună şi floră şi în sănătatea şi bunul mers al colectivităţii umane din zonele supraaglomerate. Prin accelerarea ritmurilor de dezvoltare, bazată pe consumarea resurselor neregenerabile de energie, s-a ajuns, în unele ţări industrializate, la un grad de bunăstare ridicat, constatându-se practic că apare, cu iminenţă, ameninţarea consecinţelor acţiunii umane asupra mediului, poluarea lui la nivel global. Deteriorarea mediului ambiant este cauzată de: existenţa prea multor automobile, avioane cu reacţie şi nave de mare tonaj, a prea multor fabrici care funcţionează după tehnlogii vechi, poluante, mari consumatoare de materii prime, apă şi energie, fenomene care sunt determinante, în ultima instanţă, de necesităţi crescânde ale unei populaţii aflate în stare de explozie demografică şi îndeosebi de existenţa marilor aglomerări urbane. Protecţia mediului este o problemă majoră a ultimului deceniu dezbătută la nivel mondial, fapt ce a dat naştere numeroaselor dispute între ţările dezvoltate şi cele în curs de dezvoltare. Acest lucru a impus înfiinţarea unor organizaţii internaţionale ce au ca principale obiective adoptarea unor soluţii de diminuare a poluării şi creşterea nivelului calităţii mediului în ansamblu.
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