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Proses Integrasi Patani Ke Dalam Teritori Thailand 1902-1932

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Proses Integrasi Patani Ke Dalam Teritori Thailand 1902-1932 PROSES INTEGRASI PATANI KE DALAM TERITORI THAILAND 1902-1932 SKRIPSI Diajukan Kepada Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora untuk Memenuhi Persyaratan Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Humaniora Oleh : WILDA DARNELA ADIWILDAN NIM 105022000855 PROGRAM STUDI SEJARAH DAN PERADABAN ISLAM FAKULTAS ADAB DAN HUMANIORA UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 1431 H/2010 M PROSES INTEGRASI PATANI KE DALAM TERITORI THAILAND 1902-1932 SKRIPSI Diajukan Kepada Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora untuk Memenuhi Persyaratan Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Humaniora Oleh: WILDA DARNELA ADIWILDAN 105022000855 Di Bawah Bimbingan Awalia Rahma. M.A NIP: 19710621.200112.2.001 PROGRAM STUDI SEJARAH DAN PERADABAN ISLAM FAKULTAS ADAB DAN HUMANIORA UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 1431 H/2010 M PENGESAHAN PANITIA UJIAN Skripsi yang berjudul “PROSES INTEGRASI PATANI KE DALAM TERITORI THAILAND 1902-1932”. Telah diujikan dalam Sidang Munaqosyah Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Pada tanggal 20 September 2010. Skripsi ini telah diterima sebagai salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Humaniora (S.Hum) pada Program Studi Sejarah dan Peradaban Islam. Jakarta, 20 September 2010 Sidang Munaqosyah Ketua Merangkap Anggota Sekretaris Merangkap Anggota Drs. H. M. Ma’ruf Misbah, MA. Nurhasan MA. NIP: 195912221991031003 NIP: 19690724199703 1 001 Penguji Pembimbing Nurhasan MA. Awalia Rahma MA. NIP: 19690724199703 1 001 NIP: 19710621.200112.2.001 ABSTRAKSI WILDA DARNELA ADIWILDAN PROSES INTEGRASI PATANI KE DALAM TERITORI THAILAND 1902- 1932 Tulisan ini, secara komprehensif melihat kembali faktor-faktor internal dan eksternal yang menyebabkan Patani menjadi bagian dari wilayah integral Thailand yang dalam konteks historis dan kulturnya sangat berbeda. Sejarah, budaya, dan bahasa yang dimiliki Patani lebih dekat dengan Muslim di Malaysia dibanding dengan orang-orang Budha yang ada di Thailand. Usaha mengintegrasikan orang-orang Melayu-Muslim Patani ke dalam wilayah Thailand dimulai tahun 1902 dan langsung mendapat kecaman dari kalangan elit Patani. kebijakan integrasi tersebut dipertegas dalam perjanjian Anglo-Siam 1909 antara Thailand dan Inggris, dengan tanpa melibatkan orang-orang Patani sebagai obyek yang diintegrasikan. Tak ayal, prosesnya pun diwarnai konflik pertentangan dari kalangan Melayu-Muslim Patani. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan fungsionalisme struktural, Talcott Parsons, kajian ini mencoba menganalisis pola tahapan integrasi yang dilakukan Thailand terhadap Patani antara tahun 1902- 1932, serta melihat faktor penyebab integrasi tersebut, dan hasil perkembangan respons dari pihak Patani dan dunia internasional. Kata kunci: Integrasi, Penyatuan GLOSSARY Adaptation = Adaptasi, penyesuaian lingkungan Bendahara = perdana menteri Bendahari = bendahara Bunga Mas = upeti dari emas dan perak berbentuk bunga Buying-off = suap, menyuap Divide and ruled = memisahkan dan mengatur Ekuilibrium = lingkaran persamaan yang lahir dari masyarakat Federated States = Negara Federasi Gabenor = Gubernur GAMPAR = Gabungan Melayu Pattani Raya Goal-Attainment = pencapaian tujuan Haji = gelar bagi Muslim yang sudah melaksanakan haji ke Mekkah, sementara haji diartikan oleh orang- orang Thai sebagai orang yang berkunjung ke Kapilavastu’ (nama kota asal sang Budha). Integrasi = penyatuan, keseluruhan Kabupaten = daerah Khaek = sebutan bagi Muslim-Melayu Patani yang berarti tamu atau pengunjung, di sebut juga Thai-Islam Laksamana = admiral Latency = pemeliharaan pola Mono-ethnic character of the State = karakter ttnik tunggal negara Monthon = satuan administratif daerah Muang = kota Mufti = pejabat tertinggi Negara dalam mengeluarkan fatwa dan interpretasi al-Quran dan memiliki kewenangan mengkritisi sultan jika sultan keluar dari aturan syariah Nagarakartagama = naskah berbahasa India Nation = bangsa Pali = semacam ilmu sihir berasal dari India Qadi = hakim Islam. orang-orang Thai menyebut qadi dengan sebutan kali Ratthaniyom = Undang-Undang yang mengatur segala urusan dalam program Thaisasi bagi Muslim yang ditetapkan pada masa Phibul Songkram Shahbandar = master pelabuhan system of local government councils = sistem dewan pemerintah daerah Tok Guru = guru Senior Thesaphiban = sistem administrasi lokal/daerah Temenggong = menteri perang Ustadz = guru menangah KATA PENGANTAR Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb. Alhamdulillah, penulis panjatkan puji serta syukur kehadirat Ilahi Rabbi, Dzat yang Maha Pengatur dan Pemberi Kemudahan, Allah SWT. Akhirnya, jerih payah dan kesabaran menanti kepastian yang telah digoreskan Sang Penguasa kehidupan telah terjawabkan, tanpa keridhoan dari-Nya mimpi ini tidak akan pernah jadi kenyataan. Hanya Dia yang setia menemani ketika jiwa ini dalam kerapuhan, pikiran, dan hati yang tersesat, kelelahan yang tiada tara, waktu yang terus merongrong. Demi Dzat yang Maha Sempurna, penulis tidak akan bisa bertahan tanpa inayah dan hidayah dari-Nya. Untaian shalawat dipersembahkan untuk Khatam Al-Nabiyyin, pemimpin sejati, pembawa pesan cahaya Ilahi, Muhammad saw. Di pengantar skripsi ini, dengan segala kerendahan dan ketulusan hati, penulis mengucapkan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada: 1. Orang tua tercinta; ayahanda yang telah lama ‘pulang’ ke pangkuan Illahi Rabbi Moh. Adih Bahruddin Adiwildan dan ibunda Khusnul Khatimah. Terima kasih yang tulus, rasa ta’dzim dan hormat penulis haturkan atas kesabaran, nasihat dan kasih sayang yang tiada pernah berujung. Ini wujud ‘bangga’ untuk ayahanda dan ibunda dari ananda, semoga Allah selalu memberi kebahagiaan di dunia dan akhirat. Amien. 2. Dr. H. Abdul Wahid Hasyim M.Ag. selaku Dekan Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora i 3. Drs. H. M. Ma’ruf Misbah, M.A, selaku Ketua Jurusan Sejarah dan Peradaban Islam 4. Nurhasan M.A selaku Sekretaris Jurusan Sejarah dan Peradaban Islam 5. Awalia Rahma, M.A, selaku pembimbing dalam menyusun skripsi ini, dan salah satu dosen yang memiliki komitmen dan loyalitas dalam mengajar mahasiswa-mahasiwanya. Terimakasih atas bimbingan, masukan, saran dan waktu luang hingga terselesaikannya penyusunan skripsi ini. 6. Seluruh dosen Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora, yang telah memberikan ilmu pengetahuan, semoga ilmu yang diberikan bermanfaat bagi penulis. 7. Seluruh staff akademik Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora. 8. Kakak-kakak dan adik-adikku tercinta. Sahabatku Nisa, Echi, Emi, Listia, Mardiyah, Andri, Apep, Agus, Keluarga Korek Api dan ‘ayat-ayat cintaku’ Hardy Kurniawan, kalian selalu disampingku. Serta teman-teman SPI 2005 dan adik-adik kelas tersayang. 9. Teman-teman Patani Wira Tahe, Weera, Nur, Ustad Hasan Daud, dan Aiman. Akun Patani Fakta dan Opini di jejaring facebook, terimakasih telah membantu mencari sumber-sumber tentang Patani. 10. Terima kasih kepada Teater Syahid dan Lab Teater Syahid, dan seluruh UKM Kampus UIN Jakarta, juga satpam UIN. Jakarta, 31 Agustus 2010 Penulis ii DAFTAR ISI DAFTAR ISI ……………………………………………………….. i KATA PENGANTAR ……………………………………………… iii LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ………………………………………… v BAB I PENDAHULUAN …………………………………………... 1 A. Latar Belakang Masalah ……………………………………... 1 B. Kerangka Teoritis ……………………………………………. 8 C. Pembatasan dan Perumusan Masalah ………………………... 10 D. Metode Penelitian ……………………………………………. 11 E. Sistematika Penulisan ………………………………………... 13 BAB II PATANI DALAM KONTEKS HISTORIS ........................ 14 A. Agama dan Masyarakat Melayu-Muslim Patani ....................... 14 B. Identitas Budaya dan Masyarakat Melayu-Muslim Patani 20 C. Situasi Politik Patani …………………………………………. 27 D. Situasi Ekonomi Patani ……………………………………… 35 BAB III PENGERTIAN DAN KONSEP INTEGRASI ………....... 42 A. Konsep dan Kebijakan Integrasi Politik Pemerintah Thailand (Siam) ………………………………………………. 42 B. Pandangan Melayu-Muslim Patani Terhadap Integrasi ………. 47 C. Konsep Integrasi Perspektif PBB …………………………….. 45 D. Pengertian dan Konsep Integrasi Menurut Intelektual ……….. 48 BAB IV ANALISIS INTEGRASI PATANI TAHUN 1902-1932 57 A. Proses Integrasi Patani ke Dalam Wilayah Thailand ………. 57 a. Pencetus dan Faktor Terjadinya Integrasi bagi Patani …. 57 b. Tahapan Integrasi Patani ke Dalam Wilayah Thailand 1902 – 1932 .……………………………………………. 65 1. Tahap Adaptation …………………………………… 65 2. Tahap Goal Attainment ……………………………... 67 3. Tahap Integration …………………………………… 69 4. Tahap Latency ……………………………………… 76 B. Respons Terhadap Integrasi Patani …………..………... 77 a. Respons Pemerintah Thailand …………………………. 77 b. Respons Muslim-Melayu Patani ………………………. 79 c. Respons Masyarakat Lembaga International ……… …… 83 BAB V PENUTUP …………………………………………………….. 84 A. Kesimpulan ……………………………………………………… 84 B. Saran dan Penutup ………………………………………………. 87 DAFTAR PUSTAKA LAMPIRAN-LAMPIRAN DAFTAR LAMPIRAN Lampiran 1 Silsilah Raja-raja Patani versi History of Patani Lampiran 2 Silsilah Raja-raja Patani versi Sejarah Kerajaan Melayu Patani Lampiran 3 Peta Patani Darussalam Lampiran 4 Draft ekspor dan impor Patani Lampiran 5 Darft cacatan komoditi Patani berdasarkan sumber Barat dan China Lampiran 6 Peta Patani setelah menjadi provinsi Thailand Lampiran 7 Peta wilayah-wilayah yang didominasi Melayu Muslim di Thailand Lampiran 8 Kategorisasi kebijakan integrasi Thailand dan dampaknya di Patani Lampiran 9 Foto Gajah di Museum Gajah Lampiran 10 Struktur Thai-Islam dalam birokrasi sosio-agama Thailand Lampiran11 Kronologi sejarah Thailand Lampiran12 Struktur Patani di bawah Thai Lampiran 13 Foto Raja Abdul Kadir Kamaruddin Lampiran 14 Draft Undang-Undang Ratthaniyom Lampiran15 Silsilah Keluarga Raja Abdul Kadir Kamaruddin BAB I PENDAHULUAN A. Latar Belakang Masalah Islam di Asia Tenggara paling tidak memiliki sejarah
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