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The Sociology of Agricultural Development in West Malaysia: An Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1986 The sociology of agricultural development in West Malaysia: an analysis of peasant producers' rural- rural migration within the context of integrated agricultural development setting Mohd. Isa Bin Haji Bakar Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Demography, Population, and Ecology Commons Recommended Citation Bakar, Mohd. Isa Bin Haji, "The ocs iology of agricultural development in West Malaysia: an analysis of peasant producers' rural-rural migration within the context of integrated agricultural development setting " (1986). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 8004. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/8004 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a manuscript sent to us for publication and microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to pho­ tograph and reproduce this manuscript, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. Pages in any manuscript may have indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has been filmed. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. Manuscripts may not always be complete. When it is not possible to obtain missing pages, a note appears to indicate this. 2. When copyrighted materials are removed from the manuscript, a note ap­ pears to indicate this. 3. Oversize materials (maps, drawings, and charts) are photographed by sec­ tioning the original, beginning at the upper left hand comer and continu­ ing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is also filmed as one exposure and is available, for an additional charge, as a standard 35mm slide or in black and white paper format.* 4. Most photographs reproduce acceptably on positive microfilm or micro­ fiche but lack clarity on xerographic copies made from the microfilm. For an additional charge, all photographs are available in black and white standard 35mm slide format.* *For more information about black and white slides or enlarged paper reproductions, please contact the Dissertations Customer Services Department. "IMwBTsily Mkrmhns w. Internadoml 8615051 Haji Bakar, Mohd. Isa Bin THE SOCIOLOGY OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN WEST MALAYSIA: AN ANALYSIS OF PEASANT PRODUCERS' RURAL-RURAL MIGRATION WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF INTEGRATED AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT SETTING lovva State University PH.D. 1986 University Microfilms In t6 rn St i 0 n â I 300 N. zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 Copyright 1986 by Haji Bakar, Mohd. Isa Bin All Rights Reserved PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V . 1. Glossy photographs or pages 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print 3. Photographs with dark background 4. Illustrations are poor copy 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages 8. Print exceeds margin requirements 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print 11. Page(s) lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s) seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages numbered . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages 15. Dissertation contains pages with print at a slant, filmed as received 16. Other University Microfilms International The sociology of agricultural development in West Malaysia: An analysis of peasant producers' rural-rural migration within the context of integrated agricultural development setting by Mohd. Isa Bin Haj i Bakar A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department: Sociology and Anthropology Major: Rural Sociology Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Major Departme Signature was redacted for privacy. Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1986 Copyright® Mohd. Isa Bin Haji Bakar, 1986. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 Problem Statement 5 Objective of the Study 9 Significance of the Study 11 Organization of Dissertation 11 CHAPTER 2. WEST MALAYSIA 14 Peasant Societal System 19 The Sociology of Agriculture and Agricultural Development 28 Integrated Agricultural Development Projects (lADP) as a Strategy for Agricultural Development 33 The National Agricultural Policy 45 Summary and Conclusion 49 CHAPTER 3. LITERATURE REVIEW 54 Conceptualization of Migration 54 Definition of Migration 60 Social Integration 61 Factors Influencing Malay Peasants' Social Integration and as Determinants of Migration 67 Education 68 Age 70 Dependent children 73 Total family and kinship closeness 75 iii Farm size operation and land tenure status 78 Employment status 82 Political commitment 84 Access to development accelerators 86 Poverty status 89 Political participation 93 Social Integration and the Decision to Migrate 95 Summary and Conclusion 101 CHAPTER 4. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 104 Migrati'>'i as a Social Behavior 104 Discriminating Behavior and Social Integration Model 108 Summary and Conclusion 112 CHAPTER 5. METHODS 115 The Data Source 115 Yan District of the Muda Area, Kedah 125 Trans-Perak lADP Area 128 Operationalization of Variables 130 Dependent Variables 131 Independent Variables 132 Hypotheses 133 The main hypothesis 133 Sub-hypotheses 134 Discriminant Analysis 136 CHAPTER 6. RESEARCH FINDINGS 140 Migrant and Non-Migrant Characteristics 140 iv Perceived social integration 140 Perceived political participation 141 Perceived access to development accelerators 141 Poverty status 144 Educational levels of attainment 144 Age 145 Dependent children 145 Total family 146 Perceived kinship closeness 146 Farm size operated 146 Land tenure status 147 Farm employment status 148 Political commitment 148 Discriminant Analysis 149 Univariate analysis 149 Multivariate analysis 153 Social Integration 160 Migrants' and Non-Migrants' Socio-economic Status Changes 170 Summary and Conclusion 174 CHAPTER 7. DISCUSSION 180 Inconsistency of Migration Determinants 181 Perceived social integration 181 Perceived political participation 183 Perceived access to development accelerators 184 Poverty status 186 V Educacional levels of attainment 188 Age 190 Dependent children 192 Total family and perceived kinship closeness 194 Farm size operated, land tenure and farm employment status 196 Political commitment 198 Factors Influencing Social Integration 200 Migrant and Non-migrant Socio-Economic Status Changes 205 Conclusion 207 CHAPTER 8. SUMMARY, POLICY IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSION 210 Summary 210 The problem 210 Method of investigation 211 Major findings 212 The inconsistency and discriminant function coefficients of the selected migragion determinants 212 Factors influencing peasant producers' social integration into their community 213 The socio-economic status changes among and between the migrant and the non-migrant groups 215 The sZate of agricultural development and the promise of the National Agricultural Policy (NAP) 216 Lessons that could be learned from the spontaneous rural-rural migration phenomenon in West Malaysia 217 The study's contribution to the general theory of sociology 220 vi Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research Policy Implications: Spontaneous Versus Organized Population Redistribution Conclusion BIBLIOGRAPHY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS APPENDIX A: STATEMENTS USED FOR ATTITUDINAL VARIABLES APPENDIX B: SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES APPENDIX C: INTERVIEW SCHEDULE TO GENERATE THE DATA APPENDIX D: COVER LETTER REGARDING THE USE OF HUMAN SUBJECTS vii DEDICATION This study is particularly dedicated to my late beloved mother, RADZIAH HAJI HASSAN, and beloved father, HAJI BAKAR HAJI AWANG, who have placed my education above all their worldly desires. Their close association to peasantry life manifested in the struggle for the family's survival as those of the peripatetic peasants who migrated in search of a greener field, triggers my interest in pursuing this fruitful undertaking. And to my loving wife, HASNAH HAJI HASSAN, also an off-spring of a peasant family, I dedicate this work for her understanding of my sympathy and appreciation to the cause of the Malaysian peasantry. 1 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION "In general, traditional societies are characterized by a type of social integration or solidarity that tied the individual into a system of kinship, political loyalty, and economic dependence conspiring against large-scale movements. In turn, attaining status and prestige through ascription, the distribution of rewards through kinship associations, loyalty to local chiefs, and the nature of socialization, fostered community or more specifically, tribal kinship identification, all of which impeded migration from one community to another and prevented the acceptance of 'strangers'
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