Characterization and Origin of Dropstone in Peninsular Malaysia
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CHARACTERIZATION AND ORIGIN OF DROPSTONE IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA MOHAMMAD NOOR AKMAL BIN ANUAR UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA 2018 CHARACTERIZATION AND ORIGIN OF DROPSTONE IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA by MOHAMMAD NOOR AKMAL BIN ANUAR Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Applied Science June 2018 َ ِمۡسِب ٱّلل ه ٱل َرِنَٰمۡح ٱل َر هحي هم ١ ُ ۡ َ َ َ ۡ َ ُ ۡ َ َ ُ ُ ُ ۡ َ ۡ َ ُ ۡ ُ ُ ۡ َ َ ً ۡ َ َٰ ۞ همنها خلقنَٰكم وفهيها نعهيدكم و همنها ُن هرجكم تارة أخرى ٥٥ 55. From the clay We created you and into it We shall send you back and from it will We raise you a second time. ۡ َ َ َ ۡ َ َ ۡ َ َ َٰ َ َ ۡ َ َٰ ۡ َ َ َ ۡ ُ ولقد خلق نا ٱ هۡلنسن همن صلص ٖل همن َحإٖ مسنو ٖن ٢٦ 26. And certainly We created man of clay that gives forth sound, of black mud fashioned in shape. َ َ ُ ۡ َ َ ٗ َو ٱ ُّلل أۢن َب َتكم هم َن ٱۡلۡر هض ن َباتا ١٧ 17. And Allah has made you grow out of the earth as a growth: َ َ َ َ َ َ ۡ َ َ َ َ َ َ َ َ َ َ ٓ َ ٓ ٗ َ ۡ َ ۡ َ َ َ َ خ ۡ َ ً ۡ َ ُ َ َ َ أ لم تر أن ٱّلل أنزل همن ٱلسما هء ماء فأخرجنا به هۦ ثمرَٰ ٖت ُّمتلهفا ألوَٰنهاۚ و همن َ ۡ َ ُ َ ُ ُۢ ٞ ۡ ُ َ ٞ خ ۡ َ ٌ ۡ َ ُ َ َ َ َ ُ ُ ٞ ٱ هۡلبا هل جدد بهيض وَحر ُّمتلهف ألوَٰنها وغرابهيب سود ٢٧ 27. Do you not see that Allah sends down water from the cloud, then We bring forth therewith fruits of various colors; and in the mountains are streaks, white and red, of various hues and (others) intensely black? ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost Praise to Allah. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Hassan Baioumy who act as co-supervisor for the continuous support of my master study and research, for his patience, motivation and guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis. One simply could not wish for a better or friendlier supervisor. Besides, I would like to thank my backbone lecturer, Prof. Dr. Mohd. Nawawi Mohd Nordin and Dr. Nordiana Mohd Muztaza for being supportive, insightful comments and give his great help all the time. Also to all Geophysics lab staff, for scarifying their time and energy assisting me in the projects. My sincere thanks to KPJ Penang specialist Dr. Amirozi Ahmad and my best friend Mohd Rafizal Hamat who struggle to save my life from infection in 6 months period, along with all hospital staff. While I’m being warded for several month and undergo tonsillectomy in February 2017 and turbinoplasty surgery in May 2017. My dearest research partner Dr. Hariri Mohd Ariffin and (personal talk) with Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia lecturers, along with Dr. Meor Hakif from Universiti Malaya who have been very supportive to me and this research. Further and the most important, thanks to my family member: Anuar bin Johari ,Noordyana binti Ali, Mohd Ariffuddin, Mohd Azimmuddin, Ahmad Noor Azizul, Siti Nurain Laily, Ahmad Adli Azmil and my nephew Abdul Rahman Khalid and all my friends for their prayers, in supporting me throughout this journey. Finally, I would like to thank the Government of Malaysia, Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi (KPT) under My Brain program for my master fees sponsorship during my studies. ii LIST OF CONTENTS Acknowledgement ii List of Contents iii List of Table vi List of Figure vii List of Symbol xv List of Abbreviation xvi Abstrak xvii Abstract xix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.0 Background 1 1.1 Study areas 2 1.2 Problem statements 13 1.3 Research objectives 14 1.4 Significance and novelty of the study 15 1.5 Layout of thesis 16 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 18 2.0 Preface 18 2.1 Dropstone 18 2.1.1 Glaciers 20 2.1.2 Turbidity currents 24 2.1.3 Biological rafts 25 2.1.4 Volcanism 26 2.1.5 Extraterrestrial origin 26 2.2 Global distribution of Paleozoic dropstone lithofacies 28 2.3 Regional scale phenomenon of Paleozoic dropstone 31 2.4 Geological setting of dropstone in Malaysia 34 2.4.1 Langkawi 35 2.4.2 Perlis 40 2.4.3 Sepang, Selangor 42 iii CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 45 3.0 Preface 45 3.1 Field study 45 3.2 Petrography 46 3.2.1 Thin section preparation 47 3.2.2 Diamond blade cutting 48 3.2.3 Grinding 48 3.2.4 Drying 49 3.2.5 Gluing 49 3.2.6 Thin section cutting 49 3.2.7 Hand grinding 50 3.2.8 Petrographical investigations 50 3.3 Analysis of glaciomarine dropstones deformation structures 58 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS 62 4.0 Preface 62 4.1 Occurrence and geology of dropstone in Langkawi 62 4.1.1 Rebak Member of Singa Formation 64 4.1.2 Kentut and Selang members of Singa Formation 65 4.2 Occurrence and geology of dropstone in Perlis 68 4.2.1 Chepor Member of Kubang Pasu Formation 70 4.2.2 Singa Formation 71 4.2.3 Undifferentiated Kubang Pasu Member 72 4.3 Occurrence an d geology of dropstone in Kedah 74 4.3.1 Kubang Pasu Formation 76 4.4 Occurrence and geology of dropstone in Selangor 78 4.4.1 Kenny Hills Formation 80 4.5 Composition of dropstone 83 4.5.1 Granitic dropstone 83 4.5.1(a) Singa granitic dropstone 83 4.5.1(b) Kubang Pasu granitic dropstone 85 4.5.2 Quarzitic dropstone 87 4.5.2(a) Rebak Member quartzite dropstone 87 iv 4.5.2(b) Singa quartzite dropstone 88 4.5.2(c) Singa in Perlis quartzite dropstone 90 4.5.2(d) Chepor Members quartzite dropstone 91 4.5.2(e) Kubang Pasu quartzite dropstone 91 4.5.2(f) Kenny Hills quartzite dropstone 97 4.5.3 Kenny Hills sandstone dropstone 98 CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSIONS 99 5.1 Origin of dropstone 99 5.2 Source of dropstone 111 5.3 Formation mechanism of dropstones host rock 114 5.3.1 Visean Rebak and Chepor members 115 5.3.2 Middle Carboniferous-Permian Kentut and Selang 116 members 5.3.3 Middle Carboniferous-Permian Kubang Pasu 118 Formation 5.3.4 Permian Kenny Hills Formation 121 5.4 Paleoclimate implication of Peninsular Malaysia dropstone 124 5.5 Paleogeography implication of Peninsular Malaysia dropstone 129 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 135 6.0 Conclusions 135 6.1 Recommendations 139 REFERENCES 140 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS v LIST OF TABLES Page Table 2.1 Principal agents of dropstone may be transported or 27 deposited and their characteristic (after Bennett et al., 1996). Table 4.1 The general stratigraphy of the Langkawi Island. 63 Table 4.2 The general stratigraphy of Perlis. 70 Table 4.3 The general stratigraphy of Kedah state. 75 Table 4.4 The general stratigraphy of Selangor state. 80 Table 5. 1 Summary of age, host rock and formational mechanism of 114 dropstones, Peninsular Malaysia. vi LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.1 Geological map shows the distribution of Carboniferous- 3 Permian sedimentary sequences from Peninsular Malaysia modified after, (Jabatan Mineral dan Geosains Malaysia, 2012). Figure 1.2 Geological map of Langkawi Island (Lee, 2013), shows 5 the visited sites of dropstone; (1) Pulau Langgun, (2) Pulau Tepur, (3) Tanjung Mali and (4) Bukit Malut. Figure 1.3 The geological map state of Perlis (Hakif et al., 2013), 7 with numbered localities of dropstones occurrences; (1) Wang Kelian, (2) Guar Jentik, (3) Bukit Chondong, (4) Pauh, Unimap and (5) Hutan Aji. Figure 1.4 The geological map state of Kedah (Cocks et al., 2005), 10 with number label refer to site localities of dropstone; (1) Kodiang, (2) Tunjang, (3) Bukit Malau of Jitra district and (4) Tanah Merah, Pendang. Figure 1.5 The geological map of Selangor (Harun and Jasin, 2003), 12 label number 1, show the field location of Salak Tinggi, Sepang area. Figure 2.1 The pictures of dropstone deposition and tis variation in 20 shape and size. Note that a man standing in front of a 6 meter diameter granite boulder in basal giogenic sediment in Ethiopia (Bussert, 2014). Figure 2.2 The summary of glaciation mechanism that involve in 21 Late Paleozoic Ice Age and depositional mechanism of dropstone in space. Figure 2.3 The ice keel scour marks left by striation of glacial 22 movement, A and deposition of glacial megaclast dropstone in South Africa, B (Huber et al,. 2001). Figure 2.4 The deformational features (draped structure) from the 23 impact of dropstone clast in host rock, which varies by substrates consolidation and constant in clast diameter. Note that the relationship of intensity and depth of deformation is inversely proportional to the substrate lithification, as a function of dropstone diameter, (D). A- Poorly consolidated substrate, the draped structure form circular wave crests. B-Slightly consolidated substrate vii draped forming one ridge structure. C-Moderately consolidate and viscous clay like substarte with thrust lips shape as draped. D-Very consolidated substrate with circular bulge draped strcuture. Figure 2.5 The pictures of Quaternary turbidites deposits in glacial 24 Lake Columbia, Washington. A-Turbidites outcrop, arrow shows the dropstone clast.