Clean Artisanal Gold Mining: a Utopian Approach? Jennifer J
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Preliminary Study on Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining in South Africa
Preliminary study on artisanal and small-scale mining in South Africa Published by the Open Society Foundation for South Africa 2nd Floor, Lobby 2, Park Lane, c/o Park and Alexandra Roads, Pinelands, 7405, Cape Town, South Africa www.osf.org.za © Open Society Foundation for South Africa First published 2017 All rights reserved Report prepared for Open Society Foundation for South Africa (OFS-SA) by the Centre for Sustainability in Mining and Industry (CSMI) Authors: Pontsho Ledwaba Pontsho, Prof. Nellie Mutemeri Nellia, [email protected] and [email protected] Cover photo: A woman ‘dressing’ stone at a tiger’s eye mining site, in Prieska Conceptualised, designed and produced by COMPRESS.dsl | www.compressdsl.com Contents Figures and tables ii Acronyms and abbreviations iii Executive summary iv 1. Introduction and objectives 1 2. Methodology 2 3. Definitions 3 4. Defining ASM in South Africa 5 4.1. Zama-Zama mining and the ASM framework 9 5. The current status of the ASM sector 11 5.1. Mineral deposits and ASM potential 11 5.2. Size, distribution and location 11 5.3. ASM and socio-economic development 13 5.4. Challenges facing the sector 14 6. ASM legislative framework 16 7. ASM-supporting interventions 19 8. Recommendations 22 9. Key stakeholders 24 9.1. Artisanal and small-scale miners 25 9.2. Supporting institutions 25 References 28 Appendices 30 Appendix A: Comparative analysis of ASM provisions in African mining legislation 30 Appendix B: Distribution and list of minerals suitable for ASM exploitation 31 Appendix C: List of mineral -
A Critical Review of Suitable Methods to Eliminate Mercury in Indonesia's Artisanal Gold Mining
[Type here] The University of British Columbia Norman B. Keevil Institute of Mining Engineering 6350 Stores Rd., Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4 ph: (604) 8224332, fax: (604) 8225599; [email protected] Report to UNDP Indonesia A Critical Review of Suitable Methods to Eliminate Mercury in Indonesia’s Artisanal Gold Mining: Co-existence is the Solution Marcello M. Veiga, PhD, PEng Professor For UNDP - United Nations Development Programme, Indonesia − March 2020 – A Critical Review of Suitable Methods to Eliminate Mercury in Indonesia’s AGM i Report to UNDP, March 2020, by Marcello M. Veiga _____________________________________________________________________________________ Table of Contents SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 1. MERCURY POLLUTION FROM ARTISANAL GOLD MINERS ..................................................................... 2 1.1. Some Definitions ............................................................................................................................ 2 1.2. Mercury in AGM in Indonesia ........................................................................................................ 3 1.3. Summary of the Main Problems of Mercury in AGM in Indonesia ............................................... 7 2. SOLUTIONS TRIED TO REDUCE/ELIMINATE MERCURY .......................................................................... 8 2.1. Environmental and Health Approach ........................................................................................... -
Mongolia Case Study
UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME Analysis of formalization approaches in the artisanal and small-scale gold mining sector based on experiences in Ecuador, Mongolia, Peru, Tanzania and Uganda Mongolia Case Study June 2012 Disclaimer The designation employed and the presentation of material in this report do not imply any expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations or United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area, or any of its authorities, or concerning any delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Any views expressed in the document do not necessarily reflect the views of UNEP. The mention of specific institutions or organizations does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by UNEP, nor preferred compared to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The use of information from this publication concerning proprietary products for publicity or advertising is not permitted. Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement is requested together with a reference to the document. A copy of the publication containing the quotation or reprint should be sent to UNEP Chemicals. UNEP would like to thank the Government of Norway for their contribution to this work. A formalization analysis document of the artisanal and small-scale gold mining sector has been developed by UNEP to highlight critical elements of formalization process for policymakers. Five case studies were developed as a means to inform the overall formalization analysis. The case studies are available on UNEP’s web-site and were developed by the following regional experts: § Ecuador – Maria Laura Barreto, ARM/MERG § Mongolia – Patience Singo, Sustainable Artisanal Mining project (SAM project) § Peru – Olinda Orozco Zevallos and Frederico Cesar Gamarra Chilmaza, Red Social (Peru) § Tanzania – Samuel Spiegel, Independent Consultant § Uganda – Jennifer Hinton, Independent Consultant The case studies represent the views of the identified expert author. -
Occurrence and Extraction of Metals MODULE - 6 Chemistry of Elements
Occurrence and Extraction of Metals MODULE - 6 Chemistry of Elements 16 Notes OCCURRENCE AND EXTRACTION OF METALS Metals and their alloys are extensively used in our day-to-day life. They are used for making machines, railways, motor vehicles, bridges, buildings, agricultural tools, aircrafts, ships etc. Therefore, production of a variety of metals in large quantities is necessary for the economic growth of a country. Only a few metals such as gold, silver, mercury etc. occur in free state in nature. Most of the other metals, however, occur in the earth's crust in the combined form, i.e., as compounds with different anions such as oxides, sulphides, halides etc. In view of this, the study of recovery of metals from their ores is very important. In this lesson, you shall learn about some of the processes of extraction of metals from their ores, called metallurgical processes. OBJECTIVES After reading this lesson, you will be able to : z differentiate between minerals and ores; z recall the occurrence of metals in native form and in combined form as oxides, sulphides, carbonates and chlorides; z list the names and formulae of some common ores of Na, Al, Sn, Pb ,Ti, Fe, Cu, Ag and Zn; z list the occurrence of minerals of different metals in India; z list different steps involved in the extraction of metals; * An alloy is a material consisting of two or more metals, or a metal and a non-metal. For example, brass is an alloy of copper and zinc; steel is an alloy of iron and carbon. -
Environmental Degradation and Small Scale Mining Nexus: Emerging Trends and Challenges in Northern Ghana
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE): E-Journals Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Online) Vol.6, No.2, 2016 Environmental Degradation and Small Scale Mining Nexus: Emerging Trends and Challenges in Northern Ghana Daniel A. Bagah William Angko John Paul Tanyeh School of Business and Law, University for Development Studies,Wa Campus Abstract Small scale mining especially illegal mining commonly called “Galamsey” has attracted much attention in recent times. This study seeks to explore the emerging trends and challenges of small scale mining in northern Ghana. Using structured questionnaire, key informant interviews as well as in-depth interviews, the study sampled 57 stakeholders from two major mining communities in the Wa East district of the Upper West Region namely; Manwe and Jonga communities via purposive, snowball and accidental sampling techniques. The result revealed that majority of the respondents in the small scale mining in these communities were Ghanaians between the ages of 18 and 40 years although few minors were recorded to have engaged in the practice. The essay concludes that the search for livelihood among rural dwellers influence them to ignore the cultural norms that govern the use of the natural environment as it gradually look normal for people to engage in activities that degrade the environment without caring about the negative repercussions of their activities. Also, weak institutional and regulatory framework as well as poor enforcement of the laws governing illegal mining could have further worsened the battle against illegal mining. -
Characterization of Bronze Casting in Insula 56, in Roman Aventicum
CHARACTERIZATION OF BRONZE CASTING IN INSULA 56, IN ROMAN AVENTICUM by JESSICA WHEAT COOK (Under the Direction of Ervan Garrison) ABSTRACT This study characterizes metallurgical wastes (slag) recovered from a bronze workshop during excavations in 1997-1998 at the Roman provincial city of Aventicum, located in western Switzerland, then Germania Superior. Previous research has identified the workshop as one devoted to the production of large leaded bronze statuary. The slag assemblage analyzed in this study is unusual due to the absence of ceramic crucible fragments normally associated with the production of copper alloys. Instead, this workshop is hypothesized to have used iron crucibles. Electron Microprobe Analysis (EMPA) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) were used to analyze the chemical composition of the slags in contrast to previous bulk analysis studies. Modern metal casting methods were observed for analogues. The data show that the slag reached temperatures between 1350°-1400° C and chemical components indicated the use of sand and lime fluxes. Evidence of high temperatures is proposed as one chemical fingerprint that can be used to re-assess slag for the presence of iron crucibles in other Roman bronze workshops. INDEX WORDS: Aventicum, Classical Bronzes, EMPA, XRD, Roman Metallurgy CHARACTERIZATION OF BRONZE CASTING IN INSULA 56, IN ROMAN AVENTICUM by JESSICA WHEAT COOK AB History, Anthropology, The University of Georgia, 2003 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF SCIENCE ATHENS, GEORGIA 2008 © 2008 Jessica Wheat Cook All Rights Reserved CHARACTERIZATION OF BRONZE CASTING IN INSULA 56, IN ROMAN AVENTICUM by JESSICA WHEAT COOK Major Professor: Ervan Garrison Committee: Samuel Swanson Douglas Crowe Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia May 2008 iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to thank Drs. -
ENVIRONMENTAL CODE of PRACTICE Base Metals Smelters and Refineries
ENVIRONMENTAL CODE OF PRACTICE C ANADIAN E NVIRONMENTAL P ROTECTION A CT , 1999 First Edition Base Metals Smelters and Refineries March 2006 EPS 1/MM/11 E Metals Section Natural Resource Sectors Pollution Prevention Directorate Environmental Stewardship Branch Environment Canada Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Main entry under title: Environmental Code of Practice for Base Metals Smelters and Refineries: Code of Practice, Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999. Issued also in French under title: Code de pratiques écologiques pour les fonderies et affineries de métaux communs : Code de pratique de la Loi canadienne sur la protection de l’environnement (1999). “First Edition”. Available also on the Internet. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-662-42221-X Cat. no.: En84-34/2005E EPS 1/MM/11 E 1. Non-ferrous metal industries – Waste disposal – Canada. 2. Non-ferrous metals – Metallurgy – Environmental aspects – Canada. 3. Non-ferrous metals – Refining – Environmental aspects – Canada. 4. Smelting – Environmental aspects – Canada. 5. Best management practices (Pollution prevention) – Canada. i. Canada. Pollution Prevention Directorate. Metals Section. ii. Canada. Environment Canada. TD195.F6E58 2005 669'.028'6 C2005-980316-9 READERS’ COMMENTS Inquiries and comments on this Code of Practice, as well as requests for additional copies of the Code, should be directed to: Metals Section Natural Resources Sectors Division Pollution Prevention Directorate Environmental Stewardship Branch Environment Canada Place Vincent Massey 351 St. Joseph Blvd. Gatineau, Quebec K1A 0H3 Fax (819) 953-5053 Note: Website addresses mentioned in this document may have changed or references cited may have been removed from websites since the publication of the document. -
SDC Experiences with Formalization and Responsible Environmental Practices in Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining in Latin
Contents Foreword 2 1. Summary 4 2. Preface 6 3. Introduction – What is Artisanal mining? 7 3.1. Relevance of the topic 7 3.2. Characteristics of ASGM 8 4. Responses to ASM 15 4.1. Response from Governments 15 4.2. Response from Large-Scale Mining 16 4.3. Responses from Development Agencies and Civil Society in general and SDC in particular 17 5. SDC experiences with ASM Formalization and Responsible Environmental Practices 20 5.1. Swiss supported ASGM Projects 20 5.2. Formalization approaches to environmental compliance 21 Approaches 2000-2001 23 5.3. Role of ASM organizations 26 5.4. Technical-environmental approaches towards compliance 27 5.5. Socio economic aspects, empowerment and human rights, conflict management 30 5.6. Convergence with market-based approaches 33 6. Environment impacts of SDC projects and lessons learnt 34 6.1. Attempt to estimate the achieved reduction of mercury emissions 34 6.2. Other positive impacts on health, safety and environmental performance 36 7. Recommendations and Conclusions 38 7.1. Technical solutions for reduction of mercury emissions from ASGM 38 7.2. Legal solutions for reduction of mercury emissions from ASGM 39 7.3. Social solutions for reduction of mercury emissions from ASGM 40 7.4. Global solutions for reduction of mercury emissions from ASGM 41 8. References and remarks 43 SDC experiences with ASM Formalization and Responsible Environmental Practices in Latin America and Asia (Mongolia) Foreword Fifteen million people worldwide – almost twice as many as Switzerland’s population – are dedicated to artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM). Many more, approximately 100 million people, depend on this activity for their livelihood. -
Refining of Non-Ferrous Metals
REFINING OF NON-FERROUS METALS J. G. BERRY- Abstract Fundamentals and Examples The fundamentals of refining of non - ferrous How, then, is the objective achieved ? It metals have been outlined . Examples of removal may be achieved by using the affinity of an electrolysis, of impurities by selective oxidation , undesirable element for another element, thus distillation , volatilization , etc., have been given. Refining of copper, lead, zinc, tin, and some other forming a compound, which is insoluble in the metals have been described . The importance of metal to be refined and which can easily be economics and time involved in refining process removed. Selective oxidation, electrolysis, has been stressed, distillation or volatilization may be used, while flotation, magnetic separation or chemi- cal reaction may be used to remove undesir- Introduction able elements prior to the reduction stage. T will be my endeavour in this paper to One of the earliest attempts at refining I indicate the fundamentals of refining would be the ` purification' of gold by as. they are applied to the more common thermal methods, while the most recent members of this group, with a description of development in this field is the solution and some of the processes, and, in doing so, I precipitation of metals under controlled hope to promote discussion which, after all, pressures from ores and concentrates or is the objective of this symposium. scrap, such as brass. In the fire-refining of copper; many im- purities are oxidized and removed in the Definition slag, these impurities being oxidized in pre- What, then, is the definition of ` refining ' ? ference to the copper itself. -
Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining
artisanal covers a/w 6/2/04 11:44 am Page 1 More than 13 million people in the South are directly engaged in small-scale mining – many of whom are women and children – with another 80 to 100 Artisanal andSmall-scaleMining million depending on it for some aspect of thei livelihood. These activities are often both illegal and environmentally damaging, and dangerous for Artisanal and workers and their communities. The illegality and lack of regulation often mean that improving the sector is difficult and many of the potential benefits are lost. This paper is an overview of the issues and challenges facing Small-Scale artisanal and small-scale mining stakeholders. Mining Challenges and Opportunities Thomas Hentschel,FelixHruschka,andMichaelPriester Thomas Hentschel, Felix Hruschka, and Michael Priester ISBN 1 84369 470 0 Projekt-Consult GmbH The International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) is an independent, non-profit research institute working in the field of sustainable development. IIED aims to provide expertise and leadership in researching and achieving sustainable development at local, national, regional, and global levels. In alliance with others we seek to help shape a future that ends global poverty and delivers and sustains efficient and equitable management of the world's natural resources. IIED, 3 Endsleigh St, London WC1H 0DD, UK. Tel: +44 20 7388 2117 Fax: +44 20 7388 2826 Email: [email protected] www.iied.org artisanal covers a/w 6/2/04 11:44 am Page 2 Breaking New Ground is the final report of the Mining, Minerals, and Sustainable Development Project (MMSD), an IIED publishes on a wide range of independent two-year process of sustainable development topics, from natural consultation and research that aimed to resources management to urbanization. -
Silver City Santa Rita Hurley
SCENIC TRIPS to the GEOLOGIC PAST SILVER CITY SANTA RITA HURLEY NEW MEXICO Scenic Trips to the Geologic Past Series: No. I - Santa Fe, New Mexico No. 2 - Taos-Red River - Eagle Nest, New Mexico, Circle Drive No. 3 - Roswell- Capitan - Ruidoso and Bottomless Lakes Park, New Mexico No. 4 - Southern Zuni Mountains, New Mexico No. 5 - Silver City-Santa Rita-Hurley, New Mexico Additional copies of these guidebooks are available, for 25 cents, from the New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, Campus Station, Socorro, New Mexico. HO: FOR THE GOLD AND SILVER MINES OF NEW MEXICO Fortune hunters, capitalists, poor men, Sickly folks, all whose hearts are bowed down; And Ye who would live long, be rich, healthy, and Happy; Come to our sunny clime and see For Yourselves. Handbill -- 1883 Santa Rita Open Pit, 1959. Scenic Trips to the Geologic Past No. 5 SILVER CITY - SANTA RITA - HURLEY, NEW MEXICO by JOHN H. SCHILLING 1959 STATE BUREAU OF MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES a division of NEW MEXICO INSTITUTE OF MINING AND TECHNOLOGY Socorro - New Mexico NEW MEXICO INSTITUTE OF MINING AND TECHNOLOGY E. J. Workman, President STATE BUREAU OF MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES Alvin J. Thompson, Director THE REGENTS Members Ex Officio The Honorable John Burroughs ...............Governor of New Mexico Tom Wiley ……….…… ...........Superintendent of Public Instruction Appointed Members Holm 0. Bursum, Jr. ........................................................ Socorro Thomas M. Cramer.......................................................... Carlsbad Frank C. DiLuzio ...................................................... Albuquerque John N. Mathews, Jr. ....................................................... Socorro Richard A. Matuszeski .............................................. Albuquerque PREFACE Much of the work undertaken at the New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources is done to help the mineral industries -- the prospector, miner, geologist, oil man. -
Scale Gold Mining in Ghana: Final Report
AN INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT OF ARTISANAL AND SMALL- SCALE GOLD MINING IN GHANA: FINAL REPORT Ghana-Michigan GMGold Mining Integrated IAAssessment An Integrated Assessment of Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining in Ghana: Final Report Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary...................................................................................................................3 2. Introduction................................................................................................................................5 2.1. Background...................................................................................................................5 2.2. Existing Research..........................................................................................................7 2.3. Overview of Research Team........................................................................................9 2.4. Overview of IA Activities...........................................................................................10 3. Analysis of Response Options.................................................................................................13 3.1. Status and Trends, Causes and Consequences............................................................13 3.1.1. Human Health..............................................................................................13 3.1.2. Natural Sciences...........................................................................................17 3.1.3. Social Sciences and Economics...................................................................19