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Issue 66, 3rd Quarter 2012 Achieving Force Resilience Offensive Cyber Joint System Assessments JOINT FORCE QUARTERLY Inside Issue 66, 3rd Quarter 2012 Editor Col William T. Eliason, USAF (Ret.), Ph.D. JFQ Dialogue Executive Editor Jeffrey D. Smotherman, Ph.D. Supervisory Editor George C. Maerz From the Chairman 2 Production Supervisor Martin J. Peters, Jr. Developing Joint Force Officer-Enlisted Leadership Senior Copy Editor Calvin B. Kelley 4 Capacity for the 21st Century Visual Design Editor Tara J. Parekh By Curtis L. Brownhill Copy Editor/Office Manager John J. Church, D.M.A Internet Publications Editor Joanna E. Seich Forum Director, NDU Press, Frank G. Hoffman Design Jeremy Swanston, John Mitrione, Executive Summary 6 U.S. Government Printing Office Deterrence and Escalation in Cross-domain Operations: Printed in St. Louis, Missouri 8 by Where Do Space and Cyberspace Fit? By Vincent Manzo 15 Shadow Boxing: Cyber Warfare and Strategic Economic Attack By Soren Olson NDU Press is the National Defense University’s cross-component, professional military and 22 Offensive Cyber for the Joint Force Commander: It’s Not That Different academic publishing house. It publishes books, By Rosemary M. Carter, Brent Feick, and Roy C. Undersander journals, policy briefs, occasional papers, monographs, and special reports on national security strategy, defense policy, interagency Special Feature cooperation, national military strategy, regional security affairs, and global strategic problems. 28 Resilience: The Result of a Totally Fit Force By Rhonda Cornum, Thomas D. Vail, and Paul B. Lester This is the official U.S. Department of Defense Spiritual Fitness: A Key Component of Total Force Fitness edition of JFQ. Any copyrighted portions of this 35 journal may not be reproduced or extracted without By Patrick J. Sweeney, Jeffrey E. Rhodes, and Bruce Boling permission of the copyright proprietors. Joint Force Quarterly should be acknowledged whenever Commentary material is quoted from or based on its content. 42 Technological Strategy in the Age of Exponential Growth By Carlo Kopp COMMUNICATIONS Forging Jointness Under Fire: Air-Ground Integration in Israel’s Lebanon and Please visit NDU Press and Joint Force 48 Quarterly online at ndupress.ndu.edu for more Gaza Wars on upcoming issues, an electronic archive of By Benjamin S. Lambeth JFQ articles, and access to many other useful Airpower Dollars and Sense: Rethinking the Relative Costs of Combat NDU Press publications. Constructive com- 54 ments and contributions are important to us. By Lee T. Wight Please direct editorial communications to the 62 Science vs. the Art of War link on the NDU Press Web site or write to: By Milan Vego Editor, Joint Force Quarterly National Defense University Press 260 Fifth Avenue, S.W. (Building 64, Room 2504) Fort Lesley J. McNair Washington, DC 20319 Telephone: (202) 685-4220/DSN 325 FAX: (202) 685-4219/DSN 325 Email: [email protected] JFQ online: ndupress.ndu.edu 3rd Quarter, July 2012 ISSN 1070-0692 Features PUBLISHER GEN Martin E. Dempsey, USA From Niche to Necessity: Integrating Nonlethal Weapons into Essential 71 PRESIDENT, NDU Enabling Capabilities MG Gregg F. Martin, USA By Tracy J. Tafolla, David J. Trachtenberg, and John A. Aho ADVISORY COMMITTEE Maj Gen Joseph D. Brown IV, USAF Industrial College of the The V-22 Osprey: From Troubled Past to Viable and Flexible Option Armed Forces 80 RADM John N. Christenson, USN Naval War College By Eric Braganca Brig Gen Stephen T. Denker, USAF Air Command and Staff College 85 The F-35 and the Future of Power Projection LtGen George J. Flynn, USMC Joint Staff By Robbin F. Laird and Edward T. Timperlake VADM William E. Gortney, USN The Joint Staff Maj Gen Scott M. Hanson, USAF Air War College Col Jay L. Hatton, USMC Marine Corps War College Book Reviews RADM Douglas J. McAneny, USN National War College Col Royal P. Mortenson, USMC Marine Corps Command Keep From All Thoughtful Men: How U.S. Economists and Staff College 94 VADM Daniel T. Oliver, USN (Ret.) Naval Postgraduate School Won World War II LTG David G. Perkins, USA U.S. Army Command and Reviewed by David A. Anderson General Staff College ADM James G. Stavridis, USN U.S. European Command The Shaping of Grand Strategy: Policy, Diplomacy, and War Maj Gen Joseph S. Ward, Jr., USAF Joint Forces 95 Staff College Reviewed by Francis P. Sempa EDITORIAL BOARD Richard K. Betts Columbia University 96 Defiant Failed State: The North Korean Threat to International Security Stephen D. Chiabotti School of Advanced Air and Space Studies Eliot A. Cohen The Johns Hopkins University Reviewed by Robert Daniel Wallace COL Joseph J. Collins, USA (Ret.) National War College Mark J. Conversino Air War College Aaron L. Friedberg Princeton University Joint Doctrine Col Thomas C. Greenwood, USMC (Ret.) Office of the Secretary of Defense Joint Doctrine Update Douglas N. Hime Naval War College 97 Mark H. Jacobsen Marine Corps Command and Staff College Daniel T. Kuehl Information Resources Management College Col David Lapan, USMC The Joint Staff Col Jerome M. Lynes, USMC (Ret.) The Joint Staff Thomas L. McNaugher Georgetown University Kathleen Mahoney-Norris Air Command and Staff College Col Mark Pizzo, USMC (Ret.) National War College James A. Schear Office of the Secretary of Defense LtGen Bernard E. Trainor, USMC (Ret.) CONTRIBUTIONS Joint Force Quarterly welcomes submission of scholarly, independent research from members of the Armed Forces, security policymakers and shapers, defense analysts, academic specialists, and civilians from the United States and abroad. Submit articles for consideration to the address on the opposite page or by email to [email protected] “Attention A&R Editor” in the subject line. For further information, see the guidelines on the NDU Press Web site at ndupress.ndu.edu. Joint Force Quarterly is published by the National Defense University Press for the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. JFQ is the ABOUT THE COVERS Chairman’s flagship joint military and security studies journal designed to inform members of the U.S. Armed Forces, allies, and other partners on joint and integrated operations; national security Front cover: Soldier exits UH-60 Blackhawk in village of Darrah-I- policy and strategy; efforts to combat terrorism; homeland security; Bum, Badghis Province, Afghanistan (U.S. Marine Corps/Brian and developments in training and joint professional military Kester). Table of contents shows (left to right) Soldiers in M2 education to transform America’s military and security apparatus to Bradley Fighting Vehicles approach firing line at Nightmare Range, meet tomorrow’s challenges better while protecting freedom today. Camp Casey, Republic of Korea (U.S. Army/Ryan Elliott); Navy The opinions, conclusions, and recommendations chaplain prays with Marines before security patrol in Sangin, expressed or implied within are those of the Afghanistan (British Royal Army/James Elmer); Navy SEALs contributors and do not necessarily reflect the views of hoisted onto Air Force Special Operations CV-22 Osprey at the Department of Defense or any other agency of the Hurlburt Field (U.S. Air Force/Andy M. Kin); and Seaman stands Federal Government. watch in combat information center aboard USS Monterey (U.S. ndupress.ndu.edu Navy/Daniel Viramontes). From the Chairman Making Strategy Work arlier this year, the President and was released, the Vice Chairman and I have down to violent nonstate actors, and they are Secretary of Defense released gathered with the Service chiefs and combat- proliferating horizontally, across advanced new strategic defense guidance, ant commanders for three full-day strategy militaries in the world. As a result, more Sustaining U.S. Global Leadership: seminars in Quantico, Virginia. We used people have the ability to harm us than at any E st point in many decades. Priorities for 21 Century Defense. Six months these unprecedented forums to stress-test the on, I would like to share some of my insights strategy against some of the most challenging Another compelling feature of our time about making the strategy and about making security scenarios we may face as a nation. is a new fiscal reality. Cost has reemerged as the strategy work. This is exactly how it is supposed to work. an independent variable in the U.S. national Strategy is essentially about choices— Strategic choices are not made in isola- security equation. We have often defined our choices about how to achieve our aims with tion. Instead, they are informed by a context. desired endstates before fully considering the resources available to us. A sound strategy Once made, choices have consequences that the cost. The money was there for us. As we reconciles ends, ways, and means. Strategic create new context. It is an iterative process— advance on the joint force that we will need coherence, however, does not just happen. that never ends. In this respect, strategy is as in 2020, we must consider cost sooner in our Rather, it results from dialogue and debate. much emergent as it is deliberate. decisionmaking. We need to be more afford- Our new defense strategy emerged from just The context we confront today can best able in every possible way. such a collaborative process. The Service be described as a security paradox. True, geo- Within this context, the strategy makes chiefs, who are charged with developing the political trends are ushering in greater levels choices that are already being put to work. I force for the strategy, were heard early and of peace and stability worldwide. But destruc- will highlight three, but there are more. First, often. The combatant commanders, charged tive technologies are also available to a wider we are mainlining capabilities that have really with executing the strategy, all weighed in. array of adversaries. Destructive—and dis- come into their own over the last decade. And we were all afforded extraordinary access ruptive—technologies are proliferating down Among these are cyber, special operations, to our civilian leaders.
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