Fecundidade, Identificação Racial E Desigualdade

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Fecundidade, Identificação Racial E Desigualdade UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE ECONOMIA, ADMINISTRAÇÃO E CONTABILIDADE DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ECONOMIA Fecundidade, Identificação Racial e Desigualdade Michael Tulio Ramos de França Orientador: Prof. Dr. Eduardo Amaral Haddad São Paulo 2020 Prof. Dr. Vahan Agopyan Reitor da Universidade de São Paulo Prof. Dr. Fábio Frezatti Diretor da Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade Prof. Dr. José Carlos de Souza Santos Chefe do Departamento de Economia Prof. Dr. Ariaster Baumgratz Chimeli Coordenador do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Economia Michael Tulio Ramos de França Fecundidade, Identificação Racial e Desigualdade Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Economia do Departamento de Economia da Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade da Universidade de São Paulo como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências. Área de Concentração: Teoria Econômica Orientador: Prof. Dr. Eduardo Amaral Haddad Versão original São Paulo 2020 Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) Ficha Catalográfica com dados inseridos pelo autor Ramos de França, Michael Tulio. Fecundidade, Identificação Racial e Desigualdade / Michael Tulio Ramos de França. - São Paulo, 2020. 129p. Tese (Doutorado) - Universidade de São Paulo, 2020. Orientador: Eduardo Amaral Haddad. 1. Clima. 2. Televisão. 3. Fecundidade. 4. Identificação racial. 5. Desigualdade. I. Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade. II. Título. AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço ao CNPq pela bolsa 140931/2016-3 e à Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) pela Bolsa de Estágio de Pesquisa no Exterior 2018/06782-4 e pela Bolsa de doutorado 2017/19403-9. Esta última foi vinculada ao processo 2014/50848-9 do INCT para Mudanças Climáticas. As opiniões, hipóteses e conclusões ou recomendações expressas neste material são de responsabilidade do autor e não necessariamente refletem a visão da FAPESP e do CNPq. Na atual conjuntura de cortes de verbas para pesquisa é importante acrescentar que, desde a graduação, as bolsas e a universidade pública foram determinantes para o meu desenvolvimento como pesquisador, decisivas na minha trajetória e, por isso, ao menos neste aspecto, tenho um profundo sentimento de gratidão com a sociedade brasileira. Apesar de todo esforço despendido nessa jornada, se eu não tivesse esta fonte de renda, certamente não teria conseguido avançar na carreira acadêmica. Nesse sentido, no que diz respeito à mobilidade social, é sempre relevante lembrar que o esforço é apenas uma das variáveis da equação e que o caminho percorrido pelos estudantes oriundos de famílias de baixa renda tende a ser significativamente mais complexo e incerto. Desta forma, cabe aqui reforçar que as bolsas de estudos são instrumentos fundamentais para tentar democratizar e diversificar a endogâmica pós-graduação brasileira. Por sua vez, a inclusão no ambiente da pós-graduação daqueles que vivenciaram de perto os diversos desafios sociais tem o potencial de ajudar a fornecer novas perspectivas para o debate científico e, particularmente, para questões ligadas à discriminação, à desigualdade e ao desenvolvimento socioeconômico. No que se refere à infraestrutura, agradeço ao NEREUS por tudo que foi oferecido. Especialmente, agradeço pelo servidor que foi fundamental para a tabulação e à análise das bases de dados. Também devo apontar o relevante papel que o Hospital e Restaurante Universitário teve durante todo o período do mestrado e do doutorado. Agradeço também a todas as pessoas que tive a oportunidade de interagir tanto diretamente, quanto indiretamente. Em especial, agradeço ao Alan Borges, ao Angelo Sampaio e ao Rafael Tavares pelo apoio e pela amizade; à Carolina Moniz pelo companheirismo durante quase todo o doutorado; ao Rodrigo Soares que, além de ser uma ótima pessoa e um exemplo de profissionalismo, foi um supervisor excelente no período em que passei na Universidade de Columbia, me ajudou a avançar consideravelmente na pesquisa e representa um dos professores com que mais pude aprender; ao Tales Rozenfeld, ao Vinícius Mendes e ao Tiago Ferraz pela ajuda com algumas bases de dados; ao Eduardo Haddad, por ter alocado uma bolsa para mim no início do doutorado, por deixar o ambiente mais leve, por ter me incentivado a ir para o sanduiche e participar de congressos internacionais; aos professores Carlos Azzoni, André Chagas, Ariaster Chimeli, Paula Pereda e Renata Narita pelas críticas e sugestões; aos professores Cássio Turra, Carlos Azzoni, Edson Severnini, Naercio Menezes, Rodrigo Soares e Rudi Rocha por terem aceitado participar da banca de avaliação deste trabalho. Por fim, agradeço aos meus pais Espedito França e Zila França e ao meu irmão Diego França por toda luta, determinação e carinho. RESUMO A mudança climática representa um dos maiores desafios contemporâneos da humanidade. Nesse sentido, diversas pesquisas têm indicado que haverá um aumento considerável na incidência de eventos climáticos extremos tais como as ondas de calor. Desta forma, compreender os canais pelos quais o clima pode afetar a sociedade tornou-se em uma agenda de pesquisa de expressiva importância. Nesse contexto, pesquisadores têm encontrado evidências em países desenvolvidos de que a temperatura afeta negativamente o número de nascimentos. Visto que diversos países do mundo apresentam uma taxa de fecundidade abaixo do nível de reposição populacional e, dado às projeções climáticas, a temperatura pode se tornar uma variável relevante no que se refere às questões populacionais. Consequentemente, com o intuito de verificar se existe alguma influência da temperatura nos nascimentos em um país em vias de desenvolvimento, o primeiro capítulo procura realizar esta análise usando dados para o Brasil. Para isso, usou-se uma abordagem econométrica em que o objetivo é testar se a exposição a choques de alta temperatura tem algum efeito na quantidade de nascimentos meses depois. Assim, os resultados da metodologia proposta sugerem que uma alta temperatura tem um efeito negativo de aproximadamente 2% nos nascimentos de 8 a 10 meses depois da exposição ao choque. No que se refere ao desenvolvimento socioeconômico, talvez os maiores desafios estejam na superação das discriminações e da exclusão social. No caso brasileiro, que representa o último país do continente americano a abolir a escravidão e a segunda maior nação negra do mundo, a televisão é majoritariamente branca. Além do viés racial na representatividade, também há um viés na forma em que os grupos raciais são retratados. Enquanto os negros costumam ser representados com estereótipos negativos, os brancos aparecem com traços positivos. Assim, a recorrente propaganda televisiva da fisionomia branca tem o potencial de afetar a percepção que as pessoas têm em relação aos tons de pele e, consequentemente, a narrativa difundida por meio deste veículo de comunicação pode moldar o comportamento da sociedade em relação a raça e apresenta um significativo potencial de afetar negativamente a exclusão social da população negra. Por sua vez, este processo tende a normalizar implicitamente a desvalorização da imagem das pessoas de pele escura, criando no imaginário coletivo o ideal de que a pele branca está associada com um maior status social e que as características da aparência branca apresentam um maior valor intrínseco. Em consequência, uma frequente estratégia adotada por uma parte dos afrodescendentes brasileiros é tentar se integrar à identidade branca. Entretanto, esta tentativa de apagar as origens e a cor da pele se torna em uma força adicional de valorização da imagem branca e degradação da negra. Essa dinâmica apresenta o potencial reforçar a estratificação racial existente na consciência social. Com o intuito de testar a hipótese de que a televisão afeta a percepção racial, o segundo capítulo procura verificar se existe alguma influência na autodeclaração racial brasileira. A proposta deste capítulo é usar a variação no tempo em que a principal emissora comercial do país, chamada Rede Globo, entrou em cada município para estimar se houve algum efeito na identificação racial da população. Desta forma, os resultados da abordagem proposta sugerem que a televisão impactou a autodeclaração no sentindo em que os pais “embranqueceram” seus filhos e, adicionalmente, os resultados indicam que o efeito é maior para as mulheres. Em relação a distribuição de renda, sabe-se que o Brasil é um país marcado pela alta desigualdade e baixa mobilidade social. Nesse âmbito, pouca atenção tem sido dada no debate brasileiro para os possíveis efeitos da distribuição da fecundidade entre os grupos sociais sobre a desigualdade de longo prazo. Com esta perspectiva, o terceiro capítulo procura revisar a literatura teórica e empírica que analisaram tal relação. Em determinados contextos, o diferencial de fecundidade entre mulheres pobres e ricas pode se tornar em um relevante mecanismo em que o status socioeconômico é reproduzido entre as gerações e, assim, possui o potencial de se tornar em um importante vetor de propagação de desigualdades sociais. Embora o diferencial de fecundidade entre as mulheres pobres e as ricas tenha caído ao longo do tempo, ele continua expressivo. Além disso, a significativa diferença dos tamanhos das famílias brasileiras entre as classes sociais verificada no passado pode ter efeito na desigualdade muitos anos depois. Assim, a proposta do último capítulo é verificar se a fecundidade das mulheres de baixa escolaridade entre 1970 a 1991 afetou
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