The Orphan 7TM Protein GPR50 As a Novel Regulator of TGF Signal

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The Orphan 7TM Protein GPR50 As a Novel Regulator of TGF Signal The orphan 7TM protein GPR50 as a novel regulator of TGFβ signal transduction Stéfanie Wojciech To cite this version: Stéfanie Wojciech. The orphan 7TM protein GPR50 as a novel regulator of TGFβ signal transduction. Agricultural sciences. Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. English. NNT : 2013PA11T084. tel- 01164966 HAL Id: tel-01164966 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01164966 Submitted on 18 Jun 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITÉ PARIS SUD XI ÉCOLE DOCTORALE : 419 BIOSIGNE - Signalisations et réseaux intégratifs en biologie - Laboratoire de « Pharmacologie fonctionnelle et Physiopathologie des Récepteurs Membranaires » Institut Cochin, Paris DISCIPLINE : Biochimie et Biologie moléculaire THÈSE DE DOCTORAT soutenue le 02 décembre 2013 par Stefanie WOJCIECH The orphan 7TM protein GPR50 as a novel regulator of transforming growth factor β signal transduction Directeur de thèse : Dr Ralf JOCKERS, Directeur de Recherche (Institut Cochin, Paris) JURY Pr Mohammed TAOUIS Président Pr Olivier HERMINE Rapporteur Dr Laurent PRÉZEAU Rapporteur Dr Céline PRUNIER Examinateur Dr Philippe DELAGRANGE Examinateur Dr Mark SCOTT Examinateur Résumé La protéine à 7TM GPR50 : un nouveau régulateur de la voie de signalisation TGFβ La protéine GPR50, qui fait partie de la famille des récepteurs de la mélatonine, est classée, avec une centaine d’autres protéines à sept domaines transmembranaires (7TM), dans la catégorie des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G hétérotrimériques (RCPG) orphelins, c’est-à-dire pour lesquels aucun ligand n’a pu être identifié. De plus en plus d’études montrent que les 7TM peuvent avoir des fonctions indépendantes d’un ligand. C’est le cas de GPR50 qui inhibe les fonctions du récepteur de la mélatonine MT1 en interagissant directement avec lui. Nous avons cherché à identifier d’autres partenaires associés à GPR50 en appliquant la technique de purification par affinité en tandem et avons mis en évidence son interaction avec un récepteur du facteur de croissance Transforming Growth Factor ß (TGFβ), le récepteur de type I (TβRI). Nous décrivons ici la formation d’un complexe entre GPR50 et le récepteur TβRI au niveau de la membrane plasmique, avec pour conséquence l’induction d’une activité constitutive du récepteur et des voies de signalisation en aval en l’absence de TGFβ, mais également en l’absence du récepteur TßRII qui est habituellement indispensable pour l’activation de TβRI par phosphorylation. Cette activité constitutive se traduit par la phosphorylation des protéines Smad2 et Smad3, leur intégration dans un complexe avec Smad4, la translocation du complexe dans le noyau et finalement l’activation de la transcription de leurs gènes-cibles. Nous avons décrypté les mécanismes moléculaires de cette activation constitutive en montrant que GPR50 entre en compétition, pour l’interaction avec TβRI, avec le régulateur négatif FKBP12, une protéine inhibitrice de l’activité basale du récepteur en l’absence de ligand. Nous avons identifié dans la queue intracytoplasmique de GPR50 un motif répétitif similaire à la séquence de FKBP12 impliquée dans son interaction avec TβRI, motif qui constitue la base moléculaire de cette compétition. Nous avons étudié les conséquences fonctionnelles de cette activation en surexprimant GPR50 de manière stable dans la lignée cellulaire MDA-MB-231, dérivée d’un cancer de sein. Nous avons observé dans ces cellules des effets pro-migratoires et anti-prolifératifs similaires à ceux causés par l’administration de TGFβ. En conclusion, ce travail décrit un nouveau mode d’activation du récepteur TβRI en l’absence de ligand, mais identifie également une nouvelle fonction indépendante d’un ligand pour le RCPG orphelin GPR50. En perspective de ce travail, nous allons essayer d’identifier des conditions biologiques où cette interaction pourrait prendre place afin de confirmer ces résultats dans un contexte plus physiologique. Mots clés : RCPG orphelin, GPR50, voie de signalisation TGFβ, TβRI Abstract The orphan 7TM protein GPR50 as a novel regulator of TGFβ signalling During the last years, it became more and more accepted that orphan G Protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) with a transmembrane spanning heptahelical core (7TM) can have ligand-independent functions. One of those 100 orphan GPCRs is GPR50, a 7TM protein with a long cytosolic domain. Recently, studies revealed ligand-independent functions for GPR50, where it has the capacity to modulate the activity of other proteins upon complex formation. By applying a tandem affinity purification approach we sought to identify further putative interacting partners of GPR50. One of the identified binding partners is the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) receptor type I (TβRI). The TGFβ-dependent signal transduction pathway of serine/threonine kinases is a pathway with direct signal flow from ligand over the receptor to its substrates, the Smads which translocate into nucleus where they bind DNA and regulate gene expression. An important question concerns the generation of specificity and fine-tuning of TGFβ-dependent signaling. Throughout the years, an important number of proteins which regulate the activity of the TGFβ signal transduction pathway in a positive or negative manner have been identified. Most of them act in a cell-context-dependent manner, allowing the regulation of TGFβ signaling adapted to the particular circumstances. We report here the complex formation of GPR50 and TβRI on the plasma membrane. The consequence of this interaction is the GPR50-mediated induction of a constitutive activation of the TβRI and its downstream signaling in a TGFβ ligand-independent manner. This has been monitored by Smad2/3 phosphorylation, Smad2/3-Smad4 complex formation and their subsequent translocation into the nucleus, where they activate Smad-dependent gene expression. In order to decipher the molecular mechanism that allows this activation, we showed that GPR50 competes with the negative regulator, that prevents leaky TGFβ signaling, the gatekeeping molecule FKBP12, for binding to the TβRI. We identified a motif in FKBP12 involved in the interaction with TβRI with similarities to a motif in GPR50, providing a molecular basis for the replacement of FKBP12 by GPR50 in the TβRI complex. We showed that GPR50 is capable of activating the TβRI even in the absence of the TβRII, which normally is required for activating the TβRI by phosphorylation. This reveals a previously unknown mode of activation of the TβRI in absence of the TGFβ ligand and TβRII. In order to identify the functional consequences of this crosstalk, we studied migration and growth of MDA-MB- 231 breast cancer cells stably overexpressing GPR50. In these cells, TGFβ-like pro-migratory and anti-proliferative effects have been observed. Future research will help to identify tissues and biological circumstances, where this crosstalk could take place for putting this novel mode of regulation of TGFβ signaling pathway into a context- dependent-manner. Additionally our work established another ligand-independent task for the orphan 7TM protein GPR50, consolidating its function as binding partner and activity modulator. Key words: orphan GPCR, GPR50, TGFβ signaling, TβRI « Être parisien, ce n’est pas être né à Paris, c’est y renaître. » Sacha Guitry A ma famille A mes amis V Remerciements~ Un essai en français Je prie Monsieur le Professeur Mohammed Taouis, qui me fait l’honneur de présider ce jury, de bien vouloir trouver ici le témoignage de ma respectueuse gratitude. J’adresse mes sincères remerciements au Professeur Olivier Hermine et au Docteur Laurent Prézeau pour avoir accepté d’évaluer ce travail de thèse. Je suis également reconnaissante aux Docteurs Céline Prunier, Philippe Delagrange et Mark Scott d’avoir examiné mon travail, malgré leur emploi du temps très chargé. J’adresse ma grande reconnaissance à mon directeur de thèse, le Docteur Ralf Jockers. Je te remercie pour la confiance que tu me faisais pour mener le projet, la liberté que tu me donnais pour le poursuivre selon mes idées et de m’avoir laissé te guider par dans le monde du TGFβ (J’espère que c’était un voyage bien enrichissante pour toi aussi). Merci aussi pour ton accessibilité, notamment dans les réunions hebdomadaires qui finissaient souvent dans des échanges fructueux, ainsi que d’être là avec des idées et solutions quand il m’en manquait. J’apprécie aussi ton esprit critique, ton sens du détail, nécessaire pour me pousser à résoudre des questions qui pour moi l’étaient déjà et de développer moi-même un esprit plus critique et une bonne pratique scientifique. En plus, je te remercie, de m’avoir donné la possibilité de présenter mes travaux dans la jolie montagne toscane, pour faire connaissance avec le monde du TGFβ ce qui m’a encouragé encore plus de m’intéresser à cette voie de signalisation (un point important pour la poursuite de mon projet), mais aussi de m’avoir introduit à celui des RCPG aux GDR et aussi de m’avoir emmené à mon premier voyage transatlantique pour faire la connaissance de la communauté de la mélatonine et les chutes de Niagara des tous les côtés. Merci aussi pour que tu ne pas t’être laisser perturber pendant mes moments “tout est trop” de la thèse et d’avoir gardé toujours ton calme, ta patience, ta gentillesse pour me remettre en bonne position. Et je ne veux pas oublier les échanges quotidiens et compatriotes, des bases pour ce climat agréable autour de la thèse. Je remercie Céline Prunier de l’Hôpital Saint-Antoine pour l’accompagnement du projet avec son expertise du TGFβ, les discussions réguliers, ses idées et aussi sa critique pour faire avancer le projet ainsi que ses encouragements et ses commentaires pour ce manuscrit et le papier.
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