DOCSLIB.ORG

Water Implications of Biofuels Production in the United States

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Water Implications of Biofuels Production in the United States October 2007 Water Implications of Biofuels Production in the United States National interests in greater energy independence, concurrent with favorable mar- ket forces, have driven increased production of corn-based ethanol in the United States and research into the next generation of biofuels. The trend is changing the national agricultural landscape and has raised concerns about potential impacts on the nation’s water resources. This report examines some of the key issues and identifies opportunities for shaping policies that help to protect water resources. iofuels—fuels derived from biological materials—are likely Bto play a key role in America’s energy future. In 2007, President Bush called for U.S. production of ethanol to reach 35 billion gallons per year by 2017, which would displace 15 percent of the nation’s projected annual gasoline use. By 2030, the administration aims to increase that production to 60 billion gallons per year. Recent increases in oil prices in conjunction with subsidy policies have led to production based on discussions at the collo- a dramatic expansion in corn ethanol production quium, written submissions of participants, the and high interest in further expansion over the peer-reviewed literature, and the best profes- next decade. sional judgments of the committee. Increased use of biofuels offers many ben- efits, such as a decreased reliance on foreign oil, Types of Biofuels but it also presents some challenges. Among Currently, the main biofuel in the United the challenges that may not have received ap- States is ethanol derived from corn kernels. Corn- propriate attention are the effects of biofuel de- based ethanol is made by converting the starch in velopment on water and related land resources. corn kernels to sugars and then converting those Growing and processing biofuel crops to meet sugars into ethanol. Ethanol derived from sor- America’s energy needs will alter how the na- ghum and biodiesel derived from soybeans com- tion’s water resources are used. However, the prise a very small fraction of U.S. biofuels. Other water implications of biofuels production are potential sources of materials for use in biofuels complex, difficult to monitor, and will vary include field crops such as soy; short-rotation greatly by region. woody crops such as poplar and willow; animal To help illuminate these issues, the Na- fats, vegetable oils, and recycled greases; peren- tional Research Council held a colloquium on nial grasses, such as switchgrass; agricultural July 12, 2007 in Washington, DC to facilitate and forestry residues such as manure and cellu- discussion among representatives from federal losic waste; aquatic products such as algae and and state government, non-governmental orga- seaweed; and municipal waste such as sewage nizations, academia, and industry. This report sludge or solid waste. Different biofuel sources examines the water implications of biofuels have unique implications for water resources. One of the most potentially significant new biofu- Water Use for Biorefineries els on the horizon is “cellulosic ethanol,” derived from All biofuel facilities require water to convert bio- fibrous material such as wheat straw, native grasses, and logical materials into fuel. The amount of water used forest trimmings. Because of technological limitations, in the biorefining process is modest compared to the cellulosic ethanol can currently be produced only at pilot water used for growing the plants used to produce and commercial demonstration-scales; however, produc- ethanol; however, because water use in biorefineries is tion of cellulosic ethanol is expected to begin commer- concentrated into a smaller area, such facilities effects cially within the next decade. can be substantial locally. A biorefinery that produces 100 million gallons of ethanol per year, for example, Implications for Water Supply would use the equivalent of the water supply for a town Water is an increasingly precious resource used of about 5,000 people. Ethanol producers are increas- for many critical purposes; in some areas of the coun- ingly incorporating water recycling and use-reduction try, water resources are already significantly stressed. measures in order to maximize energy yields while re- For example, large portions of the Ogallala (or High ducing water use. Plains) aquifer, which extends from west Texas up into South Dakota and Wyoming, show water table declines Implications for Water Quality of over 100 feet since about the 1940s. Increased bio- Shifting agricultural practices to incorporate fuels production will likely add pressure to the water more biofuel crops will affect water quality as well as management challenges the nation already faces as bio- water quantity. Converting pastures or woodlands into fuels drive changing agricultural practices, increased cornfields, for example, may exacerbate problems as- corn production, and growth in the number of biore- sociated with fertilizer runoff and soil erosion. fineries. Water Use for Irrigation Fertilizer Runoff and Nutrient Pollution Whether or not biofuel crops will require more For most crops, it is standard agricultural practice or less water will depend on what crop is being sub- to apply fertilizers such as nitrogen and phosphorus, as stituted and where it is being grown. Corn generally well as pesticides, which include herbicides and insec- uses less water than soybeans in the Pacific and Moun- ticides. However, these chemicals can wash into bodies tain regions, but the reverse is true in the Northern and of water and affect water quality. For example, excess Southern Plains. Therefore, farmers switching from nitrogen washing into the Mississippi River is known soybeans to corn will need more water in some regions to be a cause of the oxygen-starved “dead zone” in the and less water in others. As this example demonstrates, Gulf of Mexico, in which marine life cannot survive. there are many uncertainties in estimating the overall Different crops require different amounts of fer- net impacts of biofuel crops on our water resources. tilizers. One metric that can be used to compare wa- Another important consideration is how biofuel ter quality impacts of various crops are the inputs of production might drive the expansion of agricul- ture into regions that currently support little ag- Fuel Feedstock U.S. Production in 2006 riculture. Expansion of agricultural lands, espe- cially into dry western areas, has the potential to Ethanol Corn 4.9 billion gallons dramatically affect water availability. Sorghum < 100 million gallons The report concludes that in the next 5 to Cane sugar No production (600 million 10 years, increased agricultural production for gallons imported) biofuels will probably not alter the national- Cellulose No production (one demon- aggregate view of water use. However, there are stration plant in Canada) likely to be significant regional and local impacts Biodiesel Soybean oil Approximately 90 million where water resources are already stressed. gallons Depending on what crops are grown, where the crops are grown, and whether there is an increase Other vegetable oils < 10 million gallons in overall agricultural production, significant Recycled grease <10 million gallons acceleration of biofuels production could cause Cellulose No production much greater water quantity problems than are U.S. production of different types of biofuels in 2006. currently experienced. SOURCE U.S. Congressional Research Service. fertilizers and pesticides per unit of the net energy gain captured in a biofuel. Of the potential bio- fuel crops, the greatest application rates of both fertilizer and pesti- cides per acre are for corn. Per unit of energy gained, biodiesel requires a small fraction of the ni- trogen and phosphorous used for corn-based ethanol. All else being equal, converting other crops or non-crop plants to corn will likely lead to much higher application rates of nitrogen. However, there are many management practices that can improve the efficiency of fertilizer application and how it is used by plants. For example, recent ad- vances in biotechnology have in- creased yields of corn per unit of Existing and planned ethanol facilities (2007) and their estimated total water applied nitrogen and phosphorous. use mapped with the principal bedrock aquifers of the United States and total water use in year 2000. SOURCE: Janice Ward, U.S. Geological Survey. Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Sedimentation occurs when Reducing Water Impacts through Agricul- soil erodes from land and washes down into surface tural Practices water bodies. Sediments impair water quality and also There are many agricultural practices and tech- carry agricultural and other pollutants. The amount of nologies that can simultaneously increase crop yields sediment eroding from agricultural areas is directly while reducing impacts on water resources. These tech- related to land use—the more intensive the use, the nologies include a variety of water-conserving irriga- greater the erosion. For example, more sediment erodes tion techniques, erosion prevention techniques, fertiliz- from row crop fields, such as corn, than from pastures er efficiency techniques, and precision agriculture tools or woodlands. that take into account site-specific soil pH (acidity/al- One of the most likely causes of increased erosion kilinity), moisture, and other measures. Such practices in the near term may be withdrawal of lands from the can have a large, positive environmental impact. U.S.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Potential for Biofuels Alongside the EU-ETS
    The potential for biofuels alongside the EU-ETS Stefan Boeters, Paul Veenendaal, Nico van Leeuwen and Hugo Rojas-Romagoza CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis Paper for presentation at the Eleventh Annual GTAP Conference ‘Future of Global Economy’, Helsinki, June 12-14, 2008 1 Table of contents Summary 3 1 The potential for biofuels alongside the EU-ETS 6 1.1 Introduction 6 1.2 Climate policy baseline 7 1.3 Promoting the use of biofuels 10 1.4 Increasing transport fuel excises as a policy alternative from the CO 2-emission reduction point of view 22 1.5 Conclusions 23 Appendix A: Characteristics of the WorldScan model and of the baseline scenario 25 A.1 WorldScan 25 A.2 Background scenario 27 A.3 Details of biofuel modelling 28 A.4 Sensitivity analysis with respect to land allocation 35 References 38 2 Summary The potential for biofuels alongside the EU-ETS On its March 2007 summit the European Council agreed to embark on an ambitious policy for energy and climate change that establishes several targets for the year 2020. Amongst others this policy aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 20% compared to 1990 and to ensure that 20% of total energy use comes from renewable sources, partly by increasing the share of biofuels up to at least 10% of total fuel use in transportation. In meeting the 20% reduction ceiling for greenhouse gas emissions the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU-ETS) will play a central role as the ‘pricing engine’ for CO 2-emissions. The higher the emissions price will be, the sooner technological emission reduction options will tend to be commercially adopted.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sustainability of Cellulosic Biofuels
    The Sustainability of Cellulosic Biofuels All biofuels, by definition, are made from plant material. The main biofuel on the U.S. market is corn ethanol, a type of biofuel made using the starch in corn grain. But only using grain to produce biofuels can lead to a tug of war between food and fuel sources, as well as other environmental and economic challenges. Biofuels made from cellulosic sources – the leaves, stems, and other fibrous parts of a plant – have been touted as a promising renewable energy source. Not only is cellulose the most abundant biological material on Earth, but using cellulose to produce biofuels instead of grain can have environmental benefits. Cellulosic biofuel sources offer a substantially greater energy return on investment compared to grain-based sources. However, environmental benefits are not guaranteed. The environmental success of cellulosic biofuels will depend on 1) which cellulosic crops are grown, 2) the practices used to manage them, and 3) the geographic location of crops. Both grain-based and cellulosic biofuels can help lessen our use of fossil fuels and can help offset carbon dioxide emissions. But cellulosic biofuels are able to offset more gasoline than can grain-based biofuels – and they do so with environmental co-benefits. Cellulosic Biofuels Help Reduce Competition for Land Cellulosic fuel crops can grow on lands that are not necessarily suitable for food crops and thereby reduce or avoid food vs. fuel competition. If grown on land that has already been cleared, cellulosic crops do not further contribute to the release of carbon to the atmosphere. Because many cellulosic crops are perennial and roots are always present, they guard against soil erosion and better retain nitrogen fertilizer.
    [Show full text]
  • Scheme Principles for GHG Calculation
    Scheme principles for GHG calculation Version EU 05 Scheme principles for GHG calculation © REDcert GmbH 2021 This document is publicly accessible at: www.redcert.org. Our documents are protected by copyright and may not be modified. Nor may our documents or parts thereof be reproduced or copied without our consent. Document title: „Scheme principles for GHG calculation” Version: EU 05 Datum: 18.06.2021 © REDcert GmbH 2 Scheme principles for GHG calculation Contents 1 Requirements for greenhouse gas saving .................................................... 5 2 Scheme principles for the greenhouse gas calculation ................................. 5 2.1 Methodology for greenhouse gas calculation ................................................... 5 2.2 Calculation using default values ..................................................................... 8 2.3 Calculation using actual values ...................................................................... 9 2.4 Calculation using disaggregated default values ...............................................12 3 Requirements for calculating GHG emissions based on actual values ........ 13 3.1 Requirements for calculating greenhouse gas emissions from the production of raw material (eec) .......................................................................................13 3.2 Requirements for calculating greenhouse gas emissions resulting from land-use change (el) ................................................................................................17 3.3 Requirements for
    [Show full text]
  • Workplace Recycling
    SETTING UP Workplace Recycling 1 Form a Enlist a group of employees interested in recycling and waste prevention to set up and monitor collection systems Recycling Team to ensure ongoing success. This is a great team-building exercise and can positively impact employee morale as well as the environment. 2 Determine Customize your recycling program based on your business. Consider performing a waste audit or take inventory of materials the kinds of materials in your trash & recycling. to recycle Commonly recycled business items: Single-Stream Recycling • Aluminum & tin cans; plastic & glass bottles • Office paper, newspaper, cardboard • Magazines, catalogs, file folders, shredded paper 3 Contact Find out if recycling services are already in place. If not, ask the facility or property manager to set them up. Point your facility out that in today’s environment, employees expect to recycle at work and that recycling can potentially reduce costs. If recycling is currently provided, check with the manager to make sure good recycling education materials or property are available to all employees. This will help employees to recycle right, improve the quality of recyclable materials, manager and increase recycling participation. 4 Coordinate Work station recycling containers – Provide durable work station recycling containers or re-use existing training containers like copy paper boxes. Make recycling available at each work station. with the Click: Get-Started-Recycling-w_glass or Get-Started-Recycling-without-glass to print recycling container labels. Label your trash containers as well: Get-Started-Trash-with-food waste or janitorial crew Get-Started-Trash -no-food waste. and/or staff Central area containers – Evaluate the type and size of containers for common areas like conference rooms, hallways, reception areas, and cafes, based on volume, location, and usage.
    [Show full text]
  • Sector N: Scrap and Waste Recycling
    Industrial Stormwater Fact Sheet Series Sector N: Scrap Recycling and Waste Recycling Facilities U.S. EPA Office of Water EPA-833-F-06-029 February 2021 What is the NPDES stormwater program for industrial activity? Activities, such as material handling and storage, equipment maintenance and cleaning, industrial processing or other operations that occur at industrial facilities are often exposed to stormwater. The runoff from these areas may discharge pollutants directly into nearby waterbodies or indirectly via storm sewer systems, thereby degrading water quality. In 1990, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) developed permitting regulations under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) to control stormwater discharges associated with eleven categories of industrial activity. As a result, NPDES permitting authorities, which may be either EPA or a state environmental agency, issue stormwater permits to control runoff from these industrial facilities. What types of industrial facilities are required to obtain permit coverage? This fact sheet specifically discusses stormwater discharges various industries including scrap recycling and waste recycling facilities as defined by Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Major Group Code 50 (5093). Facilities and products in this group fall under the following categories, all of which require coverage under an industrial stormwater permit: ◆ Scrap and waste recycling facilities (non-source separated, non-liquid recyclable materials) engaged in processing, reclaiming, and wholesale distribution of scrap and waste materials such as ferrous and nonferrous metals, paper, plastic, cardboard, glass, and animal hides. ◆ Waste recycling facilities (liquid recyclable materials) engaged in reclaiming and recycling liquid wastes such as used oil, antifreeze, mineral spirits, and industrial solvents.
    [Show full text]
  • Biofuel Sustainability Performance Guidelines (PDF)
    JULY 2014 NRDC REPORT R:14-04-A Biofuel Sustainability Performance Guidelines Report prepared for the Natural Resources Defense Council by LMI Acknowledgments NRDC thanks the Packard Foundation and the Energy Foundation for the generous contributions that made this report possible. NRDC acknowledges the role of LMI in preparing this report and thanks LMI for its impartial insights and key role in its analysis, design and production. LMI is a McLean, Va.-based 501(c)(3) not-for-profit government management consultancy. About NRDC The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) is an international nonprofit environmental organization with more than 1.4 million members and online activists. Since 1970, our lawyers, scientists, and other environmental specialists have worked to protect the world's natural resources, public health, and the environment. NRDC has offices in New York City, Washington, D.C., Los Angeles, San Francisco, Chicago, Bozeman, MT, and Beijing. Visit us at www.nrdc.org and follow us on Twitter @NRDC. NRDC’s policy publications aim to inform and influence solutions to the world’s most pressing environmental and public health issues. For additional policy content, visit our online policy portal at www.nrdc.org/policy. NRDC Director of Communications: Lisa Benenson NRDC Deputy Director of Communications: Lisa Goffredi NRDC Policy Publications Director: Alex Kennaugh Design and Production: www.suerossi.com © Natural Resources Defense Council 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................4
    [Show full text]
  • Bioenergy's Role in Balancing the Electricity Grid and Providing Storage Options – an EU Perspective
    Bioenergy's role in balancing the electricity grid and providing storage options – an EU perspective Front cover information panel IEA Bioenergy: Task 41P6: 2017: 01 Bioenergy's role in balancing the electricity grid and providing storage options – an EU perspective Antti Arasto, David Chiaramonti, Juha Kiviluoma, Eric van den Heuvel, Lars Waldheim, Kyriakos Maniatis, Kai Sipilä Copyright © 2017 IEA Bioenergy. All rights Reserved Published by IEA Bioenergy IEA Bioenergy, also known as the Technology Collaboration Programme (TCP) for a Programme of Research, Development and Demonstration on Bioenergy, functions within a Framework created by the International Energy Agency (IEA). Views, findings and publications of IEA Bioenergy do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the IEA Secretariat or of its individual Member countries. Foreword The global energy supply system is currently in transition from one that relies on polluting and depleting inputs to a system that relies on non-polluting and non-depleting inputs that are dominantly abundant and intermittent. Optimising the stability and cost-effectiveness of such a future system requires seamless integration and control of various energy inputs. The role of energy supply management is therefore expected to increase in the future to ensure that customers will continue to receive the desired quality of energy at the required time. The COP21 Paris Agreement gives momentum to renewables. The IPCC has reported that with current GHG emissions it will take 5 years before the carbon budget is used for +1,5C and 20 years for +2C. The IEA has recently published the Medium- Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2016, launched on 25.10.2016 in Singapore.
    [Show full text]
  • Biofuels in a Changing World
    Biofuels in a Changing World Carol Werner, Executive Director Environmental and Energy Study Institute Presentation for Biofuels and the Promise for Sustainable Energy Conference in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil August 2007 Abstract : The twin drivers of oil security and climate change have pushed biofuels into the forefront of US national energy policy. The industry has grown rapidly, and at this point is based upon corn ethanol and soy biodiesel. A variety of policy proposals are before the US Congress in terms of major pending energy and agriculture legislation which would greatly advance the role of biofuels. At the same time concerns have been raised about the cost of such proposals, the sustainability of biofuel production, potential competition with food, animal feed and other crops as well as land use issues. Biofuels represent an important piece of the solution to the challenges of a world facing climate change and oil security concerns – but are not a silver bullet. Instead, they must be part of a ‘sustainable’ strategy that works in tandem with other policies that will allow us to address multiple issues to achieve multiple benefits at the same time. Key elements that must be addressed include diversification of feedstocks that are appropriate to given regions based upon local soil, precipitation, low inputs and climate conditions; encouragement of local ownership so that local economic activity is enhanced; and development of new technologies and biorefineries that will promote high efficiency and a low/no net carbon emission life cycle. Without addressing these issues carefully and thoughtfully – whether in the United States, Brazil or other countries moving forward on biofuels – we run the risk of jeopardizing public consensus for long-term support of biofuels as well as jeopardizing the long term environmentally sustainable economic development that is critical to the well-being of our societies and our planet.
    [Show full text]
  • HP Closed-Loop Recycling Advancing a Circular Economy
    • Brief HP closed-loop recycling Advancing a circular economy When you choose Original HP Cartridges and recycle through HP Planet Partners1, you’re taking part in a closed loop—where materials are added and reused to make new products, and no cartridges end up in a landfill. Circular economy vs. Linear economy Purchase and use 1 Original HP Ink or Toner New Original HP Cartridges 6 Return used Non-HP are ready to be 1 cartridges shipped 2 cartridges for free hp.com/hprecycle Poor-quality, 2 costly reprints2 HP uses recycled Cartridges 5 plastics3 in new 3 are sorted, cartridges to disassembled, close the loop or shredded Nearly 90% of 3 cartridges end up in landfills4 Other post-consumer 4 plastics are added to ink cartridges Redefining impact and changing lives HP uses recycled plastic bottles collected in Haiti and from other sources in the manufacturing of Original HP Ink Cartridges. This effort helps to create sustainable jobs, brings opportunity to the people in Haiti, and helps prevent plastics from reaching the Caribbean Sea. For more information on HP closed-loop recycling and our efforts in Haiti, see hp.com/go/Rosette. Together, we’re recycling for a better world The results speak for themselves. Here’s the difference HP made in 2018 by using recycled plastic in ink cartridges instead of new plastic: 60% reduction 39% less 30% average in fossil fuel water used5 carbon footprint consumption5 Enough to supply reduction5 Conserved more than 7.9 million Americans Like taking 533 cars off 7 6 for one day 8 705 barrels of oil the road for one year Bringing used products back to life With your help, we’re closing the loop.
    [Show full text]
  • Modelling of Emissions and Energy Use from Biofuel Fuelled Vehicles at Urban Scale
    sustainability Article Modelling of Emissions and Energy Use from Biofuel Fuelled Vehicles at Urban Scale Daniela Dias, António Pais Antunes and Oxana Tchepel * CITTA, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, Polo II, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal; [email protected] (D.D.); [email protected] (A.P.A.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 29 March 2019; Accepted: 13 May 2019; Published: 22 May 2019 Abstract: Biofuels have been considered to be sustainable energy source and one of the major alternatives to petroleum-based road transport fuels due to a reduction of greenhouse gases emissions. However, their effects on urban air pollution are not straightforward. The main objective of this work is to estimate the emissions and energy use from bio-fuelled vehicles by using an integrated and flexible modelling approach at the urban scale in order to contribute to the understanding of introducing biofuels as an alternative transport fuel. For this purpose, the new Traffic Emission and Energy Consumption Model (QTraffic) was applied for complex urban road network when considering two biofuels demand scenarios with different blends of bioethanol and biodiesel in comparison to the reference situation over the city of Coimbra (Portugal). The results of this study indicate that the increase of biofuels blends would have a beneficial effect on particulate matter (PM ) emissions reduction for the entire road network ( 3.1% [ 3.8% to 2.1%] by kg). In contrast, 2.5 − − − an overall negative effect on nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions at urban scale is expected, mainly due to the increase in bioethanol uptake. Moreover, the results indicate that, while there is no noticeable variation observed in energy use, fuel consumption is increased by over 2.4% due to the introduction of the selected biofuels blends.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2010
    Action Earth ACRES Adeline Lo Thank You Ai Xin Society for your invaluable support Anderson Junior College Andrew Tay Assembly of Youth for the Environment So many individuals, food outlets AWARE Balakrishnan Matchap and organizations gave their Betty Hoe invaluable effort, time and Bishan Community Library resources to light the path Bright Hill Temple British Petroleum (BP) towards vegetarianism. Space Bukit Merah Public Library may not have allowed us to list Cat Welfare Society Catherina Hosoi everyone, but all the same, we Central Library of the National Library Board extend our most heartfelt thanks Chong Hua Tong Tou Teck Hwee movement to you. Douglas Teo Dr Raymond Yuen Environmental Challenge Organisation Vegetarian Society (Singapore) ROS Registration No.: ROS/RCB 0123/1999 Singapore 3 Pemimpin Drive, #07-02, Lip Hing Bldg, Charity Registration No.: 1851 UEN: S99SS0065J Family Service Centre (Yishun) Singapore 576147 Foreign Domestic Worker Association (address for correspondence only) Gelin www.vegetarian-society.org Genesis Vegetarian Health Food Restaurant [email protected] Global Indian International School Green Kampung website Greendale Secondary School Green Roundtable Noah’s Ark Natural Animal Sanctuary Guangyang Primary School NUS SAVE GUI (Ground Up Initiative) NutriHub Herty Chen Post Museum Indonesia Vegetarian Society Queensway Secondary School International Vegetarian Union Prof Harvey Neo Juggi Ramakrishnan Raffles Institution Lim Yi Ting Rameshon Murugiah Kevin Tan Rosina Arquati Heng Guan Hou Serene Peh Hort Park Singapore Buddhist Federation Kampung Senang Charity and Education Singapore Kite Association Foundation Singapore Malayalee Association Loving Hut Restaurants Singapore Polytechnic Singapore Sports Council Mahaya Menon Singapore Tourism Board Maria and Ana Laura Rivarola Singapore Vegetarian Meetup Groups ANNUALREPORTFOR2010 Mayura Mohta SPCA Maitreyawira School St Anthony’s Canossian Secondary School Media Corp Straits Times MEVEG (Middle East Vegetarian Group) T.
    [Show full text]
  • SCRAP METAL ITEMS for RECYCLING Here Is a List Of
    SCRAP METAL ITEMS FOR RECYCLING Here is a list of ACCEPTABLE items that can be donated: Air Conditioners Electrical Panels Metal Fireplaces Old Metal Vent Pipes Aluminum Drainpipes Electrical Switches Metal Furniture Old Oil Tanks (Cut In Aluminum Gutters Electrical Tools Metal High Chairs Half, No Oil) Aluminum Siding Electrical Wire Metal Lawn Fixtures Old Phones Aluminum Soda Cans Engines (Without Oil) Metal Picture Frames Old Plumbing Pipes (Crushed) Extension Cords Metal Play Pens Old VCRS Baking Racks Faucets & Drains Metal Pool Outdoor Metal BBQ Grills (Without File Cabinets Accessories Furniture Tanks) Fireplace Accessories Metal Pools Outlet Boxes Bicycles Furnaces (Disassembled) Pots & Pans Brass & Metal Bed Go Karts Metal Rakes (No Radiators Frames Grill Accessories Wood) Refrigerators Car Parts Aluminum & Steel Metal Sheds Rotors Cast Iron Bath Tubs Auto Rims (Disassembled) Safes Catering Equipment Hand Tools Metal Shelving Scooters Catering Items Home & Auto Tool Metal Shovels Sheet Metal Coat Hangers Boxes Metal Studs Silverware Coat Hooks Jet Skis Metal Tables Snow Mobiles Coat Racks Junk Cars Metal Trash Cans Statues & Figurines Colanders & Lawn Mowers Metal Windows (No Stereos Strainers Lawn Tractors Glass) Stoves Communication Wire Lighting Fixtures Microwaves Swing Sets Computer Towers Metal Baseboards Mixing Bowls (Disassembled) Cooking Utensils Metal Christmas Mopeds Tire Jacks Cooling Racks Accessories Nuts And Bolts Toasters Copper Kitchen Metal Cribs Old Clocks Washers Décor Metal Desks Old Heating Pipes Water Heaters Dishwashers Metal Doors & Vents Water Tanks Disposals Frames Old Lamps Wheel Barrels Door Knobs Metal Entertainment Old Metal Fans Woodstoves Doorbells/Chimes Centers Old Metal Sinks Dryers Metal Exercise Old Metal Trailers DVD Players Weights (Delivered Only) Here is a list of UNACCEPTABLE items that cannot be donated: Computer Monitors Televisions Items Containing PCB’S Food Grade Recyclables: Aluminum Foil, Pet Food Metal Gas Cans Cans, Throw Away Trays, etc.
    [Show full text]