Biofuel Application As a Factor of Sustainable Development Ensuring: the Case of Russia
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The Potential for Biofuels Alongside the EU-ETS
The potential for biofuels alongside the EU-ETS Stefan Boeters, Paul Veenendaal, Nico van Leeuwen and Hugo Rojas-Romagoza CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis Paper for presentation at the Eleventh Annual GTAP Conference ‘Future of Global Economy’, Helsinki, June 12-14, 2008 1 Table of contents Summary 3 1 The potential for biofuels alongside the EU-ETS 6 1.1 Introduction 6 1.2 Climate policy baseline 7 1.3 Promoting the use of biofuels 10 1.4 Increasing transport fuel excises as a policy alternative from the CO 2-emission reduction point of view 22 1.5 Conclusions 23 Appendix A: Characteristics of the WorldScan model and of the baseline scenario 25 A.1 WorldScan 25 A.2 Background scenario 27 A.3 Details of biofuel modelling 28 A.4 Sensitivity analysis with respect to land allocation 35 References 38 2 Summary The potential for biofuels alongside the EU-ETS On its March 2007 summit the European Council agreed to embark on an ambitious policy for energy and climate change that establishes several targets for the year 2020. Amongst others this policy aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 20% compared to 1990 and to ensure that 20% of total energy use comes from renewable sources, partly by increasing the share of biofuels up to at least 10% of total fuel use in transportation. In meeting the 20% reduction ceiling for greenhouse gas emissions the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU-ETS) will play a central role as the ‘pricing engine’ for CO 2-emissions. The higher the emissions price will be, the sooner technological emission reduction options will tend to be commercially adopted. -
The Sustainability of Cellulosic Biofuels
The Sustainability of Cellulosic Biofuels All biofuels, by definition, are made from plant material. The main biofuel on the U.S. market is corn ethanol, a type of biofuel made using the starch in corn grain. But only using grain to produce biofuels can lead to a tug of war between food and fuel sources, as well as other environmental and economic challenges. Biofuels made from cellulosic sources – the leaves, stems, and other fibrous parts of a plant – have been touted as a promising renewable energy source. Not only is cellulose the most abundant biological material on Earth, but using cellulose to produce biofuels instead of grain can have environmental benefits. Cellulosic biofuel sources offer a substantially greater energy return on investment compared to grain-based sources. However, environmental benefits are not guaranteed. The environmental success of cellulosic biofuels will depend on 1) which cellulosic crops are grown, 2) the practices used to manage them, and 3) the geographic location of crops. Both grain-based and cellulosic biofuels can help lessen our use of fossil fuels and can help offset carbon dioxide emissions. But cellulosic biofuels are able to offset more gasoline than can grain-based biofuels – and they do so with environmental co-benefits. Cellulosic Biofuels Help Reduce Competition for Land Cellulosic fuel crops can grow on lands that are not necessarily suitable for food crops and thereby reduce or avoid food vs. fuel competition. If grown on land that has already been cleared, cellulosic crops do not further contribute to the release of carbon to the atmosphere. Because many cellulosic crops are perennial and roots are always present, they guard against soil erosion and better retain nitrogen fertilizer. -
The Current and Future Trends in Chinese Environmental and Energy Law and Policy
Pace International Law Review Volume 18 Issue 1 Spring 2006 Article 9 April 2006 The Current and Future Trends in Chinese Environmental and Energy Law and Policy Mingde Cao Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pilr Recommended Citation Mingde Cao, The Current and Future Trends in Chinese Environmental and Energy Law and Policy, 18 Pace Int'l L. Rev. 253 (2006) Available at: https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pilr/vol18/iss1/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Law at DigitalCommons@Pace. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pace International Law Review by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Pace. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE CURRENT AND FUTURE TRENDS IN CHINESE ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENERGY LAW AND POLICY Mingde Caot I. Chinese Environmental and Energy Law and Policy: Transmitting from First Generation to Second Generation ................................ 255 II. The Current and Future Trends in Chinese Environmental and Energy Law and Policy ....... 258 A. Ethical Transition from Anthropocentrism to Eco-centrism ................................... 258 B. Transition from a Development Economy to Recycling and Cleaning Production Economy in Environmental and Resource Law ............. 262 C. Transition from Restricting Development and Utilization of Non-renewable Energies to Encouraging Investment and Operation of Renewable Energies ........................... 266 III. Conclusion ......................................... 268 In the period from 1979 to 2003, the yearly average growth rate of gross domestic product (GDP) in China was 9.4 percent,' while, at the same time, sixteen of the world's twenty most air- polluted cities were in China, according to the World Health Or- t Mingde Cao, PhD, is professor of law at Southwest University of Political Science and Law in Chongqing, China. -
Scheme Principles for GHG Calculation
Scheme principles for GHG calculation Version EU 05 Scheme principles for GHG calculation © REDcert GmbH 2021 This document is publicly accessible at: www.redcert.org. Our documents are protected by copyright and may not be modified. Nor may our documents or parts thereof be reproduced or copied without our consent. Document title: „Scheme principles for GHG calculation” Version: EU 05 Datum: 18.06.2021 © REDcert GmbH 2 Scheme principles for GHG calculation Contents 1 Requirements for greenhouse gas saving .................................................... 5 2 Scheme principles for the greenhouse gas calculation ................................. 5 2.1 Methodology for greenhouse gas calculation ................................................... 5 2.2 Calculation using default values ..................................................................... 8 2.3 Calculation using actual values ...................................................................... 9 2.4 Calculation using disaggregated default values ...............................................12 3 Requirements for calculating GHG emissions based on actual values ........ 13 3.1 Requirements for calculating greenhouse gas emissions from the production of raw material (eec) .......................................................................................13 3.2 Requirements for calculating greenhouse gas emissions resulting from land-use change (el) ................................................................................................17 3.3 Requirements for -
Course Syllabus Global Energy Law & Policy: Europe in Transition The
Vermont Law School | Environmental Law Center | Summer Session 2021 | Term 2 Course Syllabus Global Energy Law & Policy: Europe in Transition The Trilemma of Liberalization, Decarbonization and Energy Security (2 credits) Course instructor: Dr. Anna-Alexandra Marhold E-mail: a.a.marhold [at] law.leidenuniv.nl; amarhold [at] vermontlaw.edu Class meeting dates and times: June 21 – 24 and June 28 – July 1, 9am – 12 pm (EST) (via MS Teams, links will be provided on TWEN) Method of grading: In-class participation, in-class presentation/group assignment (20%) + final paper (80%) Prerequisite courses: None; Some prior knowledge of public international law/EU law recommended Course description: Europe is facing a significant challenge to realize the transition to a low carbon economy while at the same time guaranteeing its energy security. It walks on a tight rope between ensuring a secure, competitive and sustainable energy supply for its citizens, while meeting its own climate commitments as well as those under the Paris Agreement. For that reason, Europe has set ambitious targets in its new EU Green Deal: it aims to become climate neutral and to have no net emissions of greenhouse gasses by 2025, in addition to decouple economic growth from resource use. The transition to a low carbon economy in the EU is accompanied by many obstacles (regulatory, geo-political and technical). Our course aims to give a comprehensive insight into global and EU (renewable) energy law and policy and the challenges ahead. It will start out by situating the EU in the larger context of international law and policy, understanding its geo-political situation pertaining to energy. -
Biofuels Matrix
MARCHBIOFUELS 2018 MATRIX TAX ADVANTAGE ADVANCED BIOFUELS Limitations of MANDATORY MANDATORY Bio components LEGISLATION COUNTRY Biodiesel Bioethanol bio COMMENTS BLENDING BLENDING PLAN multiplication factor (LATEST DEVELOPMENTS) components No more tax incentives No more tax incentives Mandatory blending is: No changes in 2018 and 2019. Legislation permits the use of advanced Second generation or other biofuels with multiplication factors Belgian legislation is very complex and involves (worst-case scenario) 3 In diesel: “max FAME In 2020 there will be a mandatory biofuels if they are standardised or, if not, after also have to be approved by the government on a case by administrations: economic affairs, environment and finance. Further- specification (EN590) -1%” blending of 8.5% renewable energy government approval. case basis. Again, limited quantities will be approved and more, the legislation is very focussed on physical blending and allows (so actually 6% vol), separately in diesel and gasoline. Bio components that are eligible for double the blending is also limited to 1.5% (nominal!) This means for very few administrative transfers. This leads to a significant limitation BELGIUM or by other biofuels Sustainability must be proven. counting can only be used for up to 0.75% example with double counting, that only 0.75% will be allowed of business with other EU countries. This is why the Belgian operators’ if they reach the same (physically). physically. advocacy is a “mandatory CO2 emission reduction on transport fuels, energetic value. not regulated by the Member States but by the EU”. Due to legislative As the blend obligation in the gasoline is 8.5v%, this uncertainty, legislation has changed in Q4 2015, permitting automat- In gasoline (E10): 8.5% vol automatically forces E10 on the Belgian market. -
Biofuel Sustainability Performance Guidelines (PDF)
JULY 2014 NRDC REPORT R:14-04-A Biofuel Sustainability Performance Guidelines Report prepared for the Natural Resources Defense Council by LMI Acknowledgments NRDC thanks the Packard Foundation and the Energy Foundation for the generous contributions that made this report possible. NRDC acknowledges the role of LMI in preparing this report and thanks LMI for its impartial insights and key role in its analysis, design and production. LMI is a McLean, Va.-based 501(c)(3) not-for-profit government management consultancy. About NRDC The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) is an international nonprofit environmental organization with more than 1.4 million members and online activists. Since 1970, our lawyers, scientists, and other environmental specialists have worked to protect the world's natural resources, public health, and the environment. NRDC has offices in New York City, Washington, D.C., Los Angeles, San Francisco, Chicago, Bozeman, MT, and Beijing. Visit us at www.nrdc.org and follow us on Twitter @NRDC. NRDC’s policy publications aim to inform and influence solutions to the world’s most pressing environmental and public health issues. For additional policy content, visit our online policy portal at www.nrdc.org/policy. NRDC Director of Communications: Lisa Benenson NRDC Deputy Director of Communications: Lisa Goffredi NRDC Policy Publications Director: Alex Kennaugh Design and Production: www.suerossi.com © Natural Resources Defense Council 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................4 -
Bioenergy's Role in Balancing the Electricity Grid and Providing Storage Options – an EU Perspective
Bioenergy's role in balancing the electricity grid and providing storage options – an EU perspective Front cover information panel IEA Bioenergy: Task 41P6: 2017: 01 Bioenergy's role in balancing the electricity grid and providing storage options – an EU perspective Antti Arasto, David Chiaramonti, Juha Kiviluoma, Eric van den Heuvel, Lars Waldheim, Kyriakos Maniatis, Kai Sipilä Copyright © 2017 IEA Bioenergy. All rights Reserved Published by IEA Bioenergy IEA Bioenergy, also known as the Technology Collaboration Programme (TCP) for a Programme of Research, Development and Demonstration on Bioenergy, functions within a Framework created by the International Energy Agency (IEA). Views, findings and publications of IEA Bioenergy do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the IEA Secretariat or of its individual Member countries. Foreword The global energy supply system is currently in transition from one that relies on polluting and depleting inputs to a system that relies on non-polluting and non-depleting inputs that are dominantly abundant and intermittent. Optimising the stability and cost-effectiveness of such a future system requires seamless integration and control of various energy inputs. The role of energy supply management is therefore expected to increase in the future to ensure that customers will continue to receive the desired quality of energy at the required time. The COP21 Paris Agreement gives momentum to renewables. The IPCC has reported that with current GHG emissions it will take 5 years before the carbon budget is used for +1,5C and 20 years for +2C. The IEA has recently published the Medium- Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2016, launched on 25.10.2016 in Singapore. -
Biofuels in a Changing World
Biofuels in a Changing World Carol Werner, Executive Director Environmental and Energy Study Institute Presentation for Biofuels and the Promise for Sustainable Energy Conference in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil August 2007 Abstract : The twin drivers of oil security and climate change have pushed biofuels into the forefront of US national energy policy. The industry has grown rapidly, and at this point is based upon corn ethanol and soy biodiesel. A variety of policy proposals are before the US Congress in terms of major pending energy and agriculture legislation which would greatly advance the role of biofuels. At the same time concerns have been raised about the cost of such proposals, the sustainability of biofuel production, potential competition with food, animal feed and other crops as well as land use issues. Biofuels represent an important piece of the solution to the challenges of a world facing climate change and oil security concerns – but are not a silver bullet. Instead, they must be part of a ‘sustainable’ strategy that works in tandem with other policies that will allow us to address multiple issues to achieve multiple benefits at the same time. Key elements that must be addressed include diversification of feedstocks that are appropriate to given regions based upon local soil, precipitation, low inputs and climate conditions; encouragement of local ownership so that local economic activity is enhanced; and development of new technologies and biorefineries that will promote high efficiency and a low/no net carbon emission life cycle. Without addressing these issues carefully and thoughtfully – whether in the United States, Brazil or other countries moving forward on biofuels – we run the risk of jeopardizing public consensus for long-term support of biofuels as well as jeopardizing the long term environmentally sustainable economic development that is critical to the well-being of our societies and our planet. -
Modelling of Emissions and Energy Use from Biofuel Fuelled Vehicles at Urban Scale
sustainability Article Modelling of Emissions and Energy Use from Biofuel Fuelled Vehicles at Urban Scale Daniela Dias, António Pais Antunes and Oxana Tchepel * CITTA, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, Polo II, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal; [email protected] (D.D.); [email protected] (A.P.A.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 29 March 2019; Accepted: 13 May 2019; Published: 22 May 2019 Abstract: Biofuels have been considered to be sustainable energy source and one of the major alternatives to petroleum-based road transport fuels due to a reduction of greenhouse gases emissions. However, their effects on urban air pollution are not straightforward. The main objective of this work is to estimate the emissions and energy use from bio-fuelled vehicles by using an integrated and flexible modelling approach at the urban scale in order to contribute to the understanding of introducing biofuels as an alternative transport fuel. For this purpose, the new Traffic Emission and Energy Consumption Model (QTraffic) was applied for complex urban road network when considering two biofuels demand scenarios with different blends of bioethanol and biodiesel in comparison to the reference situation over the city of Coimbra (Portugal). The results of this study indicate that the increase of biofuels blends would have a beneficial effect on particulate matter (PM ) emissions reduction for the entire road network ( 3.1% [ 3.8% to 2.1%] by kg). In contrast, 2.5 − − − an overall negative effect on nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions at urban scale is expected, mainly due to the increase in bioethanol uptake. Moreover, the results indicate that, while there is no noticeable variation observed in energy use, fuel consumption is increased by over 2.4% due to the introduction of the selected biofuels blends. -
ENERGY and ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES: Negotiating Objectives and Development Priorities
UNCTAD/DITC/TNCD/2003/3 UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT Geneva ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES: Negotiating Objectives and Development Priorities UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2003 Note • The symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. • The views expressed in this volume are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Secretariat. The designations employed and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Secretariat concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or regarding its economic system or degree of development. • Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement is requested, together with a reference to the document number. A copy of the publication containing the quotation or reprint should be sent to the UNCTAD secretariat at: Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland. UNCTAD/DITC/TNCD/2003/3 CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements ......................................................... iv Foreword ......................................................................... vi Rubens Ricupero I. Energy Services ............................................... 1 1. Energy services, energy policies and the Doha Agenda Murray Gibbs ..................................................... 3 2. International trade in energy services and the developing countries Simonetta Zarrilli ............................................... 23 3. Defining energy services for the GATS: An issue under discussion Jasmin Tacoa-Vielma ......................................... 70 4. An overview of the negotiating proposals on energy services under the GATS negotiations: Canada Josée De Menezes ........................... -
Utilization of Waste Cooking Oil Via Recycling As Biofuel for Diesel Engines
recycling Article Utilization of Waste Cooking Oil via Recycling as Biofuel for Diesel Engines Hoi Nguyen Xa 1, Thanh Nguyen Viet 2, Khanh Nguyen Duc 2 and Vinh Nguyen Duy 3,* 1 University of Fire Fighting and Prevention, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; [email protected] 2 School of Transportation and Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; [email protected] (T.N.V.); [email protected] (K.N.D.) 3 Faculty of Vehicle and Energy Engineering, Phenikaa University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 16 March 2020; Accepted: 2 June 2020; Published: 8 June 2020 Abstract: In this study, waste cooking oil (WCO) was used to successfully manufacture catalyst cracking biodiesel in the laboratory. This study aims to evaluate and compare the influence of waste cooking oil synthetic diesel (WCOSD) with that of commercial diesel (CD) fuel on an engine’s operating characteristics. The second goal of this study is to compare the engine performance and temperature characteristics of cooling water and lubricant oil under various engine operating conditions of a test engine fueled by waste cooking oil and CD. The results indicated that the engine torque of the engine running with WCOSD dropped from 1.9 Nm to 5.4 Nm at all speeds, and its brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) dropped at almost every speed. Thus, the thermal brake efficiency (BTE) of the engine fueled by WCOSD was higher at all engine speeds. Also, the engine torque of the WCOSD-fueled engine was lower than the engine torque of the CD-fueled engine at all engine speeds.