Introducción Al Estudio Del Derecho Romano 1

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Introducción Al Estudio Del Derecho Romano 1 INTRODUCCIÓN AL ESTUDIO DEL DERECHO ROMANO 1 INTRODUCCIÓN AL ESTUDIO DEL DERECHO ROMANO 1. CONCEPTO DEL DERECHO ROMANO.- Etimológicamente, Derecho procede de directum, [de dirigo, dirigere, dirigir], esto es, poner en línea recta, enderezar, acomodar la vida a la norma o a un sistema. Históricamente, en las sociedades primitivas y sobre todo en la época arcaica de Roma, la idea de Derecho se confunde con la idea de religión, puesto que esta primera época, el Derecho se considera el conjunto de leyes, normas o reglas dadas por los dioses, las cuales son interpretadas por los sacerdotes o pontífices (augures, considerados como enviados por los dioses). En Roma, hablar de Derecho es hablar de normas aplicables a los cives (esto es, a los ciudadanos), al Ius aplicable en la Civitas. Los llamados “cives" no son simplemente los habitantes de la ciudad de Roma, sino los hombres libres, esto es ciudadanos, de personas que pueden ejercer sus derechos dentro de la ciudad. Por ello se distingue: -Entre las relaciones puramente privadas se regirán por unas normas exclusivamente privadas, esto es dictadas para los propios ciudadanos, y que se denominan IUS PRIVATUM. -Y por otra parte, las que regulan las actuaciones de los ciudadanos, con el poder político, que son todas aquellas que tengan una trascendencia social, o relaciones de orden público y que se denominan IUS PUBLICUM. Por tanto, el Derecho es el conjunto de reglas relativas a los ciudadanos en cuanto que son personas (porque no todos los hombres eran personas, dado que existían los esclavos). Sin embargo, cuando se trata de estudiarlo como ciencia, como medio de estudio e interpretación, se denomina jurisprudencia. El término Jurisprudentia, derivado de iuris prudentes, significa “hombres conocedores del Derecho”. Esto implica la necesidad de conocer el derecho, porque son las normas que regulan la convivencia social. En realidad, los juristas romanos ya habían formulado la máxima ―Ubi societas, ibi Ius” [Allí donde hay sociedad, hay Derecho]. El derecho no es un factor de exigencia, sino de convivencia. El derecho Romano es una parte importante del conocimiento del Derecho, ya que se considera básico para entender los antecedentes, contenido y evolución del derecho hasta nuestros días. 2. ETAPAS HISTORICAS DEL DERECHO ROMANO.- Desde una perspectiva puramente histórica en el conocimiento del Derecho Romano se pueden distinguir las siguientes etapas: I.-ETAPA ARCAICA O QUIRITARIA (MONARQUIA). La denominación de ―Quiritaria‖ proviene de Quirites, que significa portadores de lanzas; es la etapa de los primeros pobladores de Roma, desde su fundación en el 753 a. C., que se PROYECTO DE INNOVACIÓN DOCENTE “Elaboración de un manual bilingüe español/ingles de introducción al Derecho Español y sus posibles aplicaciones y utilidades”, código 13-205. DERECHO ROMANO. Prof. Dr. Luis Mariano Robles Velasco. INTRODUCCIÓN AL ESTUDIO DEL DERECHO ROMANO 2 corresponde con los primeros reyes de Roma, de origen etrusco. Toma su nombre del dios Quirino, protector de Roma. Fundación de Roma, sobre el 753 a.C. por Rómulo y Remo. En esta etapa es donde arranca el más primitivo Derecho de Roma, con unas normas comunes llamadas IUS QUIRITIUM o conjunto de costumbres comunes a todos aquellos individuos pertenecientes a un mismo quirite -los Gens- que eran gentes de una misma condición, unas mismas normas y reglas de comportamiento, de ahí la denominación de gens quiritarium; aunque en realidad, más que normas jurídicas son pautas de respeto - mores o costumbres - a la memoria de sus antepasados, y como los antepasados eran maiores, reciben el nombre de MORES MAIORUM. Con esto, comienzan a aparecer las primeras reglas jurídicas, junto con la idea de castigo o sanción que conlleva su trasgresión. Por ello es necesario distinguir entre IUS Y FAS. 1. IUS, son normas jurídicas. El conjunto de leyes, normas o reglas dadas por los dioses, e interpretadas por los sacerdotes (pontífices [pont facere] hacedores de puentes entre los dioses y los hombres). 2. FAS, es el Derecho como obligación o como sanción. Lo lícito que está basado en el cumplimiento voluntario, y en caso de incumplimiento como sanción religiosa o incluso física. Si se incumplían estas normas obligatorias, de respeto se incurría en un ilícito cuasi religioso llamado NEFAS que traía consigo una reprobación social y familiar La Monarquía, regida por el rex a partir del año 509 a.C., es sustituida por la república con una magistratura anual de dos cónsules, dotados de imperium, sometidos a la auctoritas del Senado, y regidas por leyes aprobadas en comicios o asambleas populares organizadas en curias, tribus y centurias. II.-ETAPA PRECLÁSICA (o REPÚBLICANA). Se corresponde con el periodo comprendido entre 450 a. c. hasta el siglo I d. C. Es la etapa de la consolidación de la republica hasta la llegada del imperio. Es la Etapa de la expansión y conquista por Roma de las provincias y pueblos vecinos, hasta dominar todas las riberas del Mediterráneo. La necesidad de dirimir las diferencias entre pueblos con usos y costumbres PROYECTO DE INNOVACIÓN DOCENTE “Elaboración de un manual bilingüe español/ingles de introducción al Derecho Español y sus posibles aplicaciones y utilidades”, código 13-205. DERECHO ROMANO. Prof. Dr. Luis Mariano Robles Velasco. INTRODUCCIÓN AL ESTUDIO DEL DERECHO ROMANO 3 distintas, hace surgir la necesidad de establecer una autoridad que dirima las diferencias que surgen entre ellos: Praetor. -Y según que se trate de litigios entre los ciudadanos romanos (inter cives), será competencia del Praetor Urbanus, que actúa en la esfera del Derecho privado. Cargo creado en 367 a. c., por la Lex Liciniae Sextiae. - o entre cives, ciudadanos y Peregrini, personas en tránsito por Roma que no tenían la ciudadanía romana- (inter cives et peregrinii) se someten al Praetor Peregrinus. Cargo creado en año 242 a. c., por la Lex Plaetoria de Iurisdictione. El Derecho del pretor, se denomina Ius Honorarium, que es el derecho introducido por el praetor con la finalidad de corregir, suplir o desarrollar al propio IUS CIVILE. El Digesto (D. 1.1.7.1, Papiniano, 2 Def.), lo define, como "El que por utilidad pública introdujeron los pretores con el propósito de corroborar, suplir, o corregir el Ius Civile". Esto impone necesariamente una especialización y diferenciación del viejo Ius Quiritium, apareciendo el Ius Civile, o derecho de los ciudadanos romanos. Y como derivación del Ius Civile, el Ius Gentium, o Derecho común a todos los habitantes del imperio, sean romanos o extranjeros. El Ius Gentium es un Derecho sintético, resumido desprovisto de todas aquellas reglas específicas y propias de los ciudadanos Romanos. Comienzan a elaborarse otros términos jurídicos: - La aequitas como lo equilibrado, sinónimo de lo verdadero, lo exacto, lo justo. Por eso la equidad1 tiene una gran importancia cuando resulta imposible o sumamente injusta la aplicación rigurosa de la norma jurídica, y sobre todo utilizada en aquellos sistemas jurídicos en formación bien por carencia o falta de normas, o bien cuando éstas existen pero contienen abundantes lagunas en el ordenamiento jurídico2. - el término "Justicia", que hace referencia al derecho en sentido formal; esto es el sentido de aplicación del derecho positivo. Ello implica la superposición de los esquemas formales de la norma jurídica al caso de la realidad. 1 El concepto de equidad se ha manifestado en diversas acepciones a lo largo los distintos períodos de la historia. Se pueden encontrar una serie de etapas en la evolución de dicha denominación: 1.- La "epieíkeia" griega —como justicia del caso concreto sobre la base de las concepciones de dos de los filósofos más importantes de la época, PLATÓN y ARISTÓTELES, así como en algunas de las corrientes filosóficas como el estoicismo-; 2.- La "aequitas" romana —con una evolución importante desde la época clásica al Derecho justinianeo—; 3.- La "aequitas" cristiano-canónica; 4.- La equidad en las escuelas medievales; i como 4.- El desenvolvimiento posterior del concepto y su conexión con la equity. FALCON Y TELLA, Mª J., Equidad, Derecho y Justicia, Ed. Ramón Areces, Madrid 2005, p. 27ss. 2 Luis Mariano Robles Velasco, Aequitas y sus relaciones con la equity: diferencias, similitudes e influencias. The roman aequitas and of the relations, differences, similarities and influences with the equity, RIDROM [on line]. Núm. 10, 2013. ISSN 1989-1970. pp. 291 – 319. PROYECTO DE INNOVACIÓN DOCENTE “Elaboración de un manual bilingüe español/ingles de introducción al Derecho Español y sus posibles aplicaciones y utilidades”, código 13-205. DERECHO ROMANO. Prof. Dr. Luis Mariano Robles Velasco. INTRODUCCIÓN AL ESTUDIO DEL DERECHO ROMANO 4 La Justicia implica la imposición de un orden jurídico abstracto3: la implantación de la normativa legal. Por ello se dice que "la justicia es ciega". - La Iurisprudentia (o prudentia iuris, iuris prudens hombres sabios, conocedores del derecho), la Jurisprudencia es ―el arte de saber elegir entre varias soluciones la más adecuada al caso debatido”. Aparecen los primeros juristas como: - Appius Claudius, censor hacia el año 312 a. C. -Tiberius Coruncannius, primer jurista que dio sus responsae en público. -Marcus Junius Brutus, que desempeñó un importante papel en los primeros años de la república -Publius Mucius "Scaevola" de los cuales se dice que son los fundadores del IUS CIVILE. -Otros juristas de esta época fueron Aquilius Galius, Servius Suspicius Rufus, Alfenus Varus. Y ya en plena época republicana, aparecen los primeros comentarios a algunas obras legislativas, como Sextus Publius Aelius, que redacta el Ius Aelianum o Tripartita compuesta del -Texto de la ley de las XII tablas (Lex Duodecima Tabularum). -Interpretatio -Formulae, o conjunto de formulas procedimentales o jurídicas. III.-ETAPA CLÁSICA (PRINCIPADO). Entre el Siglo I d. C. hasta el año 280 d. C., con la llegada al poder del emperador Diocleciano. Las características que presenta la etapa clásica son: -Se observa una tendencia hacia la burocratización de los juristas.
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