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Hofjuristen Der Römischen Kaiser Bis Justinian BAYERISCHE AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN PHILOSOPHISCH-HISTORISCHE KLASSE SITZUNGSBERICHTE · JAHRGANG 2010, HEFT 2 Revision DETLEF LIEBS Hofjuristen der römischen Kaiser bis Justinian Vorgetragen in der Sitzung vom 14. November 2008 MÜNCHEN 2010 VERLAG DER BAYERISCHEN AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN IN KOMMISSION BEIM VERLAG C. H. BECK MÜNCHEN ISSN 0342-5991 ISBN 978 3 7696 1654 5 © Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften München, 2010 Gesamtherstellung: Druckerei C. H. Beck Nördlingen Gedruckt auf säurefreiem, alterungsbeständigem Papier (hergestellt aus chlorfrei gebleichtem Zellstoff) Printed in Germany Inhalt 3 Revision Inhalt Inhalt INHALT Einleitung ................................................................................ 5 Erstes Kapitel: Die einzelnen Juristen der verschiedenen Kaiser 1. Cäsar (49–44 v. Chr.) .................................................... 15 2. Augustus (44 v. – 14 n. Chr.) ........................................ 18 3. Tiberius (14–37 n. Chr.) ............................................... 22 4. Caligula (37–41), Claudius (41–54) und Nero (54–68) .. 24 5. Vespasian (69–79) .......................................................... 25 6. Domitian (81–96) ......................................................... 27 7. Trajan (98–117) ............................................................ 30 8. Hadrian (117–138) ........................................................ 33 9. Antoninus Pius (138–161) ............................................. 40 10. Mark Aurel (161–180) .................................................. 43 11. Commodus (180–192) .................................................. 49 12. Septimius Severus (193–211) ......................................... 51 13. Caracalla (198/211–217) ............................................... 59 14. Elagabal (218–222) ........................................................ 66 15. Alexander Severus (222–235) ........................................ 68 16. Gordian I. und Gordian II. (April? 238) ......................... 75 17. Pupienus und Balbinus (Mai – August? 238) .................. 75 18. Gordian III. (238–244) .................................................. 76 19. Philippus Arabs (244–249), Decius (249–251) und Tre- bonianus Gallus (251–253) ............................................ 78 20. Valerian (253–260) ........................................................ 78 21. Galliën (253–268) ......................................................... 79 22. Carus (282–283) und Numerian (283–284, Osten) ........ 79 23. Carinus (283–285, Westen) ........................................... 80 24. Diokletian (284/285–305), Maximian (286–305, Wes- ten) und Galerius (293/305–311, Osten) ....................... 81 25. Konstantius Chlorus (293/305–306, Westen) ................. 88 26. Licinius (308–324, Osten) ............................................. 90 4 Inhalt 27. Konstantin (306/312–337) ............................................ 91 28. Konstantin II. (337–340, Westen) .................................. 95 29. Konstans (337–350, Westen) ......................................... 96 30. Konstantius II. (337–361) .............................................. 98 31. Valens (364–378, Osten) ............................................... 102 32. Theodosius (379–395) .................................................. 103 33. Valentinian II. (375/383–392, Westen) .......................... 106 34. Arcadius (383/395–408, Osten) .................................... 107 35. Honorius (393/395–423, Westen) ................................. 108 36. Theodosius II. (408–450, Osten) ................................... 112 37. Valentinian III. (425–455, Westen) ................................ 125 38. Anastasius (491–518, Osten) .......................................... 130 39. Justin (518–527, Osten) ................................................ 130 40. Justinian (527–565) ....................................................... 134 Zweites Kapitel: Institutionen 1. Das kaiserliche consilium beziehungsweise consistorium 153 2. Die kaiserliche Libellkanzlei .......................................... 165 3. Die kaiserliche Quästur ................................................. 168 Drittes Kapitel: Auswertung 1. Juristen in fachspezifischen Hofämtern .......................... 171 2. Diskussionen mit dem Kaiser ........................................ 176 3. Kaiserpersönlichkeiten .................................................. 182 4. Juristentypen ................................................................. 186 Schlussbemerkung .................................................................. 195 Literatur ................................................................................. 197 Abkürzungen ......................................................................... 201 Personen ................................................................................ 203 Sachen ................................................................................... 207 Quellen ................................................................................. 209 Inhalt Einleitung 5 Einleitung Einleitung EINLEITUNG Das römische Reich der Kaiserzeit war rund 50 v. bis 250 n. Chr. Schauplatz der klassischen römischen Jurisprudenz, insbesondere der klassischen Rechtsliteratur. Nach 250 sind den Schriften der Klassiker ebenbürtige Werke jedenfalls aus der Überlieferung ver- schwunden, nach herrschender Meinung auch gar nicht mehr ver- fasst und publiziert worden. Doch endete das juristische Spezialis- tentum, eine besondere Kulturleistung der Römer, die von den Zeitgenossen unabhängig von ihrem Niederschlag in Literatur wahrgenommen, genutzt und geschätzt wurde,1 keineswegs in den Wirren des 3. Jahrhunderts; 2 vielmehr lebte das Fachwissen im Recht zumindest bis Justinian, der 565 n. Chr. starb, mächtig fort, mit mehr Vertretern als zuvor. Bei Gesetzgebung, Rechtsprechung und Verwaltung spielten sie weiterhin keine geringe Rolle, wie sich auch im Laufe dieser Untersuchung zeigen wird. Auch Privat- leuten standen sie nach wie vor zur Verfügung. Sogar Rechtslite- ratur brachte auch die Spätantike hervor, in bescheidenem Um- fang nachweislich noch um 300;3 aus der Zeit seit Konstantin sind allerdings nur mehr anspruchslose Pseudepigrapha und esoterische ______________________________________________________________________ 1 Liebs, Nichtliterarische 123-98, bes. 123-6. 2 Die moderne Sekundärliteratur lässt diesen Eindruck mitunter aufkommen, s. etwa Th. Kipp, Geschichte der Quellen des römischen Rechts (Leipzig 4 1919) 144 f.; B. Kübler, Geschichte des Römischen Rechts (Leipzig 1925) 2 375 f.; M. Kaser, Römische Rechtsgeschichte (Göttingen 1967) 217 f.; W. Kun- kel, Römische Rechtsgeschichte (Köln 51968) 137-45; U. Manthe, Geschichte 2 des römischen Rechts (München 2003) 107 f. u. 109 f.; u. W. Waldstein u. 10 J. M. Rainer, Römische Rechtsgeschichte (München 2005) 209 f. u. 230 f. Differenzierter B. H. Stolte, A crisis of jurisprudence? The end of legal writing in the classical tradition, in: O. Hekster u. a. (Hgg.), Crises and the Roman Empire. Proceedings of the seventh workshop of the international network Impact of Empire Nijmegen 2006 (Leiden 2007) 355-66. 3 Zusammengefasst bei D. Liebs, Recht und Rechtsliteratur, in: R. Herzog (Hg.), HLL V: Restauration und Erneuerung. Die lateinische Literatur von 284 bis 374 n. Chr. (München 1989) 55-73, §§ 502-10. 6 Einleitung Rechtsliteratur erhalten,4 die an sich nicht zur Veröffentlichung bestimmt war. Ausschließen lässt sich aber nicht, dass es auch wei- terhin Autoren gab, die Rechtsliteratur publizierten.5 Allerdings kann man sich fragen, ob im römischen Kaiserreich auch tatsächlich rechtliche Zustände herrschten und ob man sich, von den geläufigen Ausnahmen in der Zentrale unter tyrannischen Herrschern abgesehen,6 einigermaßen darauf verlassen konnte, von den Behörden und Gerichten, insbesondere vom Kaiser als obers- ter Behörde und höchstem Gericht nicht willkürlich behandelt zu werden; mit anderen Worten in welchem Maße die Machthaber sich beim Judizieren und bei ihren Verwaltungsakten an das zu ih- rer Zeit geltende Recht und die damaligen Gesetze hielten,7 anders ______________________________________________________________________ 4 Überblick über die spätantiken, oft nur ungefähr datierbaren Pseudepigrapha bei Liebs, Recht und Rechtsliteratur (s. soeben) 65-69 u. 71, §§ 507, 508.2 u. 509.1; und über die esoterische Literatur bei D. Liebs, Esoterische römische Rechtsliteratur vor Justinian, in: R. Lieberwirth u. H. Lück (Hgg.), Akten des 36. Deutschen Rechtshistorikertages Halle 2006 (Baden-Baden 2008) 40-79, jetzt auch www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/volltexte/6843. Außer den hier be- handelten Texten wäre auch der griechische von P. Ant. 153 aus dem frühen 6. Jahrhundert zu nennen, dessen zerrütteter Zustand allerdings keine klaren Aussagen erlaubt. 5 Allzu radikal verneint von Wieacker, Römische Rechtsgeschichte II 227-29; J. Ruggiero, in: Studi in onore di R. Martini III (Mailand 2009) 432, spricht von einer „brutta interruzione conosciuta dalle vicende della letteratura giu- risprudenziale a partire dal 240 d.C. circa“. Daran zweifeln lassen Worte Justin- ians. In seinem Auftrag, die Digesten herzustellen, D. const. Deo auctore = CJ 1, 17, 1 vom 15. Dez. 530, sagt er (§ 4 S. 2), dass es Rechtsliteratur gab, die nicht anerkannt war: . et alii libros ad ius pertinentes scripserunt, quorum scripturae a nullis auctoribus receptae nec usitatae sunt. Die Autoren, womit die vom Kaiser
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