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Insert Background & Methodology Cover Page DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTERNATIONAL BEACH TOURISM DESTINATION ALONG THE SOUTH AFRICAN EAST COAST APRIL 2001 Prepared by GRANT THORNTON KESSEL FEINSTEIN For TOURISM KWAZULU-NATAL TABLE OF CONTENTS Page SECTION 1: BACKGROUND & METHODOLOGY 1.1. Background 1 1.2. Methodology 1 1.3. Abbreviations 2 SECTION 2: GLOBAL TRENDS IN LEISURE 2.1. Introductory Comments 4 2.2. Growth in Worldwide Tourism 4 2.3. Purpose of Trip 4 2.4. Changing Trends in Tourism 5 2.5. Factors Influencing Leisure, Recreation and Holiday Patterns 6 SECTION 3: BEACH TOURISM – AN INTRODUCTION 3.1 Introductory Comments 9 3.2 Models of Beach Tourism 9 3.2.1 Model 1: Niche Beach Destinations 9 3.2.2 Model 2: Mass Beach Destinations 10 3.3 Factors Impacting on the Development of Beach Tourism Worldwide 11 3.3.1 Supply and Demand Factors 11 3.3.2 Tour Operators 12 3.3.3 Air Charters 12 SECTION 4: SELECTED INTERNATIONAL BEACH DESTINATIONS 4.1 Introductory Comments 14 4.2 Spain 16 4.2.1 Features of the Spanish Tourism Industry 17 4.2.1.1 Market Size and Share 17 4.2.1.2 Gateway to Spain 17 4.2.2 Development of Tourism in Spain 18 4.2.2.1 Tourist Arrivals 18 4.2.2.2 Spatial Distribution of Tourism 18 4.2.2.3 Spatial Distribution of Tourist Accommodation 22 4.2.2.4 Development of Tourist Accommodation 23 4.2.2.5 Diversification of the Tourism Product 24 4.2.3 Policies Directing the Growth of Tourism in Spain 26 April 2001 Page 1 4.2.3.1 National and Autonomous Governments 26 4.2.3.2 Municipal Authorities 29 4.2.3.3 Private Investors 30 4.2.4 Rejuvenation of the Tourism Industry 30 4.2.5 Tourism Marketing 31 4.3 Portugal 32 4.3.1 Features of the Portuguese Tourism Industry 33 4.3.1.1 Size and Market Share 33 4.3.2 Development of Tourism in Portugal 34 4.3.2.1 Tourist Arrivals 34 4.3.2.2 Development of Tourist Accommodation 35 4.3.2.3 Spatial Distribution of Tourism 36 4.3.2.4 The Role of Investment in Developing Portugal’s Tourism Industry 37 4.3.3 Policies Directing the Development of Tourism in Portugal 38 4.4 Greece 40 4.4.1 Features of the Greek Tourism Industry 41 4.4.1.1 Size and Market Share 41 4.4.1.2 Gateway to Greece 42 4.4.2 Development of Tourism in Greece 42 4.4.2.1 Tourist Arrivals 42 4.4.2.2 Spatial Distribution of Tourism 43 4.4.2.3 Development of Tourist Accommodation 44 4.4.3 Policies Directing the Development of Tourism in Greece 45 4.4.3.1 Policy During the Dictatorship – 1967-1974 46 4.4.3.2 Policy Trends in 1974 –1990 46 4.4.3.3 Policy Trends, 2000-2006 47 4.4.4 Tourism Marketing 49 4.5 Cyprus 50 4.5.1 Features of the Cypriot Tourism Industry 51 4.5.1.1 Size and Market Share 51 4.5.1.2 Gateway to Cyprus 53 4.5.2 Development of Tourism in Cyprus 54 4.5.2.1 Tourist Arrivals 54 4.5.2.2 Spatial Distribution of Tourism 56 4.5.2.3 Development of Tourist Accommodation 57 4.5.3 Policies Directing the Development of Tourism in Cyprus 59 4.5.3.1 Tourism Development Plan 59 4.5.3.2 Product Improvement Strategy 60 4.5.4 Tourism Marketing 61 4.6 The Islands of the Bahamas 63 4.6.1 Features of the Bahamian Tourism Industry 64 4.6.1.1 Size and Market Share 64 4.6.1.2 Gateway to the Bahamas 64 April 2001 Page 2 4.6.2 Development of Tourism in the Bahamas 66 4.6.2.1 Tourist arrivals 66 4.6.3 Policies Directing the Development of Tourism in the Bahamas 66 4.6.3.1 Accommodation 66 4.6.3.2 Hotel Encouragement Act 67 4.6.3.3 Development of the Family Islands Ecotourism Programme 67 4.6.3.4 Infrastructure 68 4.7 Bermuda 69 4.7.1 Features of the Bermudian Tourism Industry 70 4.7.1.1 Size and Market Share 70 4.7.2 Development of Tourism in Bermuda 70 4.7.2.1 Tourist Arrivals 70 4.7.2.2 Economic Performance of the Tourism Industry 73 4.7.3 Policies Directing the Development of Tourism in Bermuda 73 4.7.3.1 Grading Policy 75 4.7.3.2 Timeshare Policy 75 4.7.3.3 Cruiseship Policy 75 4.8 Kenya 76 4.8.1 Features of the Kenyan Tourism Industry 77 4.8.1.1 Tourist Arrivals 77 4.8.2 Development of Tourism in Kenya 78 4.8.2.1 Tourist Arrivals 78 4.8.2.2 Spatial Distribution of Tourism 80 4.8.3 Policies Directing the Development of Tourism in Kenya 82 4.8.3.1 General Tourism Policies 82 4.8.3.2 Tourism Investment Policies in Kenya 83 4.8.4 Tourism Marketing 85 4.9 Mauritius 86 4.9.1 Features of the Mauritian Tourism Industry 87 4.9.1.1 Size and Market Share 87 4.9.2 Development of Tourism in Mauritius 89 4.9.2.1 Factors Influencing Tourism Development – Pre 1990 89 4.9.2.2 Factors Influencing Tourism Development – 1990s and Beyond 90 4.9.3 Policies Directing the Development of Tourism in Mauritius 92 4.9.4 Tourism Marketing 94 4.10 Thailand 95 4.10.1 Features of Thailand’s Tourism Industry 96 4.10.1.1 Size and Market Share 96 4.10.1.2 Gateway to Thailand 98 4.10.2 Development of Tourism in Thailand 99 4.10.2.1 Spatial Distribution of Tourism 99 4.10.3 Policies Directing Tourism Development in Thailand 101 4.10.4 Tourism Marketing 103 April 2001 Page 3 SECTION 5: LESSONS FROM ABROAD 5.1 Introductory Comments 104 5.2 Overview of the Development of Beach Tourism 104 5.2.1 Initial Stage 104 5.2.2 Growth Stage 104 5.2.3 Mature Stage 105 5.2.4 Declining Stage 106 5.2.5 Rejuvenation Stage 106 5.3 The Importance of Planning for Tourism 106 5.4 Restructuring Policies for Beach Tourism 106 5.5 Sustainable Tourism Development 107 5.6 Tourism Investment Policies and Incentives 109 SECTION 6: IMPORTANT OUTBOUND MARKETS FOR BEACH TOURISM 6.1 UK Outbound Market 111 6.1.1 Size and Market Share of the UK Outbound Market 111 6.1.2 Long-Haul Destinations 112 6.1.3 Long-Haul Travellers Behaviour and Attitudes 113 6.1.4 Types of Holidays Taken 113 6.1.5 UK Outbound Beach Holiday Travellers to South Africa 114 6.2 USA Outbound Market 117 6.2.1 Size and Share of the US Outbound Market 117 6.2.2 Long-Haul Traveller Behaviour and Attitudes 117 6.2.3 US Outbound Beach Holiday Travellers 118 6.2.4 Sun and Beach Related Activities 119 6.2.5 US Outbound Beach Holidaymakers to South Africa 119 6.3 German Outbound Market 120 6.3.1 Size and Market Share of the German Outbound Market 120 6.3.2 Travel Motivation 121 6.3.3 German Outbound Beach Holiday Travellers 122 6.3.4 Sun and Beach Related Activities 122 6.3.5 German Outbound Beach Holiday Travellers to South Africa 123 SECTION 7: BEACH TOURISM IN SOUTH AFRICA 7.1 Introductory Comments 126 7.2 Tourism in South Africa – A Strategic Perspective 126 7.3 The Need for Coastal Management in Developing Beach Tourism 127 7.3.1 South African Blue Flag Campaign 127 7.4 The Coastal Regions of South Africa 128 April 2001 Page 4 7.5 Features of the South African Tourism Industry 129 7.5.1 Foreign Tourist Arrivals 129 7.5.2 Country of Origin 131 7.5.3 Purpose of Visit 131 7.5.4 Average Length of Stay 132 7.5.5 Most Visited Provinces 133 7.5.6 Type of Accommodation Used 134 7.6 Features of Tourism along the ESSA 134 7.6.1 Foreign Tourist Arrivals 134 7.6.2 Country of Origin 136 7.6.3 Purpose of Visit 137 7.6.4 Type of Accommodation Used 138 7.6.5 Attractions made use of or Visited 139 7.6.6 Rating of Attractions Used or Visited 142 7.6.7 Factors Influencing Decision to Travel 142 7.6.8 Booking Arrangements 143 7.6.9 Expenditure 144 SECTION 8: EASTERN SEABOARD OF SOUTH AFRICA INFRASTRUCTURE FOR TOURISM 8.1 Beach Tourism Products 146 8.1.1 Beach Leisure Products 146 8.1.2 Existing and Potential Products 147 8.1.3 Tourist Accommodation Along the ESSA 155 8.1.4 Type of Accommodation Available 155 8.1.5 Tourism-Support Infrastructure 158 8.1.6 Air Travel 159 8.1.7 Roads 164 8.1.8 Rail 167 8.1.9 Sea 168 8.1.10 Tourism Infrastructure Development Requirements 168 8.2 Spatial Development Initiatives 169 8.2.1 Coastal SDls 170 SECTION 9: BEACH TOURISM POTENTIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT 9.1 Summary of Beach Tourism to and From International Destinations 175 9.2 Projected Number of International Beach Tourists to South Africa 178 9.3 Economic Impact of the ESSA’s Beach Tourism Industry 179 9.3.1 Scenarios 179 9.3.2 Assumptions 179 9.3.3 Growth Phases 180 April 2001 Page 5 9.3.4 Multipliers 181 9.3.5 Summary of Results 181 9.3.5.1 Number of Tourists 181 9.3.5.2 Accommodation Requirements 181 9.3.5.3 Economic Impact 182 9.4 Conclusions 184 SECTION 10: THE WAY FORWARD 10.1 The Way Forward 186 April 2001 Page 6 TABLES 2.1 Factors Influencing Changes in Leisure Time 2.2 Summary of the Impact of Leisure Time on Tourism in Selected Established and Future- Leading Tourism-Generating Countries 3.1 Characteristics Governing the Development of Beach Tourism, Pre and Post World War II 3.2 Differences between Scheduled and Charter Passenger Markets 4.1 Tourist Arrivals in Spain by Top 10 Markets, 1996-1998 4.2 Number of Hotels by Star Grading in Spain in 1970 and 1990 4.3 Tourist Arrivals in Portugal by Top 10 Markets 4.4 Tourist Arrivals in Greece by Main Markets, 1999 4.5 Summary of Characteristics Displayed by Tourists from the Top Generating Countries to Cyprus, 1999 4.6 Airlines Operating Routes to and from Cyprus 4.7 Geographical Distribution of Tourists to Cyprus, 1999 4.8 Tourist Arrivals in the Bahamas, 1993-1997 4.9 Scheduled and Charter Airlines to and from the Bahamas 4.10 Tourist Arrivals in Bermuda, 1996-1998 4.11 Summary of Conclusions and Recommendations to Address Bermuda’s Economic Performance 4.12 Arrivals to Kenya by Country of Residence, 1999 4.13 Hotel Bednights Occupied by Tourist Zone in Kenya, 1995-1999 4.14 Foreign Tourist Arrivals to Mauritius According to Country of Origin, 1995-1999 4.15 Hotel Trading Statistics for Mauritius 4.16 Recommendations for Tourism Development in Mauritius in the 1990s 4.17 Number of International Tourists to Thailand in 1998 4.18 TAT’s Tourism Development
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