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Karim Abdul Rahaman Thesis.Pdf UNIVERSITY FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES FARMERS’ PRACTICES IN SOYBEAN (Glycine max) STORAGE AND THEIR EFFECTS ON VIABILITY AND VIGOUR OF SEEDS KARIM ABDUL RAHAMAN 2018 UNIVERSITY FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, TAMALE FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE FARMERS’ PRACTICES IN SOYBEAN (Glycine max (L) Merrill) STORAGE AND THEIR EFFECTS ON VIABILITY AND VIGOUR OF SEEDS BY KARIM ABDUL RAHAMAN (B.ED AGRICULTURE SCIENCE) UDS/MHT/0017/15 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE, FAULTY OF AGRICULTURE NYANKPALA, UNIVERSITY FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF MASTER OF PHILOSOHPY (M. PHIL) IN HORTICULTURE NOVEMBER, 2018 DECLARATION I, Karim Abdul Rahaman declare that this thesis is my original work and has not been presented for the award of degree or certificate of any kind in this or any other University and all materials used for the thesis have been duly acknowledged. Signature…............................................. Date: …………………………. Karim Abdul Rahaman (Student) Signature: ….......................................... Date: …………………………… Prof. George Nyarko (Supervisor) Signature: ……………………………... Date: ………………………….. Prof. Samuel Adjei-Nsiah (Co – Supervisor) Signature: ……………………………. Date: …………………………… Dr. Abdul Halim Abubakari (Head of Department) i ABSTRACT The study was conducted to evaluate farmers’ storage methods on the viability and vigour of soybean seeds in Northern Region of Ghana. Soybean seeds were obtained from certified seed producers in the Tamale Metropolis and farmers’ seeds from four Districts (Kumbungu, Savelugu, Tolon and Yendi). The work was carried out in three phases; a survey was conducted in June 2016 using Snowball sampling method to identify farmers and ascertain how they store their seeds for planting; field work was also conducted from July to September 2016 to determine the viability and vigour of seeds obtained from farmers and finally a laboratory experiment was also conducted in the regional ultra-modern seed laboratory of the Ministry of Food and Agriculture in Tamale, from October to December 2016 to reaffirm the field experiment. The field experiment was conducted using Nested design. For the field and laboratory experiments, data were collected on the following parameters: germination percentages, plant/shoot height, number of leaves, root length and seedling dry weights. Results from the survey shows that farmers store their soybean seeds mainly in sacks placed on materials (wood and stones). Again, it was also revealed that farmers’ in Northern Region stored seeds on their own for planting rather than patronizing certified seeds. Farmers reported diseases and pests as the most important production constraint in the production of soybean in Northern Region. Results from the field and laboratory studies indicate ii that certified seeds are significantly (P < 0.05) different from farmers seeds in terms of vigour. Seed sources has an effects on viability and vigour iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Glory is to the Almighty God for a successful completion of this thesis. He offered me good health, strength and courage from the commencement to the end of the project. This work would not have been possible if I did not have the following persons as my supervisors. My heartfelt and deepest appreciations go to my supervisors Prof. George Nyarko and Prof. Samuel Adjei Nsaih for their unreserved all rounded support and enriching comments. Also to Dr. Hypolite Bayor for his contributions and the significant role he played in the statistical analysis of the entire work, I am extremely grateful to the N2Africa Project of the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) for funding this project work, particularly the country coordinator, Prof. Samuel Adjei-Nsiah. My profound gratitude also goes to Mr. Christopher Akai, manager of Northern Regional Ultra-Modern Seed Laboratory and the technician, Madam Fati Iddrisu at Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Tamale for the assistance offered in conducting the laboratory experiment. My whole-hearted appreciation also goes to my parents, brothers, sisters and course mates for material supports and engagements, without whom it would have been hard-hitting to effectively complete my study. Finally, my heartfelt gratitude goes to Dr. Ibrahim Mohammed Gunu for the endless role he played throughout my tertiary education. God bless you all. iv DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my beloved parents Hajia San Kpala Alhassan and Mr. Abdul Rahaman Mahama, and my dear sister, Rukaya and brother Mohammed Ziblim Osman for the prayers and being my sources of motivation to decide to pursue the course and the strength to successfully complete. v TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION .................................................................................................................... i ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................. iv DEDICATION ...................................................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. xii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ xiv LIST OF APPENDICES .................................................................................................... xvi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... xvii CHAPTER ONE…………………………………………………………………………….1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................... 1 Background ......................................................................................................... 1 Problem statement and justification .................................................................... 3 Research objectives ............................................................................................. 7 Main Objective ................................................................................................ 7 Specific Objectives .......................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER TWO……………………………………………………………………………8 LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................... 8 Origin and distribution ........................................................................................ 8 World production ................................................................................................ 9 vi Botany ............................................................................................................... 10 Morphological description ................................................................................ 10 Soybean importance .......................................................................................... 11 Health ............................................................................................................ 12 Nutrition ........................................................................................................ 13 Conditions necessary for soybean production ................................................... 13 Climatic and soil requirements ...................................................................... 13 2.6.1.1.1 Soil ......................................................................................................... 13 Temperature and photoperiod ........................................................................ 14 Moisture requirements ................................................................................... 14 Plant spacing and sowing .............................................................................. 15 Harvesting soybeans ...................................................................................... 15 Soybean storage ............................................................................................. 17 Challenges in soybean cultivation ................................................................. 22 Soybean seed viability ................................................................................... 22 Soybean seed vigour ......................................................................................... 23 Sources of variation in soybeans seeds vigour and viability ............................. 25 CHAPTER THREE………………………………………………………………………..29 MATERIALS AND METHODS ...................................................................... 29 Survey to identify how farmers store soybean seeds ........................................ 29 Sampling methods and sampling size for survey .......................................... 29 Data collection procedures ............................................................................ 29 vii Field experiment to determine the effects of farmers’ practices on viability and vigour of soybean seeds ................................................................................................... 30 Experimental design and field layout ............................................................ 30
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