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UNIVERZITET U NOVOM SADU POLJOPRIVREDNI FAKULTET Studijski Program Agronomija

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UNIVERZITET U NOVOM SADU POLJOPRIVREDNI FAKULTET Studijski Program Agronomija UNIVERZITET U NOVOM SADU POLJOPRIVREDNI FAKULTET Studijski program Agronomija Master inţenjer poljoprivrede Mihaela Kavran FORMULACIJE INSEKTICIDA U FUNKCIJI OBEZBEĐENJA BIOLOŠKE EFIKASNOSTI BIOCIDA NAMENJENIH SUZBIJANJU LARVI KOMARACA (DIPTERA, CULICIDAE) DOKTORSKA DISERTACIJA Mentori: Prof. dr Sanja Lazić Prof. dr Aleksandra Ignjatović-Ćupina Novi Sad, 2018. UNIVERZITET U NOVOM SADU POLJOPRIVREDNI FAKULTET KLJUĈNA DOKUMENTACIJSKA INFORMACIJA Redni broj: RBR Identifikacioni broj: IBR Tip dokumentacije: Monografska dokumentacija TD Tip zapisa: Tekstualni štampani materijal TZ Vrsta rada (dipl., mag., dokt.): Doktorska disertacija VR Ime i prezime autora: Mihaela Kavran AU Mentor (titula, ime, prezime, zvanje): Prof. dr Sanja Lazić, redovni profesor MN Prof. dr Aleksandra Ignjatović-Ćupina, vanredni profesor Naslov rada: Formulacije insekticida u funkciji obezbeĊenja NR biološke efikasnosti biocida namenjenih suzbijanju larvi komaraca (Diptera, Culicidae) Jezik publikacije: Srpski JP Jezik izvoda: srp./eng. JI Zemlja publikovanja: Republika Srbija ZP Uţe geografsko podruĉje: AP Vojvodina UGP Godina: 2018. GO Izdavaĉ: autorski reprint IZ Mesto i adresa: 21 000 Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8 MA Fiziĉki opis rada: 10 poglavlja /243 stranica / 50 tabela/ 20 FO grafikona / 112 slika / 524 referenci / 3 priloga (1 tabela i 76 originalnih fotografija u 10 Tabloa), str. I-XI/biografija/zahvalnica Nauĉna oblast: Biotehniĉke nauke NO Nauĉna disciplina: Fitofarmacija i Entomologija ND Predmetna odrednica, kljuĉne reĉi: Komarci, Culex pipiens, Aedes albopictus, PO suzbijanje, larvicidi, ciromazin, diflubenzuron, piriproksifen, Aquatain AMF UDK 595.771(043.3) Ĉuva se u: Biblioteci Poljoprivrednog fakulteta, Univerziteta ĈU u Novom Sadu Vaţna napomena: Nema VN Izvod: IZ Na globalnom i lokalnom nivou, komarci se svrstavaju u grupu najznaĉajnijih molestanata i vektora patogena ĉoveka i ţivotinja, prouzrokovaĉa oboljenja sa ĉestim smrtnim ishodom, kao što su malarija, ţuta groznica, groznica zapadnog Nila, denga i ĉikungunja. Hematofagni reţim ishrane ţenki komaraca na ljudima i ţivotinjama je deo ponašanja koje ih ĉini toliko vaţnim sa aspekta javnog zdravlja, jer već tokom uzimanja prvog obroka krvi one mogu usvojiti i patogene iz zaraţenog domaćina. Cirkulacija virusa zapadnog Nila u ljudima, pticama, konjima i komarcima je nedavno potvrĊena na prostoru Srbije tokom nekoliko uzastopnih godina. Vrsta koju karakterišu osobine visoko kompetentnog vektora je kućni komarac, odnosno domaća vrsta Culex pipiens complex. Vrsta je prisutna u svim delovima Srbije i veoma rasprostranjena u širokom spektru akvatiĉnih razvojnih staništa. Druga veoma znaĉajna je invazivna vrsta Aedes albopictus. Ova invazivna vrsta uspešno prenosi patogene prouzrokovaĉe gore pomenutih oboljenja u Evropi. U programima suzbijanja komaraca neophodno je dopuniti strategiju prilagoĊenu suzbijanju komaraca molestanata strategijom suzbijanja vektora, koja podrazumeva prilagoĊavanje i podizanje efikasnosti metoda koje će se koristiti u cilju bolje i brţe kontrole. Za razliku od većine zemalja Evrope gde se zadovoljavajuća efikasnost u suzbijanju komaraca ostvaruje samo larvicidnim tretmanima u Srbiji se to još ne postiţe, ĉak i pored prekomerne i rastuće aplikacije adulticida. Planiranje i sprovoĊenje akcija suzbijanja komaraca treba da bude prilagoĊeno novonastalim potrebama suzbijanja vektora. Prilikom opredeljivanja i izrade planova i programa suzbijanja komaraca u Srbiji bilo bi potrebno da se uspostavi suzbijanje komaraca koje će biti precizno prilagoĊeno lokalnim uslovima, ekonomiĉno, efikasno i koje će minimalno uticati na narušavanje prirodne ravnoteţe u ruralnim i urbanim staništima. Cilj ovog istraţivanja je evaluacija biološke efikasnosti i procena perzistentnosti delovanja formulacija ciromazina, diflubenzurona, piriproksifena i polidimetilsiloksana u funkciji supresije dve veoma vaţne molestantske i vektorske vrste komaraca, Cx. pipiens complex i Ae. albopictus. Opredeljena su tri razliĉita tipa regulatora rasta i razvoja insekata (IGR)- ciromazin, piriproksifen i diflubenzuron kao standard/komparativna aktivna materija (hemijski metod), a potom i polidimetilsiloksana (fiziĉki metod). Mehanizam delovanja IGR agenasa zasnovan je na ometanju hormonskog balansa u telu insekta ili prekidu normalnih funkcija vezanih za proces presvlaĉenja koji se dalje reperkutuju na ometanje i prekid normalnih tokova fizioloških funkcija, rezultirajući smrtnim ishodom tretiranog insekta. Selektovane su formulacije granula na ekološki prihvatljivim, biodegradabilnim nosaĉima (zeolit, kukuruzna koĉanka i Biodac, komercijalni nosaĉ na bazi reciklirane hartije). Biološka efikasnost formulacija ciromazina, piriproksifena i diflubenzurona ocenjivana je na larvama vrste Cx. pipiens complex u laboratorijskim uslovima, nakon ĉega je ciromazin ocenjivan u poluprirodnim uslovima (u plastiĉnim buradima). Potom su granule ciromazina i diflubenzurona opredeljene za nastavak evaluacije u poljskim eksperimentima (u drenaţnim kanalima semiruralne sredine). Aquatain AMF je preparat novijeg datuma na bazi silikona (polidimetilsiloksan), koji na površini vode stvara monomolekularni film, a od nedavno EU komisija ga uvrštava u grupu biocida za suzbijanje komaraca. Ovaj monomolekularni film ometa i prekida normalan razvoj juvenilnih stadijuma komaraca redukujući površinski napon vode. Na ovaj naĉin onemogućena je respiracija akvatiĉnih formi komaraca. Smatra se da ovaj agens uzrokuje „multistage― efekat, utiĉući na sve stadijume razvića tretirane populacije komaraca. Sve testirane granule regulatora rasta su pokazale visoku efikasnost u suzbijanju vrste Cx. pipiens complex. Granule ciromazina su ukazale direktnu vezu primenjene doze i efikasnosti. Zabeleţena je visoka i perzistentna efikasnost granula sa sadrţajem aktivne materije ciromazina od 2 % u odnosu na granule sa niţim sadrţajem ciromazina (0.5%). Granule sa 2% ciromazina su zadrţale visoku efikasnost tokom dva meseca u laboratorijskim uslovima. Primenjene granule diflubenzurona (1% a.m) i piriproksifena (0.5% a.m) su takoĊe postigle supresiju celokupne eksponirane populacije (mortalitet 100%), ali su ovi IGR zahtevali duţi period za postizanje maksimalnog efakta. Zadovoljavajuću efikasnost (LT90) najbrţe su postigle granule ciromazina 2, potom diflubenzuron, dok je najsporije delovanje zabeleţeno primenom piriproksifena. Testirane granule nisu flotirale, te je sve do optimizacije ove formulacije potrebno ograniĉiti njihovu primenu na razvojna staništa komaraca sa ĉvrstom strukturom dna (npr. veštaĉki recipijenti vode svih zapremina), gde ne postoji mogućnost gubljenja apliciranih granula usled zamuljivanja. Aquatain AMF je pokazao visoku efikasnost u suzbijanju larvi i lutki obe ciljne vrste Cx. pipiens complex i Ae. albopictus u laboratorijskim uslovima. MeĊutim, kućni komarac je pokazao veći stepen osetljivosti na prisustvo Aquatain AMF sloja u odnosu na tretiranu invazivnu vrstu. Najveća senzitivnost obe vrste na monomolekularni sloj zabeleţena je u poslednjem larvenom stupnju i stadijumu lutke. Senzitivnost testiranih vrsta u stadijumu lutke se nije meĊusobno razlikovala. Primenjen u veštaĉkim recipijentima vode, ovaj preparat obezbeĊuje visok stepen supresije (100%) tretirane populacije obe vrste. Aplikacijom u kanalima redukuje populaciju kućnog komarca u trajanju od 21 dan (u kanalu gusto obraslim vegetacijom) pa sve do 56 post tretman dana (u kanalu na ĉijoj vodenoj površini ništa ne remeti celovitost apliciranog sloja), u zavisnosti od abiotiĉkih i biotiĉkih faktora koji ometaju postojanost monomolekularnog sloja. U preporuĉenoj i duploj dozi od 1, odnosno 2 mL/m2, preparat ne prevenira ovipoziciju dugoroĉno (maksimalno do nedelju dana), ali onemogućava razvoj larvi iz jaja poloţenih na film. Kada je testirana 10 puta veća doza, utvrĊeno je da Aquatain AMF onemogućava polaganje jaja u trajanju od 19 dana. UvoĊenje evaluiranih, novih supstanci u programe suzbijanja juvenilnih stadijuma razvoja komaraca, pre nego što doĊe do pojave odraslih formi, svakako predstavlja opravdanu mogućnost za proširenje izbora supstanci koje postoje na trţištu u Srbiji. Urbane zone se smatraju kritiĉnim taĉkama za suzbijanje komaraca obe navedene vrste jer usled mnogobrojnih izvorišta i povoljnih uslova razvoja (temperatura vode), blizine velikog broja potencijalnih domaćina, dolazi do kontinuiranog polaganja jaja, odnosno formiranja više generacija tokom sezone, koje se meĊusobno preklapaju. Adekvatna primena ocenjivanih biocidnih agenasa prilagoĊena tipu razvojnog staništa dve najznaĉajnije urbane vrste komaraca omogućila bi smanjenje broja tretmana u poreĊenju sa primenom kako konvencionalnih tako i bioloških larvicida Datum prihvatanja teme od 21.06.2018. strane Senata: DP Datum odbrane: DO Ĉlanovi komisije: Predsednik: Dr Marija Zgomba, profesor u penziji, (ime i prezime / titula / zvanje / Poljoprivredni fakultet, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu naziv organizacije / status) KO ______________________________________ Ĉlan: Dr Sanja Lazić, redovni profesor, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu- mentor ______________________________________ Ĉlan: Dr Aleksandra Ignjatović Ćupina, vanredni profesor, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu- mentor ___________________________________ Ĉlan: Dr Dušan Petrić, redovni professor, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu ___________________________________ Ĉlan: Dr Petar Kljajić, nauĉni savetnik, Institut za pesticide i zaštitu ţivotne sredine, Zemun ___________________________________
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