Navigations Intelligentes ? Vivre Les Nouveaux Médias Spatiaux Personnalisés

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Navigations Intelligentes ? Vivre Les Nouveaux Médias Spatiaux Personnalisés Navigations intelligentes ? Vivre les nouveaux médias spatiaux personnalisés Thèse de doctorat en sciences humaines et sociales Sarah Widmer Institut de géographie – Université de Neuchâtel – Suisse Photographie de Greg Wass, New York 2015, (CC BY-NC-SA 2.0). Université de Neuchâtel Faculté des lettres et sciences humaines – Institut de géographie Navigations intelligentes ? Vivre les nouveaux médias spatiaux personnalisés Thèse de doctorat en sciences humaines et sociales Présentée et soutenue publiquement le 26 février 2019 Par Sarah Widmer Directeur de thèse : Prof. Francisco R. Klauser Rapporteurs : Prof. Anders Albrechtslund, Prof. Louise Amoore, Prof. Vincent Duclos Résumé Mots clés : données, algorithmes, médias spatiaux, personnalisation, fragmentation urbaine, usages, théories de la médiation Repérer son emplacement sur une carte, choisir un itinéraire pour rejoindre le point X, trouver un restaurant proche : aujourd’hui, la résolution de ces problèmes navigationnels passe souvent par l’utilisation de médias numériques. Grâce à eux, plus besoin de chercher où vous êtes, ni de mémoriser le plan des transports publics : vous êtes directement géolocalisé sur une carte et des algorithmes calculent un parcours vers le lieu que vous cherchez. Ces nouveaux médias spatiaux automatisent bon nombre des tâches que nous réalisions par nous-mêmes et présentent souvent un fonctionnement « intelligent », adaptant leurs informations aux données qu’ils captent sur notre contexte (localisation, heure, jour de la semaine, intensité du trafic, etc.). Dans cette thèse, je m’intéresse à des applications qui, en plus d’adapter leur contenu au contexte, le personnalisent aussi en fonction du profil de l’utilisateur. A l’instar de Google Maps qui introduisait récemment une fonctionnalité calculant « le degré selon lequel vous êtes susceptible d’apprécier un lieu, en fonction de vos centres d’intérêt, de vos avis, et de l’historique de vos positions », de plus en plus de pourvoyeurs d’informations spatiales sur le web personnalisent leurs services en fonction de ce qu’ils comprennent de l’utilisateur, à partir de ses clics, de ses « likes », ou de l’historique des lieux visités. Cette tendance est particulièrement visible sur les « moteurs de recherche de lieux », des applications qui indiquent les restaurants, cafés, bars proches de l’utilisateur et pouvant lui plaire. Avec ces médias spatiaux intelligents et personnalisés, nous accédons donc à des cartes de plus en plus différenciées en fonction de notre profil, de nos affiliations sociales et de nos habitudes spatiales. C’est précisément à la déstandardisation de ces informations d’aide à la navigation que je me suis intéressée en problématisant, d’une part, les fragmentations spatiales et l’entre-soi qu’elle pouvait engendrer et en cherchant, d’autre part, à comprendre comment les usagers de ces services vivaient leur navigation sur mesure. Au travers d’entretiens réalisés avec des utilisateurs de l’application Foursquare à New York, je montre comment le rapport au monde de ces personnes (c’est-à-dire leur relation à l’espace urbain, à l’altérité et à eux-mêmes) est « médiatisé » par les données numériques prélevées sur leurs pratiques spatiales, ainsi que par les algorithmes régissant le classement des lieux qui leur sont affichés. Autrement dit, j’examine ce que signifie « habiter » dans ces médiations technologiques et dans les formes de spatialités, de coexistence et de subjectivités qu’elles sous-tendent. En plaçant l’analyse au niveau des récits des utilisateurs, je documente les logiques prévalant à la production de données de localisation et montre l’incomplétude et la polysémie de ces données desquelles dépend le profilage algorithmique. Ma thèse offre ainsi une perspective située et incarnée sur le « big data » ; elle permet de questionner le pouvoir d’orchestration du quotidien qu’exercent les technologies numériques et souligne les ambigüités et les fragilités qui accompagnent les nouveaux modes de connaissances et de gestion du monde par les « data » et les algorithmes. Summary Keywords: data, algorithms, spatial media, personalization, splintering urbanism, user studies, mediation theories Determining our location on a map, choosing an itinerary to reach our destination, finding a restaurant nearby: today, we increasingly solve these navigation problems by using digital media. Thanks to these applications, we no longer need to figure out where we are, nor to memorize the public transport network to find our way: we are directly geo-located on a map and algorithms calculate a route to the place we are looking for. These new spatial media automate many of the tasks we used to perform on our own, and often work in a ‘smart’ way, i.e. they automatically adapt their contents to the contextual data they capture (location, time, day of the week, road traffic intensity, etc.). In this PhD thesis, I focus on ‘context-aware’ applications that also personalize their informational contents according to each user. Just as the recently introduced feature ‘Your match’ on Google Maps ¬– calculating ‘the degree to which you are likely to appreciate a place, based on your interests, opinions, and location history’ – more and more spatial media personalize their services based on what they understand about their users, from their clicks, ‘likes’, or location data history. This trend is particularly visible on ‘local search engines’, applications indicating restaurants, cafés, bars and other points of interest near the user and likely to fit his/her tastes. With these smart and personalized spatial media, we access maps that are increasingly differentiated according to our profile, our social affiliations and our spatial habits. In this research, I am precisely interested in the de-standardization of these navigation tools; I seek to problematize the splintering of space underpinned by these media and to understand what the experience of a tailor-made navigation entails. Through interviews with users of the application Foursquare in New York City, I show how their relations to the world (i.e. to space, others and the self) is ‘mediated’ by the datafication of their spatial practices, as well as by the algorithmic ranking of recommended places. In other words, I examine what it means to ‘live’ in these technological mediations and in the forms of spatialities, coexistence and subjectivities underpinned by them. By placing the analysis at the level of users’ experiences, I document the logics that are behind the production of location data and show the incompleteness and polysemy of these data on which personalized recommendations depends. As such, this research offers a situated and embodied perspective on ‘big data’; it allows us to question the power of digital technologies to orchestrate everyday life and underlines the ambiguities and fragilities that accompany these new modes of knowing and governing the world through data and algorithms Remerciements Ce travail de très longue haleine m’a amenée à croiser la route de nombreuses personnes. Je souhaite remercier celles qui m’ont accordé leur soutien, leur amitié, ou leur temps. Mes premiers remerciements vont à Francisco Klauser, directeur de thèse exceptionnel, d’une incroyable générosité intellectuelle et disponibilité envers ses doctorants. C’était un bonheur et une grande chance que de travailler avec toi. Merci ! Je souhaite aussi remercier Louise Amoore, Anders Albrechtslund et Vincent Duclos de m’avoir fait l’honneur de lire et de commenter mon travail. Vos écrits ont été une immense source d’inspiration pour moi et je suis incroyablement fière de vous voir figurer dans mon jury de thèse. Merci à Jeanie Pai, ma bonne fée new-yorkaise dont Foursquare m’a fait croiser le chemin. Je remercie également toutes les personnes interviewées pour les besoins de cette thèse de m’avoir si généreusement accordé de leur temps. Mes remerciements vont également à l’ensemble de l’Institut de Géographie de l’Université de Neuchâtel, une bien belle famille de chercheurs et un cocon bienveillant dans lequel j’ai passé mes plus belles années de thèse. Une pensée spéciale pour Clémence Merçay, Raoul Kaenzig, Noémie Béguelin-Caudoux, Silvana Pedrozo, Jérémie Guélat, Maureen Gurtner, Julie De Dardel et au NRT-reading-group composé de Luc Tripet, Zoé Codeluppi, Rosalie Muriset et Jennifer Barella pour ces merveilleux moments d’échanges intellectuels et amicaux. Un merci tout spécial à ma très chère Valérie Sauter, amie de toujours et coloc’ du 2.02, présente tout au long de cette longue aventure. Merci à Ignacio Farías, Tomás Sanchez Criado, Laurie Waller, Hanna Varga, Indrawan Prabaharyaka, Pim Peters, Felix Remter ainsi qu’à ma très chère Claudia Mendes. J’ai énormément appris et grandi en tant que chercheuse en travaillant à vos côtés au sein de IUP, au Munich Center for Technology in Society (TUM). Un grand merci à la famille Budwig pour ces années d’amitié, d’exploits (?) sportifs et de fête. Je ne sais pas ce que je ferai sans vous ! Merci à mes parents pour leur soutien tout au long de ce travail, et en particulier lors de la phase de l'impression. Enfin un immense MERCI à mon compagnon Léonard Monnier pour m’avoir soutenue et supportée durant toutes ces années de thèse. Ton humour et ton optimisme indéfectible m’ont permis de traverser les moments les plus obscurs de ce parcours. Table des matières RESUME 5 SUMMARY 7 REMERCIEMENTS 9 TABLE DES MATIERES 11 TABLE DES ILLUSTRATIONS 15 1 CHAPITRE 1 – INTRODUCTION 17 1.1 PREAMBULE 17 1.2 PROBLEMATIQUE
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