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War, Peace and Nation-Building : (1853-1918) : Collection of Papers

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War, Peace and Nation-Building : (1853-1918) : Collection of Papers The Institute of History Belgrade Collection of Works, vol. 43 Sapienza University of Rome WAR, PEACE AND NATION­BUILDING (1853–1918) Editors in chief Prof. Aleksandar Rastović, PhD Prof. Andrea Carteny, PhD Editor Biljana Vučetić, PhD Belgrade 2020 Editorial Board Prof. Antonello Biagini, PhD (Unitelma, Sapienza University Rome) Prof. Andrea Carteny, PhD (CEMAS, Sapienza University Rome) Petar V. Krestić, PhD (Institute of History Belgrade) Prof. Luca Micheletta, PhD (Sapienza University Rome) Prof. Mira Radojević, PhD (corresponding member of the SASA) Prof. Aleksandar Rastović, PhD (Institute of History Belgrade) Prof. Alessandro Saggioro, PhD (Sapienza University Rome) Biljana Vučetić, PhD (Institute of History Belgrade) This book has been published with the financial support of The Ministry of the Education, Science and Tehnological Development of the Republic of Serbia TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD 9 Mira Radojević 11 THE QUESTION OF SERBIAN NATIONAL INTEGRATION AT THE TIME OF CREATION OF THE YUGOSLAV STATE IN 1918 Andrea Carteny 31 FROM THE LAUSANNE CONGRESS TO THE ROME PACT UNTIL THE FIUME LEAGUE, NATIONALITIES AND NATIONALISMS (1916–1920) I ­ EXPRESSION OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE Gábor Demeter, Zsolt Bottlik, Krisztián Csaplár­Degovics 57 THE ROLE OF ETHNIC MAPPING IN NATION­BUILDING AND ITS INFLUENCE ON POLITICAL DECISION­MAKING ACROSS THE BALKAN PENINSULA (1840s–1910s) Giordano Altarozzi 81 ITALIAN INFLUENCES ON ROMANIAN NATION­BUILDING (SECOND HALF OF THE 19th CENTURY) Alessandro Vagnini 91 THE MANY WAYS TO SEE THE NATION. LIBERALS AND CONSERVATIVES IN ROMANIA 1914–1918 Vladimir Jovanović, Biljana Vučetić 101 ROADSIDE MEMORIALS AND NATIONAL IDENTITY IN 19th CENTURY SERBIA Aleksandar Rastović 123 BRITISH PRESS COVERAGE OF SERBIA 1890–1895 (BASED ON REPORTS OF THE SERBIAN LEGATION IN LONDON) Radomir J. Popović 137 THE ARMY OF THE PRINCIPALITY OF SERBIA IN THE PLANS OF NATIONAL LIBERATION AND UNIFICATION IN THE MID­19th CENTURY Jelena Radosavljević 161 THE BULGARIAN CHURCH QUESTION AND NATION­BUILDING IN THE BALKAN PENINSULA 1870–1878 Milun Stijović 177 THE STRUGGLE OF THE SERBIAN PEOPLE IN KOSOVO AND METOHIJA FOR THE PRESERVATION OF NATIONAL IDENTITY UNDER THE TURKISH RULE DURING THE 19th AND EARLY 20th CENTURIES Vemund Aarbakke 189 WESTERN THRACE IN A THREE­WAY CONTEST BETWEEN BULGARIA–GREECE AND THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE 1912–1923 Biljana Stojić 205 THE INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION OF A LOCAL PROBLEM: SERBIAN GOALS VERSUS ITALIAN ASPIRATIONS IN ALBANIA (1912–1914) II ­ WARTIME NATIONALISMS Fabio L. Grassi 225 OTTOMAN DEMOGRAPHIC ENGINEERING BEFORE AND DURING WORLD WAR I Roberto Sciarrone 239 THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND THE CAUCASUS FRONT (1914–1915) Árpád Hornyák 253 A DOCUMENT OF NATION­BUILDING AND STATE DISINTEGRATION: THE BELGRADE MILITARY CONVENTION Giuseppe Motta 269 CHARITY IN TIME OF WAR. THE JOINT DISTRIBUTION COMMITTEE IN RUSSIA IN THE CONTEXT OF HUMANITARIAN INTERNATIONALISM III ­ NATIONALISM AND SOCIETY Aleksandar Životić 289 “BLACK HAND” MYTHS, MISSUSE OF FACTS AND HISTORIOGRAPHICAL CONTROVERSIES Georgeta“FOR THE Fodor, HEALTH Maria OF THE Tătar­Dan NATION”: 303 (RE)AFFIRMING GENDER ROLES IN INTERWAR ROMANIA Ana Stolić 321 D’ANNUNZIO’S SEIZURE OF FIUME (RIJEKA) IN 1919 AND THE PROCESS OF POLITISATION OF WOMEN IN SERBIA (KINGDOM OF SERBS, CROATS AND SLOVENES) Jovana Šaljić Ratković 339 LITERATURE IN SERVICE OF THE NATION: HOW “POBRATIMSTVO“ WAS CREATED Aleksandra Vuletić 357 DEMOGRAPHIC STATISTICS AS A MEANS OF NATIONAL REPRESENTATION IN SERBIA IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19th CENTURY Gordana Garić Petrović 373 SOME REGIONAL SPECIFICITIES OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN SERBIA: OLD DISTRICTS AND LIBERATED AREAS IN LIGHT OF STATISTICAL DATA (1878–1912) UDC: 316.356.4:94(497)“18/19“]:912(497) DOI: 10.34298/9788677431402.01 Gábor DEMETER Hungarian Academy of Sciences Historical Institute Research Center for the Humanities Budapest Hungary Zsolt BOTTLIK Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary Krisztián CSAPLÁR­DEGOVICS Hungarian Academy of Sciences Historical Institute Research Center for the Humanities Budapest Hungary THE ROLE OF ETHNIC MAPPING IN NATION­BUILDING AND ITS INFLUENCE ON POLITICAL DECISION­MAKING ACROSS THE BALKAN PENINSULA (1840s–1910s) Abstract: Beyond highlighting the role and functions of ethnic maps of the Balkan Peninsula in the 19th century in the context of the emerging, nationalist ideology (1); this article tries to draw attention to some misinterpretations or abuses made intentionally by cartographers, (2) by comparing the original datasets with the officially published and reinterpreted tables found in the HHStA (2a), and by comparing the western and eastern and Balkan cartographic practices and visualization methods (2b). All these could lead to different interpretations (not to mention the different interpretations of the terms used to denote the same nation), which made ethnic maps adequate instruments to advocate the national idea, turning them from a scientific method (thematic mapping) to a political tool of creating the nation (instead of depicting it). Our case studies examine (a) whether the first­generation ethnic patch maps depicted the situation in the Balkans better, or the reinterpreted modern pie­chart maps are more appropriate to illustrate ethnic diversity; (b) whether Ottoman data are completely unreliable or they could serve as a basis of ethnic mapping; (c) whether the investigated Ottoman data from the 1830s and the 1870s were available to western cartographers at all or not and how data were distorted; and (d) whether there were any maps based on Ottoman data that reached the level of decision­makers and how this related to other, western map constructions. We also compare the features of nationalist and imperial ethnic cartography, the language­centric and religiocentric approach and the differences between these approaches, and finally we also try to offer a rather limited method of how to mutually control the reliability of sources produced by competing parties (on the example of Ottoman and Exarchist data). Keywords: ethnic mapping techniques, Balkans, Ottomans, Exarchate, Kiepert, Teplov, Boué. 57 Gábor Demeter, Zsolt Bottlik, Krisztián Csaplár­Degovics The 19th century brought about significant changes in hearts and minds. It was the age of the national revival,1 culminating in the fight between the traditional concept of the state nation (empire) and the new idea of the nation state. The adoption of Darwinism and terms such as the “competition of races”, or “natural selection” in social science and history resulted in a new and teleological concept, which claimed that there was a natural evolution trend towards the nation and nation states, and these were also considered the most developed social formations and political entities. This also implied that the struggle for survival or competition between the nations was a natural phenomenon. Nationalism, as a political movement, also utilized this concept, when it articulated to unite everyone belonging to the same nation into a single state with “natural boundaries”,2 propagating the emergence of the nation state versus empires, considering the latter an obsolete formation.3 A new ideology always needs new argumentation to legitimize its existence and aspirations, and it also requires new instruments to serve these arguments. Among these one can find ethnic mapping, which is considered a special method of nation­ building. Together with the fabrication of the historical past (a task left to historians), ethnic mapping (a task designated for geographers and cartographers) was an excellent instrument to advertise national goals and desires (even to externalize internal problems), as maps were cheaper than establishing or maintaining schools, while being able to influence minds through their visibility and publicity. For instance, 1000 copies of the same map cost 2000 francs,4 and from this amount all Greek schools in Macedonia could be supplied with effective propaganda material. Compared to other instruments and methods to spread nationalist propaganda, maps could be produced, reproduced and disseminated easily.5 Though map­reading also requires some skills (reading pamphlets also required these), teachers could easily transmit the message of maps to “illiterate” masses. Furthermore, paintings (ethnic maps can also be interpreted in such way) are more easily perceived by the human 1 See the terms like “Risorgimento”, “Vazrazhdane”, etc. 2 Not in physical­geographical terms (this does not refer to mountain chains and watersheds), but in the political­geographical sense. 3 Nationalism became one of the main driving forces in the struggle for independence besides social argumentation (oppression) and the economic criticism of the financial efficiency of the Ottoman Empire (the lack of transparency, lack of local utilization of sources). 4 Ottoman Diplomatic Documents on the Origins of World War One, IV (ODD), The Macedonian Issue, 1879–1912, Part 2, 1905–1912, Edited by Tokay, Gül and Küneralp, Sinan, Isis Press, Istanbul 2011, Nr. 1426, 15, Nov. 1906. 5 The cheapest rifle (another adequate instrument to exert pressure on minds), an obsolete Werndl, was 6 francs at the time, while a good Martini cost 10–15 pounds sterling (220–300 francs). ODD, IV/1, Nr. 357 (1902). By comparison, the annual expenses of the Greek lycée in Saloniki were 70,000 francs, while the Greek government supported the educational and other efforts of the Patriarchate with 1.5 million francs a year. Ipek Yosmaoğlu, Blood Ties: Religion, Violence and
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