Transmission of Rickettsia to Humans
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Transmission of Rickettsia to humans Rickettsia Tick Vascular endothelial cell Blood capillary Blood capillary NEXT Humans are infected by Rickettsia bacteria by direct inoculation into the blood by infected feeding ticks. In Africa, two species of Rickettsia can cause disease; Rickettsia conorii transmitted by Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Rhipicephalus pumilio tick species and Rickettsia africae transmitted by Amblyomma hebraeum and Amblyomma variegatum tick species. Rodents and other animals are the reservoir for the bacteria which are taken up by feeding ticks. Binding of Rickettsia to endothelial cells Blood Rickettsia capillary rOmpB Vascular endothelial Cell Ku70 cell membrane Actin filaments c-Cbl Src Actin PI3K Ubiquitin polymerisation ARP2/3 Cell cdc42 Actin cytoplasm monomers PREVIOUS N-WASP NEXT Nucleus In the blood vessels Rickettsia bacteria penetrate vascular endothelial cells by a receptor-mediated endocytic pathway. Bacteria express outer membrane proteins rOmpB which bind to Ku70 membrane proteins expressed on the surface of vascular endothelial cells. Binding to Ku70 by rOmpB triggers a transduction signal which initiates an enzymatic cascade leading to the eventual phagocytosis of the bacterium. This process involves ubiquitination of Ku70 by ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl which activates phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (Pl3K) and Src kinase. Pl3K activates cdc42 which activates N-WASP. N-WASP activates ARP2/3 which induces the polymerisation of actin necessary for the internalisation of the bacteria. Phagocytosis of Rickettsia Rickettsia Blood capillary Vascular endothelial Cell cell membrane Actin filaments Caveolin-2 Clathrin Cell Phagocytosis cytoplasm PREVIOUS NEXT Nucleus The internalisation process involves actin polymerisation and is also dependent on clathrin and caveolin-2. The cell-membrane becomes invaginated and internalises the bacteria into a phagosome. This is a natural biological process of endocytosis of cellular receptor molecules which Rickettsia has evolved a mechanism to exploit. Other intracellular bacterial species are known to penetrate cells in this way and the process is referred to as “zippering”. Phagosomal escape by Rickettsia Blood capillary Vascular Cell endothelial membrane cell Phagosome Lysis of phagosome Cell cytoplasm PREVIOUS NEXT Haemolysin C Phospholipase D Nucleus The cell membrane of the phagosome is lysed by secretion of bacterial membranolytic proteins Phospholipase D and Haemolysin C which permits the bacterium to escape into the cytosol before the phagosome can fuse with lysosomes for degradation of the contents. Intracellular movement by Rickettsia Blood capillary Vascular Cell endothelial membrane cell Actin filaments ARP2/3 N-WASP Actin polymerisation RickA Cell cytoplasm Actin monomers PREVIOUS NEXT Movement Nucleus Movement within the cytosol is achieved by actin polymerisation at one of the poles of the bacterium. Bacterial protein RickA is responsible binding momomeric actin and recruiting N-WASP which mobilises the Arp2/3 complex to promote actin polymerisation. The actin filaments produced are long unbranched actin chains that propel the bacterium and allow movement within the cell. Cell-to-cell movement of Rickettsia Blood capillary Vascular endothelial Cell cell membrane Cell cytoplasm Cell-to-cell movement PREVIOUS BACK TO START Nucleus Internalised bacteria also have the ability to penetrate into other cells through the adjacent plasma membranes and sometimes enter the cell nucleus. Bacteria can also exit the cell by targetting membrane structures known as filopodia..