DOCSLIB.ORG

Sex, Drugs, and Rotifers: Endocrine Disrupting Water Contaminants and Rotifer Reproductive Cycling

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sex, Drugs, and Rotifers: Endocrine Disrupting Water Contaminants and Rotifer Reproductive Cycling Sex, Drugs, and Rotifers: Endocrine Disrupting Water Contaminants and Rotifer Reproductive Cycling Charlotte Hovland1 Advised by Kristin Gribble2 1The Biological Sciences Collegiate Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA 2Josephine Bay Paul Center. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA Abstract Monogonot rotifers are near-ubiquitous invertebrate zooplankton, distinguished by their cyclically parthanogenetic reproductive activity. This reproductive cycling is regulated by steroid hormones, possibly including estrogen. In this study, I observed the effects of two estrogen agonists and known environmental pollutants, 4-nonylphenol and 17α-ethynylestradiol, on rotifer population growth rates, sex ratios, and egg quality. Neither nonylphenol or ethynylestradiol, nor both in conjunction had any effect on population growth rates and they had only mixed effects on sex ratios. However, the estrogen agonists did have a marked impact on egg quality. The estrogen agonists’ effects on egg development were sex specific, with male eggs showing greater susceptibility. Nonylphenol and ethynylestradiol influenced egg quality at far lower concentrations in combination than were sufficient to produce results in tests of individual compounds. This suggests interactions between the two endocrine-disrupting compounds that may be cause for environmental concern. Keywords: Rotifers, endocrine disruption, mixis Introduction Rotifers (phylum Rotifera) are zooplanktonic invertebrates. Rotifers are “ubiquitous,” appearing globally in freshwater and marine systems, and even in moist soils (Fontaneto and De Smet, 2015). Although they are small (generally < 1mm in length), rotifers are of great ecological importance. As low-level consumers, rotifers take in energy and nutrients from phytoplankton, detritus, and single-celled bacteria and protozoa (Fontaneto and De Smet, 2015). In turn, rotifers are consumed by macro-organisms, including large zooplankton, benthic worms, and larval fish. Rotifers package energy and nutrients from the smallest scale organisms in their ecosystems and allow their export to larger animals, bridging the gap between the micro and macroscopic worlds within aquatic ecosystems (Fontaneto and De Smet, 2015; Huang et al., 1 2012). Monogonota is the most specious rotifer sub-group, and includes my study organism, Brachionus manjavacas. Monogonot rotifers are cyclically parthenogenetic, and males and females are highly sexually dimorphic, with females composing most of the population. Under ideal conditions, asexual (amictic) females produce eggs by mitosis, resulting in the parthanogenetic development of clonal, diploid daughters (Radix et al., 2001). However, at high populations densities and in response to changes in photoperiod, sexual (mictic) reproduction is triggered, and a portion of the eggs released by the amictic females develop into mictic females, which produce haploid ova by meiosis (Snell, 2011). If these eggs go unfertilized, they develop into small, haploid males, which are then available to mate with the mictic females. Once mating occurs, the zygote develops into a ‘resting egg,’ an embryo surrounded by a thick shell. The resting eggs settle out of the water column and enter a period of dormancy in the sediments below (Fontaneto and De Smet, 2015). Once conditions are again favorable, the resting eggs emerge and complete their development into amictic females. Mictic reproduction is density dependent and regulates rotifer population dynamics. The production of resting eggs removes rotifers from active circulation in preparation for winter, during population booms, or when their aquatic habitat shrinks, concentrating the rotifers in the remaining water and increasing their population densities. This allows rotifer populations to endure dramatic fluctuations in habitat quality. Mixis is thought to be under the control of a pheromone, released into water by female rotifers (Snell, 2006). As in bacterial quorum sensing, the strength of the signal is related to the density of rotifers releasing the signaling molecule, so that the rotifers will only transition to mixis when certain density thresholds are surpassed (Snell, 2 2011; Stout et al., 2010). Once the mixis signal has been triggered, the rotifers’ reproductive response is under hormonal control (Snell, 2011; Stout, 2010). Steroid hormones in particular are increasingly well-supported candidates for the primary regulators of rotifer reproduction. Snell et al. (2006) observed similarities between fragments of a purported mixis signaling protein and a protein that induces steroidogenesis in humans, while Stout et al. (2010) revealed the presence of progesterone receptors in male and female rotifers. Recently, Jones et al. (2017) discovered an estrogen-like receptor in Brachionus rotifers. This estrogen-like receptor is so highly conserved with respect to mammalian estrogen receptors that it is able to bind human estradiol as a ligand. Several teams of researchers have shown that rotifers respond when their environment is dosed with human steroid hormones, including progesterone, estrogen, and testosterone (Snell and DesRosiers, 2008; Gardallo et al., 1997; Preston et al., 2000). This has led to concerns that rotifer reproductive cycling may be disrupted by water contaminants that are androgen and estrogen mimics or antagonists. These contaminants include β –estradiol, ethynylestradiol, nonylphenol and nonylphenol-ethoxylate, dioxin, and endosulfan (Depledge and Billinghurst, 1999; Roefer, 2000; Swartz et al., 2006; and Zhang, 2015). In isolation, ethynylestradiol and nonylphenol have been shown to reduce the number of females in rotifer populations as well as the proportion of mictic females (Radix, 2001). Endocrine agonists and antagonists have previously been shown to cause changes to the sex ratios of fish populations and to hinder sexual development and reproduction in several vertebrate groups (Depledge and Billinghurst, 1999). Diverse marine invertebrates, including mollusks and arthropods, have been found to be sensitive to endocrine disruption (Depledge and Billinghurst, 1999). Endocrine disruption is of particular concern in the effort to monitor and regulate water pollution, as pollutants may produce reproduction-disrupting endocrine effects 3 even at low concentrations that do not result in outright toxicity (Depledge and Billinghurst, 1999). Little is yet known about the potential synergistic, additive, or antagonistic effects of multiple endocrine-disrupting contaminants—despite the fact that most contaminated water sources contain multiple contaminants, and contaminants cannot be expected to appear in isolation in ecologically relevant environments (Depledge and Billinghurst, 1999; Standley et al., 2008). When Thorpe et al. studied the combined effects of nonylphenol and ethynylestradiol in developing rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), they found an additive response on increasing vitellogenin concentrations in the trouts’ blood plasma (2001). Given that steroid hormone receptors appear to be widely conserved in bilatarians, it is of interest to see if additive effects of endocrine-disrupting contamination are also observed in invertebrate members of impacted ecosystems. In this study, I investigated the effects of ethynylestradiol, an artificial estrogen manufactured as an oral contraceptive and present in wastewater, and nonylphenol, an estrogen- mimicking contaminant released from plastics and used as an industrial surfactant (Swartz et al., 2006; Soares, 2008), on the growth rate and mictic/amictic ratios of rotifer populations, and on the size of their eggs. I examined the effects of these contaminants in and above environmental concentrations, as well as their potential effects in combination. Given that monogonot rotifers appear to have active estrogen-like receptors localized to their reproductive structures (Jones et al., 2017), I expected that their reproductive cycles would be influenced by exposure to the estrogen agonists ethynylestradiol and nonylphenol. Based on the work of Preston et al. (2000) and Radix et al., (2001), if the compounds were to have any effect, I would have expected them to lower population growth rates, however, I was uncertain as 4 to whether any effect would be seen at environmental-level concentrations. As the estrogen hormone signaling pathway is deeply conserved between rotifers and vertebrates (Jones et al., 2017), I expected that, as in the case of the rainbow trout, a combination of contaminants would have a greater effect than would each contaminant alone (Thorpe et al., 2001). Methods I reared Brachionus manjavacas rotifers under eleven chemical treatments: a control without added contaminants; a control to which only ethanol was added; three treatments to which 4-nonylphenol (Standard grade, Sigma-Aldrich, Milwaukee USA) was added dissolved in ethanol to concentrations of 1 ug/L (0.0045 uM), 5 ug/L (0.0227 uM), and 50 ug/L (0.2273 uM); three treatments to which 17α-ethynylestradiol (> 98%, Sigma-Aldrich, Milwaukee USA) was added to concentrations of 1 ng/L (3.378x10-6 uM), 5 ng/L (1.689x10-5 uM), and 50 ng/L (1.689x10-4 uM); and three additional treatments with both 4-nonylphenol and 17α- ethynylestradiol in combination. In the treatments with both 4-nonylphenol and 17α- ethynylestradiol, one treatment contained 4-nonylphenol at a concentration of 1 ug/L and 17α- ethynylestradiol at a concentration of 1 ng/L, while the next contained 5 ug/L 4-nonylphenol and 5 ng/L 17α-ethynylestradiol,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Schwangerschaften Während Der Anwendung Kontrazeptiver Methoden
    Journal für Reproduktionsmedizin und Endokrinologie – Journal of Reproductive Medicine and Endocrinology – Andrologie • Embryologie & Biologie • Endokrinologie • Ethik & Recht • Genetik Gynäkologie • Kontrazeption • Psychosomatik • Reproduktionsmedizin • Urologie Schwangerschaften während der Anwendung kontrazeptiver Methoden - Eine Stellungnahme der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gynäkologische Endokrinologie und Fortpflanzungsmedizin (DGGEF) e.V. und des Berufsverbands der Frauenärzte (BVF) e.V. Rabe T, Goeckenjan M, Dikow N, Schaefer C, Ahrendt HJ Mueck AO, Merkle E, Merki G, Egarter C, König K Albring C J. Reproduktionsmed. Endokrinol 2013; 10 (4), 214-234 www.kup.at/repromedizin Online-Datenbank mit Autoren- und Stichwortsuche Offizielles Organ: AGRBM, BRZ, DVR, DGA, DGGEF, DGRM, D·I·R, EFA, OEGRM, SRBM/DGE Indexed in EMBASE/Excerpta Medica/Scopus Krause & Pachernegg GmbH, Verlag für Medizin und Wirtschaft, A-3003 Gablitz FERRING-Symposium digitaler DVR 2021 Mission possible – personalisierte Medizin in der Reproduktionsmedizin Was kann die personalisierte Kinderwunschbehandlung in der Praxis leisten? Freuen Sie sich auf eine spannende Diskussion auf Basis aktueller Studiendaten. SAVE THE DATE 02.10.2021 Programm 12.30 – 13.20Uhr Chair: Prof. Dr. med. univ. Georg Griesinger, M.Sc. 12:30 Begrüßung Prof. Dr. med. univ. Georg Griesinger, M.Sc. & Dr. Thomas Leiers 12:35 Sind Sie bereit für die nächste Generation rFSH? Im Gespräch Prof. Dr. med. univ. Georg Griesinger, Dr. med. David S. Sauer, Dr. med. Annette Bachmann 13:05 Die smarte Erfolgsformel: Value Based Healthcare Bianca Koens 13:15 Verleihung Frederik Paulsen Preis 2021 Wir freuen uns auf Sie! Schwangerschaften während der Anwendung kontrazeptiver Methoden Schwangerschaften während der Anwendung kontrazeptiver Methoden* Eine Stellungnahme der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gynäkologische Endokrinologie und Fortpflanzungsmedizin (DGGEF) e.V.
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2010
    Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report www.cdc.gov/mmwr Early Release May 28, 2010 / Vol. 59 U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2010 Adapted from the World Health Organization Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 4th edition department of health and human services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Early Release CONTENTS The MMWR series of publications is published by the Office of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Introduction .............................................................................. 1 Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), U.S. Department of Health Methods ................................................................................... 2 and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30333. How to Use This Document ......................................................... 3 Suggested Citation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [Title]. MMWR Early Release 2010;59[Date]:[inclusive page numbers]. Using the Categories in Practice ............................................... 3 Recommendations for Use of Contraceptive Methods ................. 4 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Contraceptive Method Choice .................................................. 4 Thomas R. Frieden, MD, MPH Director Contraceptive Method Effectiveness .......................................... 4 Peter A. Briss, MD, MPH Unintended Pregnancy and Increased Health Risk ..................... 4 Acting Associate Director for Science Keeping Guidance Up to Date ...................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Steroids – Basic Science
    STEROIDS – BASIC SCIENCE Edited by Hassan Abduljabbar Steroids – Basic Science Edited by Hassan Abduljabbar Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Bojan Rafaj Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team Image Copyright loriklaszlo, 2011. DepositPhotos First published December, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected] Steroids – Basic Science, Edited by Hassan Abduljabbar p.
    [Show full text]
  • Endocrine Dynamic Function Protocols
    South Eastern Area Laboratory Services DEPARTMENT OF CLINICAL CHEMISTRY & ENDOCRINOLOGY SEALS Pathology Service Randwick Campus Dynamic Function Protocol DETAILS OF TESTS AVAILABLE AND SPECIMENS REQUIRED Compiled by: Phoebe Stanford Registrar Dept of Clinical Chemistry and Endocrinology SEALS North South Eastern Area Laboratory Services SEALS PATHOLOGY SERVICE RANDWICK CAMPUS TABLE OF CONTENTS PATIENT PREPARATION……………………………………………………….. 4 PROCEDURE FOR USING THE GLUCOMETER…………………………….. 6 PANCREAS DIABETES GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST …………………………………………………………………………..7 GESTATIONAL DIABETES SCREENING………………………………………………………………..8 GTT FOR INSULIN RESISTANCE (PCOS)…………………………………………………………….10 MEAL TOLERANCE……………………………………………………………………………………….10 EXTENDED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST……………………………………………………11 ANTERIOR PITUITARY ANTERIOR PITUITARY FUNCTION ITT………………………………………………………………………………………………..12 CUSHING'S DISEASE OVERNIGHT DEXAMETHASONE TEST……………………………………………………15 BILATERAL SIMULTANEOUS INFERIOR PETROSAL SINUS SAMPLING…………….16 ACROMEGALY GROWTH HORMONE SUPPRESSION TEST (OGTT) FOR ACROMEGALY……………26 POSTERIOR PITUITARY DIABETES INSIPIDUS WATER DEPRIVATION TEST………………………………………………………………..27 ADRENAL ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY SHORT SYNACTHEN TEST…………………………………………………………………..30 SYNACTHEN TEST - CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYERPLASIA………………………….32 HYPERALDOSTERONISM SALINE SUPPRESSION TEST………………………………………………………………..33 LYING/STANDING AND FRUSEMIDE TEST………………………………………………..34 ADRENAL VENOUS SAMPLING……………………………………………………………..36 CHEMAI - Dynamic Function Protocol - 05 Page 2 of 47 Authorised by:
    [Show full text]
  • MEC Fourth Edition Spread
    Critères de recevabilité pour l'adoption et l'utilisation continue de méthodes contraceptives CHC Méthode de l’aménorrhée lactationnelle Stérilisation chirurgicale féminine Progestatifs seuls DIU Pilules pour la contraception d’urgence DIU Méthodes mécaniques Contraceptifs hormonaux combinés CHC Méthodes naturelles de planification familiale Coït interrompu StérilisationQuatrième chirurgicalegica édition, 2009 CHC Méthode de l’aménorrhée lactationnelle StérilisationGUIDE c ESSENTIELhirurgicale OMS DE PLANIFICATION FAMILIALE féminine Progestatifs seuls DIU Pilules pour la contraception d’urgence DIU Méthodes mécaniques Contraceptifs hormonaux combinés CHC Méthodes naturelles de planification familiale Coït interrompu Stérilisation chirurgicale CHC Méthode de l’aménorrhée lactationnelle Stérilisation chirurgicale féminine Progestatifs seuls DIU Pilules pour la contraception d’urgence DIU Méthodes mécaniques Contraceptifs hormonaux combinés CHC Méthodes naturelles de planification familiale Coït interrompu Stérilisation chirurgicale CHC Méthode de l’aménorrhée lactationnelle Stérilisation chirurgicale féminine Progestatifs seuls DIU Pilules pour la contraception d’urgence DIU Méthodes mécaniques Contraceptifs hormonaux combinés CHC Méthodes naturelles de planification familiale Coït interrompu Stérilisation chirurgicale Catalogage à la source: Bibliothèque de l’OMS: Critères de recevabilité pour l’adoption et l’utilisation continue de méthodes contraceptives -- 4e éd. 1.Contraception - méthodes. 2.Services de planification familiale. 3.Détermination
    [Show full text]
  • For Selected Potent Endocrine Disrupting Steroids: Development and Application to Environmental Studies
    Rapid and Sensitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs) for Selected Potent Endocrine Disrupting Steroids: Development and Application to Environmental Studies Chatchaporn Uraipong Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Master of Science (Research) School of Chemical Engineering The University of New South Wales September, 2010 ABSTRACT Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are chemicals that alter functions of the endocrine system and cause health effects in an intact organism, or progeny, or population, with reproductive, developmental, or carcinogenic consequences. In order to facilitate risk assessment of potential endocrine disrupting steroids that are present in ultra low concentrations in the Australian environment, there is a need to boost the analytical capacity for EDC detection. One strategy is to develop antibody-based techniques that can offer simple, cost-effective and reliable analysis with high throughput capacity and portability for real-time monitoring. This thesis describes the design and synthesis of hapten molecules, raising of specific antibodies, formatting and characterising of a series of sensitive competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs) for 17β-estradiol (E2), 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2), ethylestradiol-3-methyl ether (mestranol) and testosterone (T), including validation of their performance as fast and effective water monitoring tools. Application of the developed assays to investigate the levels of the target EDCs in bodies of water and efficiency of water treatment plants in urban and rural areas in New South Wales, Australia, is also discussed. 17α-Ethynylestradiol and related synthetic estrogens, are active ingredients of contraceptive pills and hormone therapy, and have been identified as potent EDCs (Warner and Jenkins, 2007).
    [Show full text]
  • Norethisterone and Ethinylestradiol
    26 April 2019 EMA/245512/2019 - corr 1 Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) Assessment report Procedure under Article 5(3) of Regulation (EC) No 726/2004 Norethisterone and ethinylestradiol Procedure number: EMEA/H/A-5(3)/1477 Note: Assessment report as adopted by the CHMP with all information of a commercially confidential nature deleted. Official address Domenico Scarlattilaan 6 ● 1083 HS Amsterdam ● The Netherlands Address for visits and deliveries Refer to www.ema.europa.eu/how-to-find-us Send us a question Go to www.ema.europa.eu/contact Telephone +31 (0)88 781 6000 An agency of the European Union © European Medicines Agency, 2019. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Table of contents Table of contents ......................................................................................... 2 1. Information on the procedure ................................................................. 3 2. Scientific discussion ................................................................................ 3 2.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 3 2.2. Assessment of the meta-analysis .......................................................................... 4 2.3. Discussion of the meta-analysis ......................................................................... 25 3. Overall Conclusions ............................................................................... 28 4. References ...........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Master of $I)Ilof(Opl)P in 2Oolosp
    BIOCHEMICAL AND CYTOGENETIC EFFECTS OF ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES AMONG WOMEN DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF /^ Master of $I)ilof(opl)p in 2oolosp w By FALAQ NAZ o^ssf^^^-^''^io*--* ^ Under the Supervision of DR. YASIR HASAN SIDDIQUE SECTION OF GENETICS DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH 2014 A iSyo sP:^ ^ <30 2 4 ;.CV 2014 DS4398 DROSOPHILA TRANSGENIC Dr. Yasir Hasan Siddique RESEARCH LABORATORY (Assistant Professor) E-mail: [email protected] CERTinCATE Certified that the thesis entitled ^Biochemical and Cytogenetic Effects of Oral Contraceptives among Women'' by Ms. Falaq naz for the partial fulfillment of the degree of Master of Philosophy (Zoology, Genetics) of the Aligarh Muslim University f Aligarh. The subject matter of dissertation as presented by Ms. Falaq Naz is the actual record of work done by her under my supen^sion and guidance, and the same does not form the part of any other course or degree presented to or taken by her. Dr./Yasir./Yasir Hasan SiSiddiquc e (Supervisor) Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, U.P., India DEDICATION TO THE LOVEUEST PARENTS IN THE WORLD WHO SUPPORT ME WITH AU. THEIR . HEARTS I? ' ^ TO TO MV DEAREST FRIENDS FOR THEIR h SUPPORT AND DUA IN HARD CIRCUMSTANCES TO MV UNIVERSITY WHICH IS WORKING TO IMPROVE THE RESEARCH TABLE OF COOTEFTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1-11 UST OF TABLES iii UST OF FIGURES iv ABBREVIATIONS v-vi 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1-22 1.1. Female reproductive cycle 1 1.2. History of oral contraceptives 4 1.2.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of Unknown Residues
    Project number: 871.639.01 BAS-code: WOT-02-438-III-036 Project title: Identification of unknown residues Project leader: R.J.B. Peters Report 2009.013 November 2009 Identification of Unknown Residues using bioassay directed fractionation, UPLC/TOFMS analysis and database searching R.J.B. Peters, J.C.W. Rijk, J.E. Oosterink, A.W.J.M. Nijrolder and M.W.F. Nielen Business Unit: Veterinary Drugs Group: Analytical Services & Development RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety Wageningen University and Research Centre Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands Tel +31 317 480 256 Fax +31 317 417 717 Internet www.rikilt.wur.nl Copyright 2009, RIKILT – Institute of Food Safety. The client is allowed to publish or distribute the full report to third parties. Without prior written permission from RIKILT – Institute of Food Safety it is not allowed to: a) publish parts of this report; b) use this report or title of this report in conducting legal procedures, for advertising, acquisition or other commercial purposes; c) use the name of RIKILT – Institute of Food Safety other than as author of this report. The research described in this report was funded by the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality (WOT-02-438-III-036) Distribution list: • Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (VWA); J.A. van Rhijn • National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM); drs. M. Blokland, dr. L. van Ginkel, drs. S.S. Sterk This report from RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety has been produced with the utmost care.
    [Show full text]
  • Transgender Adults, Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy and Blood Pressure: a Review Systematic
    View metadata, citation andReview similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Enlighten Transgender adults, gender-affirming hormone therapy and blood pressure: a systematic review Paul J. Connelly, Anna Clark, Rhian M. Touyz, and Christian Delles estrogen, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) ana- Objectives: Gender-affirming hormone therapy (GHT) is 04/14/2021 on BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbsIHo4XMi0hCywCX1AWnYQp/IlQrHD3i3D0OdRyi7TvSFl4Cf3VC4/OAVpDDa8KKGKV0Ymy+78= by http://journals.lww.com/jhypertension from Downloaded logues and antiandrogens, aims to align the characteristics utilized by people who are transgender to align their of transgender people with their gender identity [1]. Downloaded secondary sex characteristics with their gender identity. The recent substantive increases in population preva- Data relating to cardiovascular outcomes in this population lence of transgender people requires the implementation of are limited. We aimed to review the impact of GHT on the from evidence-based guidance to better protect the health of this http://journals.lww.com/jhypertension blood pressure (BP) of transgender individuals. population [2–4]. However, due to a paucity of epidemio- Methods: We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, SCOPUS and logical and mechanistic data, there is considerable uncer- Cochrane Library databases for articles published relating tainty surrounding the impact of GHT on the cardiovascular to the BP of transgender adults commencing GHT. health of transgender individuals [5–7]. Existing data sug-
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent Office Patenied Feb
    3,076,829 United States Patent Office Patenied Feb. 5, 1963 rez 2 3,976,829 are the alkali metal salts of the dibasic carboxylic acid NOVEL 9,1-EDISUBSTITUTED ESTRATRENE esters such as, for example, the 3,17-di-sodium hemisuc DERWATWES cinate of 9oz-chloro-11-ketoestradiol. Haas Reinaan, Bloomfield, and Cecil H. Robinson, Cedar The above -definition of the novel compounds of our Grove, N.J., assignors to Schering Corporation, Bloom 5 invention should not be strictly construed but rather field, N.J., a corporation of New Yersey may be considered to admit the presence of other sub No Drawing. Fied Sept. 15, 1961, Ser. No. 138,271 stituents on the steroid nucleus, particularly at positions 29 Cairns. (CI. 269-397.45) 6 and 16, Such as 60-methyl, 60-fluoro, 6a-chloro, 16cy hydroxy, 160-acyloxy, 16-methyl and 16-halogen analogs This invention is concerned with novel, therapeutical O thereof. This modification depends solely on the choice ly active 9,11-disubstituted estrogens and methods for of starting material employed, which in the instant case their manufacture. More specifically, this invention re would involve the employment of a 9(11)-dehydro lates to novel 9a, 11,3-disubstituted-1,3,5(10)-estratrienes estratriene Starting steroid possessing the desired sub and analogs thereof, which possess estrogenic activity. stituent in the positions indicated, which substituents are Included among the novel estratrienes of our invention 5 introduced by methods known in the art. are compounds having the following structural formula: The novel estratrienes defined by the general formula CH possess estrogenic activity and thus are therapeutically Z.
    [Show full text]
  • Differential Effects of Estrone and Estrone-3-O-Sulfamate Derivatives on Mitotic Arrest, Apoptosis, and Microtubule Assembly in Human Breast Cancer Cells1
    [CANCER RESEARCH 60, 5441–5450, October 1, 2000] Differential Effects of Estrone and Estrone-3-O-Sulfamate Derivatives on Mitotic Arrest, Apoptosis, and Microtubule Assembly in Human Breast Cancer Cells1 Lucy MacCarthy-Morrogh, Paul A. Townsend, Atul Purohit, Hatem A. M. Hejaz, Barry V. L. Potter, Michael J. Reed, and Graham Packham2 Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine and Sterix Ltd., Imperial College School of Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, London W2 1NY [L. M-M., A. P., M. J. R.]; CRC Wessex Medical Oncology Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD [P. A. T., G. P.]; Wolfson Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Sterix Ltd., Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY [H. A. M. H., B. V. L. P.]; and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research [L. M-M., G. P.], Virology and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Microbiology [P. A. T., G. P.], Imperial College School of Medicine, St. Mary’s Campus, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom ABSTRACT 2-MeOE2 inhibits the growth of many cells, including human breast cancer lines, in vitro (3), and oral administration of 2-MeOE2 There is considerable interest in the potential use of estrogen deriva- inhibits the growth of transplanted Meth-A sarcoma and B16 mela- tives for the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. We demonstrated noma in C3H mice (4) and human MDA-MB-453 breast carcinoma previously that the sulfamoylated estrone derivative 2-methoxyestrone-3- cells in immunodeficient mice (5). 2-MeOE2 induces a reversible O-sulfamate (2-MeOEMATE) induced G2-M cell cycle arrest and modest levels of apoptosis in breast cancer cells in vitro, whereas the parent mitotic arrest (6) and apoptosis in retinoic acid-differentiated neuro- estrone derivative, 2-methoxyestrone, did not.
    [Show full text]