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Geological Survey Canada GEOLOGICAL PAPER 70-54 SURVEY OF CANADA DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, MINES AND RESOURCES 'URANIUM IN STREAM SEDIMENTS IN CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS OF NOVA SCOTIA ••V ,:"•:/;''. (Report and 3 figures) H.W. Little and C.C. Durham GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA CANADA PAPER 70-54 URANIUM IN STREAM SEDIMENTS IN CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS OF NOVA SCOTIA H.W. Little and C.C. Durham DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, MINES AND RESOURCES ©Crown Copyrights reserved Available by me.il from Information Canada, Ottawa from the Geological Survey of Canada 601 Booth St., Ottawa and Information Canada bookshops In HALIFAX - 1735 Barrlngton Street MONTREAL - 1182 St. Catherine Street West OTTAWA - 171 Slater Street TORONTO - 221 Yonge Street WINNIPEG - 499 Portage Avenue VANCOUVER - 657 Granville Street or through your bookseller Price: $1.50 Catalogue No. M44-70-54 Price subject to change without notice Infovnation Canada Ottawa 1971 CONTENTS Page Abstract v Introduction 1 Acknowledgments 1 Phys iogr aphy 1 Table of formations: northern region 2-3 General Geology 4 Table of formations: south ^n region 5 Post-Acadian sedimentation 6 Sampling and analytical procedures 7 Resampling of stream sediments 7 Distribution of uranium 8 Assessment of uranium potential of formations 8 Pegmatite deposits 8 Vein and dissemination deposits 8 Epigenetic uranium deposits in sandstones 11 Recommendations for uranium exploration 13 Contour map of uranium concentrations by computer technique 15 References 16 Table I - Comparative data ? Table II - Relative uranium contents of stream sediments .... 10 Illustrations Figure 1. Distribution of sample locations, uranium "highs1' and Carboniferous rocks in the northeastern mainland of Nova Scotia in pocket 2. Graphs showing proportion of stream sediments that contain 0, 5 ppm uranium or more 9 3. Diagrammatic representation of an idealized roll-type uranium deposit 14 ABSTRACT Samples collected in 19 57 and 1958 during a regional geochemical study were re-examined for uranium using a fluorometric method developed in the Geological Survey laboratories. Samples were selected to cover the Carboniferous Basin and the authors discuss the uranium potential of each formation within this basin. Values are displayed on a contoured map derived through computer techniques. -1- URANIUM IN STREAM SEDIMENTS IN CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS OF NOVA SCOTIA INTRODUCTION During the field seasons of 1957 and 1958, some 4,400 samples of stream sediments were collected during a geochemical reconnaissance and the results of analyses of these samples for lead, zinc, and copper were published (Holman, 1959a, b, c, d; 1963). At the suggestion of A. Y. Smith, then of the Geological Survey of Canada, samples from the Carboniferous basin that he selected in 1968 from the stored material were analyzed for uranium in the geochemical laboratories of the Geological Survey by a fluorometric method described by Smith and Lynch (1969). The initial results were received from the laboratory just before the 1969 field season, and the writer visited Nova Scotia early in August in order to investigate some of the anomalies and resample the stream sediments at those localities for confir- matory analyses. Acknowledgments The authors are indebted to Dr. J. P. Nowlan and members of the staff of the Nova Scotia Department of Mines for their co-operation in pro- viding information and for discussion of the problems, and to Dr. Vladimir Ru?i?ka, a post-doctorate fellow with the National Research Council, for similar discussion and for assistance in the field. D. G. Benson and W. H. Poole were most helpful in clarifying problems of regional geology. The competent analytical work performed by J. J. Lynch and Mrs. Sharon Lindsay is acknowledged and gratitude is expressed to Dr. E. M. Cameron and J. D. Hobbs for their assistance and advice on the contour program. Physiography The Carboniferous basin of Nova Scotia comprises mainly lowland which lies north of the Southern Upland (Goldthwait, 1924), more recently named Atlantic Upland (Bostock, 1970). This upland is underlain principally by metasediments of the Meguma Group of Early Ordovician and possibly earlier age, overlain unconformably by local remnants of volcanic and sedi- mentary rocks of Silurian and Carboniferous age. In the southern part these rocks are intruded by batholiths and smaller bodies of granitic rocks of Devonian and (?) earlier age. Original manuscript submitted: 1 April 1970 Final version approved for publication: 26 June, 1970 -2- Table of Formations: northern region Era Period or Epoch Formation Lithology North Mountain Basalt Basalt Conformable contact Mesozoic Triassic Wolfville and Red conglomerate, sandstone, Blomidon siltstone, and shale Formations Relationship unknown Paleozoic or Pennsylvanian or Mesozoic later Diabase Intrusive relationship with Horton Group Brown and grey sandstone, mudstone, and conglomerate; Pictou Group grey and red wacke; carbon- aceous shale; coal Conformable to unconformable contact Brown, red, green, and grey Cumberland sandstone, shale, and conglom- Group erate; coal Conformable to unconformable contact Grey to black, locally red, Pennsylvanian Riversdale shale, sandstone, siltstone, Group and, locally, conglomerate Paleozoic Conformable to unconformable contact Red, green, and grey mudstone Canso sandstone, shale, siltstone, and (Mabou) Group argillite Conformable and disconformable contact Red and grey shale and Mississippian Windsor Group limestone; gypsum, anhydrite, salt; minor limestone cor.glonv erate -3- northern region continued- Era Period of Epoch Formation Lithology Paleozoic Conformable and disconformable contact Upper Devonian (? ) Red and grey sandstone, shale, and mudstone, siltstone; grit, con- Mississippian Horton Group glomerate, arkose; locally volcanic tuff, breccia, and flows in lower part Unconformable contact with Devonian granite and older rocks Grey and red siltstone, sand- Middle (? ) River John stone, shale; minor reddish Devonian and (?) Group brown conglomerate, basalt, later felsite, tuffaceous breccia Unconformable (?) contact Devonian and Granite and related rocks earlier Intrusive contact with Arisaig Group and older formations Lower Knoydart Red sandy slate, hard grey sand- Devonian Formation stone of continental origin Conformable contact Silurian and Lower Arisaig Group, and Grey, green, and red shale; Devonian equivalents in west siltstone greywacke, sandstone; part of map-area minor quartzite, conglomerate, and limestone; locally graphitic schist Disconformable contact with Browns Mountain Group Ordovician and (? ) Diorite and gabbro earlier Intrusive contact Browns Greywacke, red and grey sand- Mountain Group stone, siltstone, argillite, slate Ordovician and Malignant locally includes andesite flows, Cove Formation agglomerate, and tuff; conglom- erate, grit; rhyolite Relationship unknown Paleozoic or Cambrian and/or Andesite, rhyolite, felsite, Proterozoic earlier chlorite schist, pyroclastic rocks -4- The lowland to the north is subdivided into the Annapolis Valley and Minas Lowland on the south and the Cumberland Lowland on the north, sep- arated by the Cobequid Mountains. To the east are the Antigonish Highlands. The Cobequid Mountains are underlain by a complex of sedimentary and volcanic rocks of Silurian and Early Devonian age that are intruded by granites of mainly Devonian age. Cobequid Mountains comprise broad, rounded summits that range in altitude from 850 to 1, 000 feet and were formed during the Acadian Orogeny. Antigonish Highlands are underlain by metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks that range in age from Ordovician to Lower Devonian, and intruded by bodies of Ordovician diorite and Cambrian (?) to Devonian granitic rocks. These rocks are covered locally by onlapping Mississippian sediments. The lowlands that surround the uplands described above contain some swampy areas and low, drumlinoid hills, having an average relief of perhaps 200 feet, but locally up to 600 feet. Deposits of glacial drift and soil are fairly thick. Bedrock is rarely exposed other than along streams and rivers and in sea cliffs. The area is for the most part well drained by streams and rivers that flow nearly all year. The lower parts of many stream valleys are drowned, forming tidal estuaries. Except in the estuaries, and at flood time in the spring thaw, the waters are normally clear. Holman (1963, p. 2) stated that in boggy areas of the uplands where the waters are brown a pH of 4 or 5 is common; elsewhere the pH is normally 6 near the sources, gradually becoming neutral and then alkaline (pH8) near the sea. The climate is humid continental, with daily mean temperatures ranging from 20°F. to 65°F. throughout the year and the annual precipitation ranging throughout the area from 38 to 55 inches. GENERAL GEOLOGY The area is divided into northern and southern parts by faults and intervening fault zones along a line between Minas Basin and Chedabucto Bay. The pre-Carboniferous geology differs markedly in these two regions. The tectonic evolution of the Appalachian region has been synthe- sized by Poole (1967) and the reader is referred to his paper for a detailed account. In Hadrynian time the northern part of the map-area formed part of the Avalon Geosyncline, and from Cambrian to mid-Devonian time formed part of the Avalon Platform. The Taconian Orogeny, which had such a marked effect on the regions to the west and north, resulted only in epeiro- genic movements and relatively minor extrusions and intrusions of inter- mediate to basic composition in the Avalon Platform.
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