Embry-Rifldle Aeronautical University

PB85-917014 NATIONAL ^ TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 20594 SAFETY STUDY AIRLINE PASSENGER SAFETY EDUCATION: A REVIEW OF METHODS USED TO PRESENT SAFETY INFORMATION NTSB/SS-85/09 Embry-Rifldle Aeronautical University 3200 NORTH WILLOW CREEK ROAD * PRESCOTT ARIZONA 86301 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT TECHNICAL REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 1. R 2.Government Accession No. 3.Recipient's Catalog No. » / ^ 5/09 PB85-917014 Title and Subtitle Safety Study—Airline Passenger 5-Report Date Safety Education: A Review of Methods Used to October 25, 1985 Present Safety Information 6.Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8.Performing Organization Report No. 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10.Work Unit No. 4230-A National Transportation Safety Board 11.Contract or Grant No. Bureau of Technology Washington, D.C. 20594 13.Type of Report and Period Covered 12.Sponsoring Agency Name and Address Safety Study NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD 1962 -1984 Washington, D. C. 20594 14.Sponsoring Agency Code 15•Supplementary Notes l8.Abstract The Safety Board has had a long standing concern that some passengers onboard air carrier airplanes have contributed to their own injuries or deaths because they were not prepared to respond appropriately to emergencies. Safety Board accident reports, special studies, and related safety recommendations have shown that past and present means of conveying information on the use of safety equipment are not entirely effective. The preparation of passengers for emergencies depends mainly on flight attendant oral briefings and demonstrations before takeoff, the information contained on the printed briefing cards, videotaped safety briefings, and other instructions, sometimes given under the duress of the emergency itself. This study provides a comprehensive review of accidents, Safety Board recommendations, earlier studies, the chronology of FAA rulemaking actions, and attempts by the industry to improve the passenger safety information. Additionally, the flight attendant oral briefings, demonstrations, safety cards and videotaped briefings are compared to FAA and industry recommended guidelines to determine how well these guidelines are being followed. This study represents a systematic review and comparison of the four briefing methods and makes subjective observations as to the apparent efficacy of each method. Twelve new recommendations are made to the FAA, and three to the airline industry. Three previous recommendations are reiterated to the FAA. 7 • ey o |.p carrjer accidents; passenger education; 18 .Distribution Statement safety briefings, emergency evacuations; crew This document is available behavior; safety briefing cards; oral safety briefings through the National Tech and demonstrations; videotaped safety briefings; nical Information Service, adaptive and maladaptive passenger behaviors Springfield, Virginia, 22161 19-Security Classification 20.Security Classification 21.No. of Pages 22.Price (of this report) (of this page) 157 UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED NTSB Form 1765.2 (Rev. 9/74) j CONTENTS INTRODUCTION............................... 1 BACKGROUND................................................................................................................................ 3 OVERVIEW OF SAFETY BOARD EFFORTS TO IMPROVE SAFETY BRIEFINGS.................................................................................................................... 4 Accident Investigations and Safety Recommendations.................................................. 4 Special Studies and Special Investigations ...................................................................... 5 Safety Board Survey.............................................................................................................. 6 CONGRESSIONAL HEARINGS ON THE ISSUE OF PASSENGER SAFETY INFORMATION.............................................................................................................. 7 BEHAVIORAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR CONVEYING SAFETY INFORMATION TO PASSENGERS............................................................................. 9 Behavior of Passengers ........................................................................................................ 9 Research into Briefing M ethods.......................................................................................... 12 Crewmember Behavior...........................................................................................................14 OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRY EFFORTS TO IMPROVE SAFETY BRIEFINGS..................................................................................................................... 16 Society of Automotive Engineers........................................................................................16 Flight Safety Foundation...................................................................................................... 16 Airlines......................................................................................................................................18 Other Efforts........................................................................................................................... 19 FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION ..................................................................................21 Federal Aviation Regulations.............................................................................................. 21 FAA Surveillance Requirements.......................................................................................... 22 FAA Research on Passenger Education..............................................................................24 EXAMINATION OF THE BRIEFING METHODS......................................................................... 26 Printed Safety C a rd s.............................................................................................................27 Card-to-Card Comparisons........................ 39 Observations and Comments on Safety Cards ................................................................. 39 Comparison of Oral Briefing M ethods................................................................................44 Observations and Comments on Oral Briefings and Demonstrations.............................................................................................................45 Videotaped Briefings .............................................................................................................46 Comparison of Videotaped B riefings..................................................................................46 SUMMARY..........................................................................................................................................48 FINDINGS ..........................................................................................................................................54 RECOMMENDATIONS 55 APPENDIXES ...................................................................................................................................................59 Appendix A—Accident Case Histories...............................................................................59 Appendix B—Summaries of Safety Recommendations Issued to the Federal Aviation Administration and to the Airline Industry.............................................................................................................68 Appendix C—Special Studies and Investigations on Occupant Survival...................107 Appendix D—Safety Board Survey Letter for Comments for Improvements to Passenger B riefings................................................................... I l l Appendix E— Passenger Education Proposals Considered During FAA’s 1975 Biennial Operations Review...................................................113 Appendix F—Society of Automotive Engineers Aerospace Recommended Practice Entitled: "Passenger Safety Information Cards"................................ 115 Appendix G— Federal Aviation Administration Advisory Circular 1-21-24: Passenger Safety Information Briefing and Briefing Cards .............................. 118 Appendix H— Published Guidelines for Briefing Cards, Oral Briefings, and Video Briefings.....................................................................................................123 Appendix I— Federal Aviation Administration Order No. 8430.17, Air Carrier Operations Bulletin, and Air Carrier En Route Cabin Inspection Form 8430.16 .......................................................................................... 140 Appendix J— Federal Aviation Regulations Part 121 and Part 135 that pertain to Passenger Safety Information .....................................................146 Appendix K— Advisory Circular 135-12: "Passenger Safety Information Briefing and Briefing Cards"....................................................................................150 NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 20594 SAFETY STUDY Adopted: October 25, 1985 AIRLINE PASSENGER SAFETY EDUCATION A REVIEW OF METHODS USED TO PRESENT SAFETY INFORMATION INTRODUCTION Federal Aviation Regulations require that oral safety briefings be given to passengers before all flights of U.S. air carriers and com muter/air taxis, and that safety briefing cards be available to all passengers. International Civil Aviation Organization Annex 6 Standards extend these same requirements to international flights. Videotaped safety briefings may be used in lieu of

Load more