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8900.1 Vol. 3, Ch 19, Sec 4 4/21/20 8900.1 CHG 647 VOLUME 3 GENERAL TECHNICAL ADMINISTRATION CHAPTER 19 FLIGHTCREW MEMBER TRAINING AND QUALIFICATION PROGRAMS Section 4 Safety Assurance System: Emergency Training Curriculum Segments Source Basis: • Section 121.400, Applicability and Terms Used. • Section 121.401, Training Program: General. • Section 121.402, Training Program: Special Rules. • Section 121.403, Training Program: Curriculum. • Section 121.405, Training Program and Revision: Initial and Final Approval. • Section 121.408, Training Equipment Other Than Flight Simulation Training Devices. • Section 121.415, Crewmember and Dispatcher Training Program Requirements. • Section 121.417, Crewmember Emergency Training. • Section 121.418, Differences Training and Related Aircraft Differences Training. • Section 121.427, Recurrent Training. • Section 121.801, Applicability. • Section 121.805, Crewmember Training for In-Flight Medical Events. • Part 121 Appendix A, First Aid Kits and Emergency Medical Kits. • Section 135.321, Applicability and Terms Used. • Section 135.323, Training Program: General. • Section 135.324, Training Program: Special Rules. • Section 135.325, Training Program and Revision: Initial and Final Approval. • Section 135.327, Training Program: Curriculum. • Section 135.329, Crewmember Training Requirements. • Section 135.331, Crewmember Emergency Training. • Section 135.351, Recurrent Training. 3-1166 GENERAL. There are two types of emergency training that Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) certificate holders conducting parts 121 and 135 operations must provide to flightcrew members. One type is aircraft-specific training. This type of emergency training includes instruction and practice in emergency and abnormal procedures associated with aircraft systems, structural design, and operational characteristics. This training provides pilots and Flight Engineers (FE) with the knowledge and skills necessary to perform the emergency or abnormal procedures specified in the approved Airplane Flight Manual (AFM)/Rotorcraft Flight Manual (RFM) or those AFM/RFM procedures incorporated in the certificate holder’s aircraft operating manual. Examples of such procedures are those used when engine, landing gear, flight control, and/or pressurization problems occur. Aircraft-specific training also includes training on the location of specific items of emergency equipment on the aircraft, such as fire extinguishers, oxygen bottles, liferafts, life vests, and first aid kits. Aircraft-specific training must be included in the aircraft ground and flight training curriculum segments as described in Volume 3, Chapter 19, Sections 4, 5, and 6. The other type of emergency training is referred to as “general emergency training.” General emergency training is required for crewmembers on each item 1 UNCONTROLLED COPY WHEN DOWNLOADED Check with FSIMS to verify current version before using 4/21/20 8900.1 CHG 647 specified in part 121, § 121.417 and part 135, § 135.331. This section provides direction and guidance on the content, methods of presentation, evaluation, and approval of flightcrew general emergency training. This section is related to Safety Assurance System (SAS) Element 2.1.1 (OP) Training of Flight Crewmembers. A. Subject Areas. Two distinct subject areas of training are required in the conduct of general emergency training. These areas of training are emergency drill training and emergency situation training. The general emergency training curriculum segment must contain training modules that provide for training in both subject areas. 1) Sections 121.417 and 135.331 require instruction on various topics and emergency drills (hands-on). Emergency drill training provides instruction and practice in the actual use of certain items of emergency equipment, such as fire extinguishers, life vests, oxygen bottles, and first aid equipment. a) The risks and safety concerns of fighting fires caused by lithium type batteries in Portable Electronic Devices (PED) are well documented. Certificate holder flightcrew and flight attendant (F/A) training should harmonize procedures and drills that require moving a PED, including an Electronic Flight Bag (EFB), from the flight deck. b) Guidance for certificate holders to consider when incorporating lithium battery firefighting drills includes the current editions of: • Advisory Circular (AC) 20-42, Hand Fire Extinguishers for Use in Aircraft. • AC 120-80, In-Flight Fires. • Safety Alert for Operators (SAFO) 09013, Fighting Fires Caused by Lithium Type Batteries in Portable Electronic Devices, and Supplement. • International Air Transport Association (IATA) Cabin Operations Safety Best Practices Guide, Appendix A, Cabin Crew Checklist for Fires Involving Batteries and Portable Electronic Devices (PED). • IATA Lithium Batteries Risk Mitigation Guidance for Operators. • International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Doc 9284, Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air, available at http://www.icao.int/Pages/default.aspx. • ICAO Doc 9481 AN/928, Emergency Response Guidance for Aircraft Incidents Involving Dangerous Goods (refer to the Examples of Dangerous Goods Incidents Checklists). NOTE: The discharge of Halon extinguishing agents during firefighting drills is not appropriate unless a training facility is used that is specifically designed to prevent harm to the environment from the discharged Halon. When such facilities are not used, other fire extinguishing agents that are not damaging to the environment should be used during the drills. 2) Emergency situation training consists of instruction on the factors involved, as well as the procedures to be followed, when emergency situations occur. Examples include 2 UNCONTROLLED COPY WHEN DOWNLOADED Check with FSIMS to verify current version before using 4/21/20 8900.1 CHG 647 passenger evacuations, ditching, rapid decompressions (RD), aircraft fires, and persons needing first aid. 3) Flightcrew members should receive hands-on drill training in firefighting techniques including lithium battery fires, and the certificate holder’s manuals should contain adequate procedures for these subjects. The recommended procedures for fighting a lithium battery fire in a lithium-type-battery-powered PED consist of two phases: extinguishing the fire and cooling the remaining cells to stop thermal runaway. a) Utilize a Halon replacement or water extinguisher to extinguish the fire and prevent its spread to additional flammable materials. b) After extinguishing the fire, douse the device with water, an aqueous-based extinguishing agent, or other nonalcoholic liquids to cool the device and prevent additional battery cells from reaching thermal runaway. c) The procedure should state a warning for the crewmember not to pick up and move a smoking or burning device or to cover the device. Do not use ice to cool the device. Ice or other materials insulate the device, increasing the likelihood that additional battery cells will reach thermal runaway. NOTE: An aqueous-based extinguishing agent is a foam that tends to float on flammable liquids to tame the fire and help prevent reflash. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) does not require aqueous-based extinguishing agents to be carried on board. B. Type of Operation. The training modules for general emergency training must address the type of operation performed by a certificate holder. For example, if a certificate holder operates aircraft above 25,000 feet, crewmembers must receive instruction in subjects such as respiration, hypoxia, decompression sickness (DCS), and any related procedures. As another example, a certificate holder that does not conduct extended overwater operations does not need to conduct training in the use of liferafts. 3-1167 JOINT PILOT/F/A EVACUATION TRAINING. A. Background. 1) During a study, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) asked flightcrews who had participated in actual evacuations that received detailed investigations what changes could be implemented to improve emergency evacuation of passengers. Four flightcrew members mentioned joint training with F/As. In addition, two F/As recommended joint training with the flightcrew on evacuation procedures. Although many crewmembers had participated in joint Crew Resource Management (CRM) training, a much smaller percentage indicated that it included joint evacuation drills. NTSB recommendations A-92-74 and A-92-77 recommended joint evacuation and/or wet ditching drill training, and joint CRM training that included group exercises to improve crewmember communication and coordination. 3 UNCONTROLLED COPY WHEN DOWNLOADED Check with FSIMS to verify current version before using 4/21/20 8900.1 CHG 647 2) The FAA agreed with the intent of these safety recommendations. On February 8, 2001, the FAA issued AC 120-51D, Crew Resource Management Training, which states that F/As should conduct CRM training with flightcrews covering shared issues, such as evacuations and ditching. In addition, on February 12, 1995, the FAA issued Flight Standards Information Bulletin for Air Transportation (FSAT) 95-04, Emergency Evacuation and Ditching Drills, which expired on February 29, 1996. The bulletin directed Principal Operations Inspectors (POI) to ensure that their assigned certificate holders are aware of the performance benefits that result when flightcrews and F/As perform emergency evacuation and ditching drills together. B. Policy. Giving crewmembers the opportunity to experience crew coordination and teamwork during
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