UNITED STATES OF AMERICA .­ tI.5. ,.:> •

d PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 93 CONGRESS FIRST SESSION

VOLUME 119-PART 16

JUNE 15, 1973 TO JUNE 22, 1973 (PAGES 19757 TO 21050)

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON, 1973 June 18, 1973 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 19997 (From the Deseret News, Salt Lake City Just as there was a concerted sclentlftc Utah to use its fair share of Colorado River (Utah) June 14,1973] effort that put Americans on the moon, there Basin water, as allocated by the Colorado MORTON SHOULD RECONSIDER IDs should now be an all-out effort to solve River Compact which decades ago set up the KAIPAROWITS DECISION America's needs for more power here on formula by which the water was to be divided earth. among the states. As the fair and reasonable man he has If Congress Is Influenced by the unfounded constantly shown himself to be, Interior arguments presented by the Sierra Club, SecretaJ'y Rogers Morton ought to reconsider CENTRAL UTAH PROJECT Utah's share of the Colorado Basin watel' wlll his decision killing the KaiparoWits power Mr. MOSS. Mr. President, a great de­ end up In California. KLUB believes the Cen­ project. tral Utah Project should be financed a"d The need for a review Is clear from the bate is raging in my State of Utah over completed as soon as possible. report by one of the electric utilities Involved the environmental impact of the central that the decision was reached Without the Utah project of the Colorado River stor­ benefit of a new environmental Impact state­ rge project, and particularly of the "AM:ERICA-AN UNCOMPLETED ment to be SUbmitted In the next 30 days. Bonneville UrJt, a key unit which will WORK," MRS. LYNDON B. JOHN­ We don't suggest that the fate of the bring more water for municipal and in­ Kaiparowits project ~Inge solely on an en­ SON'S COMMENCEMENT ADDRESS vironmental study prepared by those with dustrial use to heavily popUlated AT THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA a financial Interest In making sure the coal­ Wasatch Front area of the State. With­ Mr. KENNEDY. :Mr. President, I would burning power plant Is built. out completion of this unit, the heart­ like to take tItis opportunity to express Nor would we argue that the environmental land of Utah will run short of water in my admiration and respect for a great statement Is the last word on the Impact on several years. Kaiparowits even though It's the latest, The lady and former First Lady of the United Recently KLUB, a public-spirited States, Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson. work on the study was done before this radio station in Salt Lake City, broad­ week's Supreme Court ruling that there must So many'of us here, I am sure, can be no "significant" deterioration In the qual­ cast an editorial which gives the essence testify to the honest elcgance with which ity of the air In areas where It Is already of the arguments being offered by those she has sharcd so much of herself, and cleaner than what Is prescribed by federal who oppose central Utah, and those who to the energy and enthusiasm underly­ law. favor it, and comes down emphatically ing the rccord of her activc commitment But It's easy to verify or discredit what the on the side of completing the project to improving the quality of lifc for all utilities say, and they ought to claim the as soon as possible. I asI;; unanimous project can be bUilt without doing unaccept­ of us. consent that the KLUB editorial of June Even after the loss of her husband last able damage to the environment. 5, 1973, be printed in- the RECORD. Even wlt\'out this environmental Impact ycar-a tragic loss for all Americans­ statement, there's room 'for wondering pre­ There being no objection, the editorial Mrs. Johnson has continued to strive, in cisely what constitutes a "significant" deteri­ was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, a great many capacities, in both public oration In the quality of the air, A standard as follows: und private, to serve her guiding moral that vagnely seems to Invite much litigation. KLUB RADIO PUBLIC AFFAIRS 'PROGaAM BROAD­ principle and strongest trait; a deep That likelihood seems enhanced by the fact CAST, JUNE 5, 1973 abiding faith in humanity. the Supreme Court did not provide gnldance Completion of the vital Central Utah Con­ through a written opinion. As a public figure and businesswoman servation Project, on which some eighty mil­ ~hs. Moreover, the rich coal deposits In the lion dollars has already been spent, Is now before entering the White House, Kalpwrowlts plateau can't be allowed to drawing strong opposition from several so­ Johnson committed herself to many remain undeveloped forever. called environmental groups, varied interests and involvements, rang­ Indeed, Secretary Morton tacitly conceded The organIzation making the loudest noise ingfrom managing her husand's congres­ as much himself when he urged this week at the present time Is the California-based sional office in Washington and owning that work go ahead on finding ways to meet Sierril Club. This club Is well-known to Utall­ and operating a radio station in Texas, the power needs of the Southwest Without ans. It has made nationwide protests against doing serious damage to precious sce:llc and to supervising the family cattle ranches every Utah water project for more than 25 and cotton lands in Alabama. With her recreation areas that should be preserved for years. The main fight between Utah state future generations. officials and the Sierra Club took place In the fine reputation and many successes, she In fact, only six months ago the Interior "fifties" over the Upper Colorado River Proj­ has received numerous business awards Department's own study on power needs In ect, which 1}as resulted In the creation of and citations for her humanitarianism the Southwest acknOWledged there seems to such recreation spots as FI8Jlling GOl'ge aJld and togetherness. be no practical alternative to the construc­ Lako Powell. During her years in the White House, tion of coal-burning power plants If the Now the Sierra Club Is battling completion power needs of the next two decades are to Mrs. Johnson always wonderfully com­ of the Central Utah Project whlcl:1 would bined grace with initiative in perform­ be met. bring water from the Uinta Mountains Intp The basic question Is not whether such the Wasatch Front, and most of Central Utah ing her varied duties, earning for her a plants should be built but where they should even to points as far west as Delta. place in the history of First Ladies along­ be located-near congested cities already suf­ KLUB believes that the Central Utah Proj­ side Mrs. Woodrow Wilson and Eleanor fering from air pollution, or In outlying rural ect should be completed as soon as possible. Roosevelt. l'reas where we all like to go to get away Of course It will change some of .the Utah Every AmerIcan who is Indebted to from urban smog? enVironment, but we believe that those the greatness of the late President John­ It's seldom, if ever, an easy choice, and changes w1ll be for the better. Secretary Morton Is certainly to be com­ son owes something also to Lady Bird While some stream fishing In the Uintas because of the way she was always t.here mended for wanting to make sure that what­ will not be as good as It has been In the past, ever power development takes place In the construction and enlargement of reservoirs to support him. As Mr. Johnson said on Southwest 18 the right kind of development. will provide water for many more fish and his 61st birthday last year: But the country has a stake In makt.'lg sure fishermen than the streanlS now can handle. Presidents are lonely people. The only ones that stagnation doesn't set In for want of The avowed purpose of the Central Utah they really are sure of all the time are their more power. The Ideal would be both more Water Conservancy District, as stated In Its womenfolk. energy and a cleaner environment-and that recent annual report, Is to "Improve living objective doesn't seem entirely beyond reach In Utah by providing not only mucl:1 needed As First Lady, Mrs. Johnson also often as technology advances. When we can't have water, but also better recreational, wildlife, had to take politics on herself. In 1964, both, let's strive for a reasonable balance be­ and outdoor facilities to the residents of she traveled all over the 8t>uth cam­ tween the two. Utah." paigning for her husband and discu<;slng For the time being, the West can live With The cO!1servancy district board has for­ Secretary Morton's decision on Kaiparowits. such issues as cIvIl rights, when civIl mally recommended "that funds be made rights was particularly explosive. nut It should be Subject to constant review available to the Forest Service and the Na­ in light of new technological advances and tional Park Service so tha.t ... recre.a.tlonal On behalf of the Government, Mrs. new environmental studies like the one that facilitIes can be completed concurrently with Johnson also traveled to over 30 coun­ is soon to be submitted. the construction of each feature of the Cen­ tries, spreading her good will and en­ Moreover, with gasoline In short supply tral utah Project." while aU and natural gas reserves dr.>p dan­ thusiasm. Also, Mrs. Johnson initiated Completion of the Central Utah Project has the Head Start program, today one of l;erously low, the U.S. simply must develop the support of Utah's congressional delega­ i:-S coal resources. This necessitates more re­ tion, Governor Calvin L. Hampton, the Utah the best working and most impOrtant [earch on ways to put coal an'! other energy Board of Water Resources, and the Ute In­ Federal social programs. S:lUrces to work with the least possible harm dian TrIbe. Clearly, Lady Bird Johnson's greatest to the Emvironment. ThIs project Is one more step In allowing and most enduring achievements have •, , " ( .) , ~ "1 f " J" :" If" ... , ~ I' , . I!" r .... r '!'" ,.. \' '\ ~, ." i I " 19'998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE Jiine ls, 1973 been in her work to beautify and con­ family represented In these ceremonles-a the quallty of life In an age that grows both serve our natural environment. No First day of much pride. many satisfactions, and more impersonal and more urban. Lady in history has dOM as much in this the utmost happiness. Along With this, there Is a second dis­ respect. The welcome esthetic improve­ As I am sure you realize. this Is an occa­ tinctive characteristic of your class and sion of very special meaning for my family, contemporaries. That Is your parallel con­ ments which she made and encouraged too. Months ago, In the summer of last year, cern with very personal and individual in Washington and in parks and other we circled this date on our calendar. Lyndon InRtters; such as ethical standards and all areas all over the United states have had about retired from what he called "the the Wide spectrum of interrelationship be­ made her dedication to beautification speech-making business," but when your In­ tween human beings. both an impetus for today's great inter­ vitation came he was Immensely pleased and In these realms. you are questioning as no est in vital ecological matters and a last­ excited-and we were hoping to be all to­ other generation has questioned In a long ing monument to her works, imbedded gether here for a joyful family time. A winter time. I agree with what my husband ex­ of sorrow intervened in our home and In pressed In one of his last publlc addresses in the geography of our daily lives. our hearts. But now that this awaited day last autumn. "We are not Uving In times of While dedicating a grove of saved Red­ has at last arrived, it brings a fresh and very collapse", he said. "The old is not coming wood trees in 1969, she said: welcome happiness. down. Rather, the trOUbling and torment Conservation Is Indeed a bipartisan busI­ Before saying more, I do want to express, of these days steIns from the new trying to ness because all of us have the same love for my daughters and myself, our gratitude rise into place." Building on the framework for It and the same feellng that It Is going to all of you at the University of Virginla­ of What endures from the worthy past, you to belong to our children and grandchil­ and to the people of Chariottesville. Last are searching for new understanding and dren ... and the same opportunity to work year, when we were here through anxious new meanings so you can establish standards in our time to see that it stays as glorious. times, and earlier this year, after Lyndon'S that are more relevant In your own lives and death, your. kindnesses meant so much to us. times. Earlier this month, in the compassion­ Our memories of this campus-and of this Some of your eiders may occasionally be ate spirit of her lifelong public witness, city-wlll always be dear and cherished. anxious over your questions and uneasy Mrs. Johnson delivered the commence­ On this occasion, I find myself cast In a about some of your tentative answers. But, ment address to the graduating class of rather unusuai roie. I seem to be here as a thanks, in large part, to the patience and 1973 at the University of Virginia. A year sort of mother-in-law to the Class of '73. tolerance of two dear daughters of my own, I ago, President Johnson had accepted the That role is not at all unwelcome. At this have InRde my passage through the genera­ time in my life, I share a deep empathy with tion gap without becoming "uptight" about invitation to deliver the address. He was the feelings which Thomas Jefferson once ex­ where this Is leading. looking forwarc to the occasion with pressed. As I see it, the end of this can be very great expectation before he died, and so After leaving pubUc life and returning to good. What Is happening among young peo­ his wife fulfilled the commitment her­ Monticello, Mr. Jefferson wrote these words ple today is much the same as what hap­ self on June 3, 1973. to an old friend: pened here In Virginia-and all along this Mrs. Johnson's thoughtful and inspir­ "The motion of my blood no longer keeps seaboard-when Thomas Jefferson's genera­ ing address reflect her faith in America time with the tumult of the world. It leads tion was young. Mr. Jefferson and his con­ me to seek for happiness In the lap of my temporaries dared to think very large and her affinity with the student genera­ family, in the society of my neighbors and thoughts; at the same time, they cared in­ tion. She speaks of a change in the in­ books, In the wholesome occupation of my tensely about personal and individual con­ terests of university students toward farm and my affairs, (and) In an interest or cerns. The end result was a new nation-a large concerns that are not abstrad con­ affection In every bud that opens, In every new nation which, at one end of the scale, cepts but are "real and vita:," and she breath that blows around me .. :' could embrace as its cause "the cause of all also praises this generation's parallel In that spirit, may I say that I have no mankind," while, at the other end of the concern with interrelationships between wish or intention to play again any part on scale, it could be dedicated to "life, Uberty individuals and the most personal ethical the pubUc stage. I speak today, not as an ac­ and the pursuit of happiness." tive pubUc person, which I am not, but as an The two go together. If we are to build matters. always interested private person-engaged in anything enduring, we must always bUild on The theme of Mrs. Johnson's speech, savoring the adventure of being mother. concern for the individual. If that concern which has also been the driving force grandmother and mother-In-law; in relish­ is In our hearts. we strive to answer those behind her faith and work for America, ing the excitement of a changing world; and great questions which so affect the Indi­ is that this country is an unfinished work. in drawing strength from the marvel of Vidual. I like to believe that your distin­ To .Mrs. Johnson, America's faults are "every bud that opens and every breath that guishing characteristics refiect a renewal of blows around me." America and foreshadow an energiZing of its work to be done, and America's accom­ All this is a personal preface to the spirits and its prospects. plishments of the last decade reflect the thoughts I want to express today-thoughts I envy you-how I envy you-your oppor­ record of a people who are sincerely going about you and your Uves. tunity to be a part of the times ahead. about trying to get that work done. Over these last few weekS, I reaUze your As I offer this personal perspective, I am In concluding her address, Mrs. John­ higher destiny may have seemed distant. very much aware that you have been-and son emphasized her view that it is indi­ With sleepless nights' and final papers, with are-regularly exposed to some different per­ viduals who can make the difference in a book in one hand and a coffee cup In the spectives, other, it has probably been hard to see be­ You of this class-and this generation­ all the Nation's real concerns, and she yond the next exam, have heard more than your share of talk served a personal mandate for action on Let me put It this way. Every graduating about a doomsday destiny; about the dread­ each of the graduates. As she stated: class-every new generation-seems to have ful fate that awaits this planet, about the A cleaner neighborhood begins With your some characteristics that are different and delay and decllne of this country, about the own broom. distinctive. From my own close and affec­ degeneracy of your own generation. A more beautiful city begins with a seed tionate perspective, two such characteristics At the risk of sounding rather Uke a in your garden. distinguish the Class of '73, here and across mother-in-law, let me say this to the Class A more just society begins in your own the land. of '73: I don't beUeve it-and I ask you to heart. The first Is what I would describe as your keep an open mind. A better government begins with your special relationship with large concerns. Certainly I am by no means expert on own vote. There was a time when university students all-or any-of our very complex Challenges. A safer world begins with your own active were rather usually associated with pranks But I fervently believe that for what the concern. and mischief-things Uke hazing escapades present seems to pose as unanswerable ques­ or steaUng the rival team's mascot. Many of tions, the future can and w111 produce work­ Because Mrs. Johnson's speech de­ the interests of student years tended to be able answers. livered to the University of Virginia re­ immature and frivolous. But there has been I do not believe that the poison clouds flects so well her care for our country a decided change-a change embodied In of polluted air must ineVitably consume our and our youth, and because her words your class. . atmosphere or that our life style must in­ mean so much for all of us today, I ask Today our stUdent generations seem to evitably kill our waters. It ia not foreor­ unanimous consent that her address, have a new dimension, Your interests run to dained that our forests must disappear or entitled "America-An Uncompleted matters of the very largest scope and size and that our topsoil erode away or that famine consequence. "Peace" and "justice" and must someday decimate the human race. Work" may be printed in the RECORD. "freedom" are not abstract concepts to you­ There being no objection, the address I beUeve there are answers, and I think I they are real and vital concerns. This Itself am looking into the faces of several hundred was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, is not unique. You share them with certain as follows: other generations of our past who have helped of those answers thiS morning. "AMERICA-AN UNCOMPLETED WORK"-COM­ to write and forge some of the most stirring In that same vein, let me say a word about MENCEMENT ADDRESS OF MRS. LYNDON B. chapters of our story. But the accelerating your country. JOHNSON, UNIVERSITY OF VmGINIA, JUNE 3. challenges of history have also presented you Over these recent years, you have heard 1973 with new causes of global dimension; such as and read many doubts, much dismay and no This is a special day-I know-for every saving this pianet's ecology and improving little derision about America. I would not June 18, 1973 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 19999 attempt to dispute each· criticism, but re­ ISRAEL-MODEL MELTING POT time for that sort of thing, that Is too pur­ specting as I do what you bring to America, poseful even for leisure. let me make this point. Mr. MONDALE. Mr. President, iwouId Rafi Bar-Am is 30, a hustler with Israeli Our country-your country-is not a com­ like to call to the attention of my col­ chutzpah" a young man on the go and on pleted work. Over the two centuries since leagues an excellent series of articles the make. H~ is not a typical Israeli because 1776, America has gone from beginning to depicting life in Israel which recently there are no typical Israelis in a country of beginning. It began anew with Mr. Jeffer­ . appeared in the Minneapolis Tribune. immigrants from 102 nations. But he is part son's generation.It began anew in the years The author, Frank Premack, traveled of a new generation of Israelis who want and when I sat where you sit now-for the mid­ extensively throughout the country in are getting nice new apartments, Danish 30's were 0. yeasty time of many changes. model'n furniture, cars, clothes, TV and Today, in these times of the 1970's, you have order to present a well-balanced picture · sterelr-a practical generation that is build­ in your hands the new clay of all that was of the problems Israel faces as it cele­ ing a middle class In a 25-year-Old country wrought in the 1960's. brates its 25th anniversary. that has had no middle class. Of faults and lIaws, America may have Although emphasis is usually placed The Raft Bar-Ams want a better life, a them a-plenty. But you can do something on the external problems Israel faces more comfortable life than the oider genera- about them. Keep in mind that only in the with her neighbors, the article describes · tlons who lived in tents and tin shacks while last decade,-sinceyou left grade school­ the severe internal problems faced by a transforming the malaria swamps of the Up­ have we made many of our longest strides; per GalUee and the desert of the Negev Into toward national support of public educa­ nation which serves as a melting pot for a fiourlshing agriculture. tion, toward assuring hospital care for older immigrants from 102 different cOIDltries. The old-timers are still around and, while citizens, toward enlarged pursuit of knowl­ When Israel was granted statehood they lament the passing of the simple llfe, edge through scientific and medical research. in 1948, its population stood at 650,000; the pioneer life, the replacement of the Only in this short span have we added many today her population· has swelled to 3 · nIghtly passionate debate over fine ideologi­ treasures of nature to our public' trust for million, inclUding Oriental Jews trom cal points by mediocre TV programs imported future generations. Only in these years have Yemen, Tunisia, Iran, Iraq,'Libya, Mo­ from the U.S., they complain about the we really begun to concern ourselves with the rocco and other underdeveloped coun­ changes wistfully, not bitterly. And they, beauty of our roadsides, the care of our en­ too, enjoy the affluence that is beginning to Vironment, the quality of life for all our tries, as well as the Soviet refugees. Mr. creep across tile land. people. Premack illustrates the enormous prob­ Ra·ft Bar-Am didn't come to Israel to wal­ This is not the measure of a nation grown lem Israel faces in integrating these var­ low in its new affluence. For one thing, there's old or a system grown tlred-certainly it ious groups into a Western society. no time for wallowing. For another, what is not the measure of 0. people grown callous One Israeli is quoted as saying: passes for affluenCe in Israel simply isn't by or corrupt. No, the. record of our land in We tried to impose Western standards ·American standards. your lifetime is that of a principled and ••• on these people (Orientals), We were He came in the summer of 1969 liS Fred purposeful people who care very much about trying to have Integration in two years when Greenberg from Chicago, where his parents doing the very best for-and With-their it takes 200 years ... Imagine the break­ were ardent Zionists and United Jewish Ap­ homeland. down in social structure when you tell them peal contributors. He came with a B.A. from Don't despair of Amerlca--rejoice in your SUCh things .•. that women are equal to the UnIversity of Wisconsin; a wife and two hearts that it is yours to work with and work men. sons; the skllls of a public-relations man; the for the rest of your days. ·determination to stick, and, llke many That bl'lngs me, then, to this final Israel channels all newly arrived im­ American Immigrants, thousands of dol)ars thought. migrants into absorption centers, where to spend taX-free and duty-free on consumer Not all of us can-not all of us want to­ the Hebrew language is learned, new goods that most Israelis covet but cannot af­ occupy places at the center of large affairs. skills developed, and job placement ford. But.It is never necessary to stand in high determined. Most Israelis Mr. Premack The Greenbergs, !ll{e most new Immigrants, position to have effect upon one's times. .spent their first five months in an absorp­ The .world out yonder-beyond these interviewed believe that the nation is tion center, aptly named for Its Intensive ef­ Grounds-:-Is. a world receptive to and re­ now a "model melting pot." As one Israeli forts to Hebraicize tile 40,000 Jews who now sponsive to the individual. That Is what you put it: come to Israel each year In all imaginable are all about.· All your years of education One day, no oue wlll remember where any­ shapes, sizes and colors. The Greenbergs, have their meaning In what you do..:-and one came from. There w111 be one cohesive again. like most immigrants, spoke no He­ try to do-as an individual. people. brew; at the end of five months they were Keep your interest in large concerns. Pur­ bilingual, and, as a badge of tbeir new exist­ sue your· search for stronger values and Mr. Premack also discusses the poverty ence, changed their family name to Bar-Am', higher standards. And, remember, what which exists among the new immigrants, Son of the People. America most needs is within each of us, as particularly with regard to the housing Bar-Am took a job as pUblic-relations di­ individuals. shortage unable to meet the surge of rector of the Jewish Agency, the Israeli arm A cleaner neighborhood begins with your people. It is not uncommon to find, 6-, 8-, of the United Jewish Appeal; moved his fam­ own broom. or 10-member families crowded into 2­ ily Into a posh new section of Jerusalem, and .A more beautiful city begins with a seed spent his considerable savings on a car and in your own garden. and 3-room apartments. other luxuries. A more just society begins in your own Mr. President, while presenting the Bar-Am's life style keenly Illustrates the heart. enormous number of problems whIch progress and problems of Israeli society. He A better government begins with your own this young nation faces, this series does Is quick to acknOWledge its very conside.rable vote. not lose sight of the oven-iding spirit of accomplishments and just as articulate and A safer world begins with your own active optinlism and confidence which the candid about what it hasn't accomplished. concern. Israelis bring to solving them. Immigrants, the Bar-Am family inclUded. On the largest questions, as on the small­ Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ are Israel's life blood, 'They, their children, est, it is often true that what is everybody's sent that these articles be printed in the their children's children have caused the business often proves to .be nobody's busi­ popUlation to swell from 650,000 when state­ RECORD. hood was granted in 1948 to 3 million, They ness, For the work of making this a finer There being no objection, the articles have created a society in the amazingly short land, we cannot wait for everybody-we were ordered to be printed in the RECORD. span of 25 years. But Immigratlon Is Iron­ must begin ourselves, as individuals. as follows: ically at the root of Israel's principal prob­ As you go, let me pass to you the advice (First in a series) lem-the growing gap between the haves and I read recently in the diary of a lady who PROBLEilIS IN THE PROMISED LAND the have-nots; between the "'estern Jews knew America In earlier times. She traveled from Europe and America and the Oriental across this land in the 1870's-by riverboat (EDITOR'S NOTE:-Israei celebrates its 25th year as an Independent nation this year. Staff Jews from Africa and the Middle East; be­ steam.er, on wagon train, and on the first Writer Frank Premack traveled throughout tween the relative affluence of the Raft Bar­ western railroad. the young country recently talking with Ams and the relative poverty of his neigh­ "The important thing," she said, "is to Israelis young and old, Immigrant lwd na­ bors in an adjoining quarter of Jerusalem. miss a little as possible and to share as tive-born, about life In the land they have The problem is called "the gap" and it much," rivals national defense as the principal pre­ chosen for their horne.) occupatIon of Bar-Am, his poor neighbors and Certainly, for the Class of '73, that is the (By Frank Premack) important thing. You will be part of such the government. Everyone talks about it, JERusALE"t.-Raft Bar-Am's blue suede worries about it. Not simply social workers, epochal tinles. Miss llttle, my friends, and boots, multi-zippered aviator jacket, open­ but everyone, and especially young Israelis multiply all the good things by sharing with neck striped sport shirt and tightly taUored in their late teens and twenties and thirties. those you love. fiared trousers reflect an Interest in material They are not at all willing to settle for a two­ I rejoice with you for all that lies ahead. well-beIng. class soeiety of rich Westerners and poor I wish for you a life changed with challenge He looks hip but not hippie in a society Orientals. and blessed with fulfillment. that has prodUCed no hippies, that has no "The· country wants, needs and must take 20000 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE June 18, 1973 people," Bar-Am said. "That's the glue; that's two Jobs for anyone who wants them. Most tribute, before you can become part of the the raison d'etre. But the question lB, do young people want them. decision-making process." we want to survive as a South Africa with Housing. It is extremely expensive for The split between religious and nonob­ Western leadership and a black problem?" young Israeli-born couples. IsraellB live In servant Jews. The orthodox are at most 20 to Israel's population has been transformed apartments, not detached houses, and the 30 percent of the Jewish popUlation but, as radically since the 1948 War of Independence. apartments usually are for sale, not for rent. part of the governing coalition, have been Twenty-five years 1-:;0 the overwhelming ma­ It takes $30,000 to $40,000 to bUy a three­ given control over a broad variety of social jority of the population consisted of West­ room apartment In moot urban areas In a situations. Marriage, divorce, abortion, birth erners who came mainly from Eastern and country that lB 85-percent urban. That is a control, Sabbath observances, to mention a Central Europe and, In some cases, from great deal of money In Israel, and many few. The gulf between the religious and non­ America. Today nore than half of the popu­ people don't have it. It you don't, you might religious Jew seems to be growing, and so lation Is of Asian or African origin. be able to borrow it--at Interest rates of does the Irritation of the nonobservant Jew The transformation shows up more clearly 17 to 18 percent. Once a couple gets an over the control of part of hlB life by the in an examination of the three groups In Is­ apartment, they are virtually wedded to It; orthodox. rael's Jewish population. The Westerners (27 there Is very little upward mob1l1ty in terms Nonreligious Jews like Bar-Am recognize percent) have llttle chance of being notice­ of housing. that religion has been a key to centuries of ably IncrelLlled by new waves of Immigrants, Bar-Am and other married immigrants do Jewish identity. But statehood, they feel, Who could come In substantial numbers only far better than the singles and the sabrllS, changed that, and they want synagogue and from the Sov)et Union or the United States; and there is friction because of it. To en­ state separated. Religious Jews cannot un­ the Orientals (26 percent) have a birth rate courage 1mm1gration, the country not only derstand this, cannot understand how there among the highest in the world coupled with permits new Immigrants with money to buy can be any identity without rellglon. a mortality rate that is very low because of consumer goods tax and duty free, but finds "Sure," Bar-Am said, "I recognize that for progress in pUblic health and medical serv­ housing at bargain terms for those who are 2,000 years we were kept together by the ices; the sabras or native-born (47 percent) married. New Immigrants who aren't mar­ tenets of Judaism. So fine; but now we have obviously wUl soon be the dominant group ried qUickly scramble to get married to take a state. but just as obviously most of them already advantage of those terms. "I'm not a belIever. I'm an atheist who is come from Oriental parentage. For the sabras, housing is the toughest nut wllling to be shown, but I'm awfully prag­ Whlie popUlation has shifted radically, to crack. Bar-Am, whose work for the coun­ matic. I had the religious teachings, and my leadership and social dominance have not. try's main social agency makes him knowl­ children wlll get them In school. I will re­ The Western Jew continues to enjoy the edgeable, put It this way. "A kid ftnlBhes spect anybody's right to believe as they will, cream of Israel's political, economic and so­ school, gets out of the army and he simply if they respect mine, but with the orthodox cial life, and the disparity, as once naively has to llve at home. An apartment becomes there lB no two-way street. I'm irritated and believed, has not disappeared with a new gen­ an absolutely overriding obsession." aggravated about no publlc transportation eration, or even two or three, born in Israel. FamUles help their youngsters by pooling on Saturday, my one day off; or no movies Israelis do not try to hide, or shrink from, money. They plan thlB with the meticulous­ on Friday night; or telling me and my kids the disparity between Western Jews and Ori­ ness of an American middle-class couple who who we can and can't marry. ental Jews. The government now olllcially want to send their son to Harvard, and they "That's nonsense, and, worse yet, it's really classifies the gap as the country's chief do­ fret about It constantly at the dinner table. all polltical. Take Haifa. They have public mestic concern and is spending millions of One other problem With housing-it lB transportation there on the Sabbath. And you dollars on a variety of social-welfare experi­ discriminatory In terms of time. In the late know why? Because they don't need the re­ ments that are reminiscent of the Unlted ligious party's votes to put together a coali­ States War on Poverty in the 1960s. 1940's and early 1950's new Immigrants got tents and little better. It made no difference tion to run that city's government. That's While the government likely would not put Why. So they threw them out and started it this way, the net effect of its efforts to nar­ whether they were Yemenltes or Poles; they all got the same. Each succeeding wave of running the buses on the Sabbath, the only row the gap is to try to westernize the Ori­ place where there's public transit on the ental Jew, to get to him early In the educa­ immigrants was treated the same way. Ex­ cept that the housing has Improved with Sabbath In Israel. tional system and fill him with the striVing "If you talk religion to me," he conclud­ values of his Western neighbor. each wave. Now, a Moroccan who came 10 years ago can live in what he thinks is ed, "then I want to separate It from the state. The goal of making Israel into a model I'm a nationalist Jew. I'm an Israeli nation­ melting pot Is sincerely believed in by most squalor whUe the Russian who just came lB getting his piece of the pie-a much nicer alist. First and last:' IsraellB, Raft Bar-Am is no exception. "One The question of identity-What Is a Jew­ day," he said, "no one will remember where apartment in a new development adjacent to the Moroccan's. lB debated and argued In the homes, on anyone came from. There will be one cohesive televlBion, In the newspapers, in school and people. I don't see that posSlblllty anyWhere There isn't enough money to buUd new Immigrants' housing and to rebulld the old, in Parliament and the Cabinet. When the else on earth:' Queen Mary docks on a Sabbath, or when Press Bar-Am about hlB seemingly simplis­ and the priority clearly lB on housing for new immigrants. someone foolishly drives his car into the tic belief and you get a Simple answer. More Hasidic quarter of Jerusalem and small boys and more, Western and Oriental Jews are Generation gap. There lB one, and Bar­ Am is a good example of its nature. He said with long curls for sideburns surround the intermarrying. The rate is now about 20 per­ car and throw stones. Or when elder states­ cent. "The bed," Bar-Am said, "will solve the of the country's leaders: man David Ben-Gurion, Who arranged the problem." "1 resent being where 56 (the age of Moshe political coalition deal With the orthodox, There are other problems besides the social Dayan, youngest person In the Israeli Cabi­ suggests from his retirement that there's no gap in Rafi Bar-Am's world. Many of them net) is considered yeung. I have great re­ need to fuss over marriage when his son fiew are the product of a hot-house society that spect for what they, the leaders, have done. to Nicosia for a civll ceremony, and someone has grown at a rate that seems to match the (Their stories are legend and deserve to responds that such tactics are dandy but time-lapse sequence of a Walt Disney nature be ... conquering malaria swamps .•• their limited to those who have the money to fiy film. They Include: loss of life in bullding and defending this out of the country. Infiation. The economy is booming (9 per­ country ... But 1 know Jewish history and Israelis have dozens of answers to the cent yearly Increases in the gross national I don't want it pointed out every minute of Identity question, so many that you can soon product) but prices are soaring. (While the the day to me. 1 have a dream, too, that we mistakenly think there's a separate response cost of living in the United States and Eu­ are a special people, a unique people and I for each of the country's 2.6 million Jews. rope last year rose between 3 and 8 percent, believe in a Jewish state if for no other rea­ But Bar-Am's answer has become the in Israel it went up 14 percent.) Wages are son than as a haven. But when I get into an dominant answer of the young. What hap­ low and taxes are high. Most Israeli men hold argument with an older person about, say, pened to him on a hijacked airliner provides two jobs, and there are many working wives. poverty, and he says so mUCh, so much has a clear glimpse of that identity. On May 8, Bar-Am lB an example of why Israells work been done in taking in thousands of people, 1972, he was flying back to Tel Aviv from so hard. If you want things, you must. His when I talk with an older person about a Brussels on a Sabena jet when it was seized salary at the Jewish Agency is $322 a month. present problem I just don't want to hear over Vienna by four Black September Move­ After taxes, he takes home $207. He and his about Zionism. It Isn't good enough, it lBn't ment Arab terrorists. family each month spend $69 for housing, $46 enough any more." Bar-Am, like many other Eventually, the plane landed safely, two for a cleaning woman, $161 for food, $57.50 young people, feels that the establishment terrorists were killed and two were captured; for operating the family car, $46 for house­ not only is elderly but that it lB closed and but something happened aboard the airliner hold bUlB and $46 for miscellaneous expenses. narrow, leaving little room for argument. that left an impression on Bar-Am far great­ His expenses are more than double his sal­ "Putting aside the accomplishments and er than the fear and helplessness generated ary. He makes up the difference by doing talking about where we are going," he said, by the hijacking. "Golda Melr would say to me that I'm only It happened when the hijackers separated free-lance writing and publlc-relations work the passengers Into Jews and non-Jews. Jews and by playing poker. 30 years old, that I've only been here a few to the rear, non-Jews to the front. He is not a typical Israeli. His salary Is vears, that she's been here 50 years; but "I'n never forget those people raising their higher than average, his expenses are higher that's not fair. Sure, my contribution is hands and waving them and saying over and than average and his outside jobs are unusu­ minute, but I have put it all on the line, and over again that they were not Jews, not Jews. al. But his dUemma is not--middle-class that's okay because 1 like It here. But I don't I'll never forget their frantic efforts to comforts are costly and the ultimate cost lB bUy being here 20 years before you can con- avoid belngclassifled as Jews. June 18, 1913 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 20001 "The things I believed In then I believed time in sec\llar and religious thought, and arm'... he said, "I loved the children so much In now," Bar-Am said." "If we don't stick to­ engages in the Israeli pastime of wandering that I stayed another five years as a civilian." gether we won't survive." in the desert or Judean Hills or at an archeo­ It was not just his love of the children; their logical site, I'elatlng what he sees to what he fathers begged him to remain. Cohen put (second In a series) has read. it much more modestly. "It was very satlsfy­ AN ORIENTAL JEW WHO MADE IT He lives in Kiryat Moshe. a new religious Ing work." quarter In Jerusalem, In a single room fur­ Cohen now teaches 35 youngsters in an (By Frank Premack) nished with a bed, a chair and a wall of 8th-arade class In the Jerusalem corridor. "I JERuSALEM.-Meir Zion Cohen's father and shelves for his books. There is no luxury and want to help make them into good men, good mother walked to Jerusalem from Tehran no time for it anyway. He has no regrets citizens, so they will grow and will love 50 years ago. about that. "I am bUSy in the things that I Israel," he said. "Our problem is materialism. For years, as orthodox Jews In Persia, they love," he said. This is a tiule of materialists. We must teach had praycd individually three times a day He has basically conservative views about them to go to the Negev to bulld, to go tllere that God should cause them to live In the Why he has succeeded and why so many to build Villages. It is not so easy, because of Holy City. That desire permeated their lives, Oriental Jews have not. Part of the problem the atmosphere. If you want to educate In and whrn their marriage was arranged, the he properly attributes to the very large fam­ this Ideology, you can, but It Is not easy at father of Melr Zion presented the trip to his ilies of the Oriental Immigrants. all." new bride as a present, the most wonderful "The fathers earn very little and there is The good life, the right life, he believes. is wedding present an orthodox man could pre­ not enough for 10 shirts or 10 pairs of pants, based on religion. As an orthodox Jew he be­ sent to an orthodox woman. for 10 of this and 10 of that." he said. "It Is lieves that every Jew is a man of belief. "In They walked the 900 miles, ano When Impossible to live with 10 children In one or some," he said, "the belief Is hidden, amI they came to Jerusalem they had no home. two or three rooms. with two or t~ree chil­ sometimes there Is discovery among those They slept under the steps of houses and dren in one bed. It Is impossible to learn and whose beliefs are hidden. There are no non­ they loved Jerusalem, the Holy City, the only grow Under those conditions:' religious Jews, only Jews," place for deeply religious Jews to live. But his feelings about the poor are l1J1l­ He has several stories to S\lPPOrt his view, They raised nine children In one room, and bivalent. "I took myself by my own hands. and his favorite Is one told by many young Cohen's father, a l1'bbl descended from I had ambition. I didn't want to be like my orthodox men who served In the Israeli Army rabbis, worked as a Janitor In a religious father," he said. "But these people (the during the SiX-Day War. At the conclusion school. Orientals who do not make It) accept their of the war, when the Old City had been cap­ Cohen's parents are elderly now, their chil­ lot; they want from the government and the tured, his unit returned to Jerusalem and dren are grown, and Melr Zion, at 35, hand­ government can't give them everything. We went to the Walling Wall. some and strongwllled, Is the prototype of an are a poor country. These people must take "On Sunday we came back from the Golan Oriental Jew who has made it, who has some things into their own hands. It is not through the Jordan Valley to Jericho and to managed to work his way out of the roverty enough to say oniy the government. the gov­ Jerusalem," he said. "When we came to the of his birth without wholly rejecting his ernment. the government. Certainly the gov­ Old City, we made our way to the wall and heritage. ernment must help, as It Is helping the new "all the soldiers wept and wept some more. I He greatlY respects and loves his father, Russian Immigrants, but people must orga­ saw hard, hard men weep. And even the hard­ but he does not want to be like him, and nize and help themselves, too:' est nonreligious soldiers prayed and kissed hewn't. He believes In the national policy that edu­ the Wall. If they did not believe, why did His father taught him the Torah and the cation is the key to closing the gap, as it has they go to the Wall? If they did not bellf)ve. Talmud, about Eretz Yisrael, about the qual­ been in his life. He however, is the unusual why did they weep? Why did they pray? Why ity of the Holy City, about all, things re­ product of a dual education. did they, If they are not religious t1l1derneath ligious and Orthodox, and Cohen absorbed All morning he went to Talmud Torah that hardne~'S?" that but did not stop with that. He added a and all afternoon to secular school until he After the Journey to the wall, Cohen went secular dimension to his :ife, a dimension un­ was 13, then} e went to a strict, didactic re­ to his school In the Negev to pick up his known to his father and his father's father, ligious school for two years. One day he went belongings. "The children ran and kissed a dimension that has enabled him to close to pray In the Yeshlvat Rav Kook and the me, and the headmaster told me to go quiCk­ the gap between :':llmself as an Oriental Jew son of the famous rabbi received him so ly back to Jerusalem because my parents and Western Jews while opening a gap be­ warmly that he decided to go there to learn. mistakenly thought I was dead." So I went tween himself as an orthodox sabra and his The curriculum was entirely religious and to Jenlsalem and at the central bus station father as an orthodox Immigrant. he wanted a secular education as well, so he I saw a neighbor of my parents and he ran They are worlds apart, the elderly immi­ went to the yeshlvat during the day and and told my mother and father. On my way grant and his son, but there is no regret on studied at a secular high school in the eve­ to their home my father and mother met me either's part and the father more than con­ ning. It was hard and not many young men in the road and tbey wept and they gave dones the secular, Western side of his son's did that, but he was determined to do both. the traditional blessing of seeing someone life. After four years, at the age of 19. he finished. alive. Cohen tells a story of his childhood that il­ "Then I heard about the new immigrants "I saw the newspaper when I got home lustrates his rejection of the poverty his in the Negev, ':low they had no teacher and and saw that many of my good friends were father accepts. how their conditions were bad," he said. "I dead, so there was happiness and sadness "When I was a boy and winter came with Its knew I must teach others and so I wanted together. And then I gave the traditional rains, water would collect in our room and in to go to the Negev to help the Moroccans blessing for having lived through a time of the morning I would find my shoes fioatlng and the Persians, the very poor. I told the danger." and filled." He said, "I would ask my father son of Rav Kook and he blessed me warmly. Because of the war. "because of things about it and he would quote from the Tal­ I went to a teacher's seminary specially that happened," Cohen, like most young mud, that Israel Is one of the presents at­ geared for teaChl'l _of new immigrants:' Israelis. has no Arab friends. He sees Arabs tained only through ailliction:' By stUdying and taking courses day and on the bus on his way to and from work. Cohen can stand affliction. He has lived night he receiVed his teacher's certificate in They say shalom to each other, but no more through much and he Is tough, but he Is not 14 months. With that, he decided to get his than that. "We don't speak the same lan­ wlliing to accept poverty as God given, to live mandatory army service out of the way. After guage. We have nothing In common," he said. umpteen In a room, to raise many children he finished basic training, the army, noting Cohen intends to continue to teach the When he cannot alford them. he was equipped to be a teacher, sent him children of Oriental Immigrants, but he has "My father told me many times that it·s a Into the Negev to do just that for four no 111uslons about Israel as a melting pot. sin to have only a few children, that God will years In a border settlement not far from "How soon w111 It be. you ask," he said. "It punish those who do," Cohen said. "It's the Beer Sheba. wlll take a very. very long tlme.to close the old orthodox belief. and there Is much pride "When I came there," he said, "there were gap, but I hope that slowly, slowly it will be in his generation in haVing many children. .no classrooms. no books. There was no work better. v''hen a country Is destroyed. It can Obviously, this makes matters worse. but for the men. The children were confused and be rebuilt. When men are destroyed It Is many Oriental Jews believe. like my father had nothing to do. There were no chairs. no very difficult. and mother, that it·s their duty to have many tables for the classrooms. I went and got "But you must remember that to be poor children." building boards and bricks and made here is much better than being poor in the Cohen Is not married. Not because he benches. I took a piece of wood and painted United States. To be poor here is to at least doesn·t want to, because he does, someday. It black and made a blackboard. Then I have enough to eat and good medIcal care. And not because women find him unattrac­ collected all the children and taught them." Maybe not much else, but at least that:' tive, because they don't. But because It Is Oondltlons were diffiCUlt, even primitive. Cohen, an orthodox Jew descended from part of the price he is paying for closing the At night he and others went on border pa­ generations of orthodox Jews, sees his path poverty gap. trols. In the beginning there were no electric In lite with great clarity and has but two He works full Ume as a school teacher. and lights. "When I wanted to give an especially more dreams. "Our danger Is the assimila­ as otten as possible as a tourist gulde; takes tion of Jews around the world. It would be a full course at Hebrew Uniyerslty toward a good student a prize," he said, "I gave him a degree in history and geography; attends lec­ candle." good to go to these places and teach them tures once a week on the Old Testament; Eventually classro(}U1S were bUilt, books and save them and bring them to Israel. studies one night a week at an institute In were furnished and a central school was "Also, to find one good girl who loves what Jerusalem; reads widely in his remaining created, "After four years as a teacher In the I love and to be married," he said. 20002 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE June 18, 1973 (Third of a series) do not agree, that fact is not a barrier be­ and platform heels and are beginning to CONTRADICTIONS IN IsRAELI LIFE tween us," Pnina said. "I am bothered by congregate at discotheques. something else. All these little signs reflect the normaliza­ (By Frank Premack) "When they eat, they eat without the ritual tion of a once ascetic and doctrinaire society. JERUSALEM.-Pnlna Klpn1lJ sees contradic­ washing of their hands. When they eat, they There is a relative prosperity in certain sec­ tiOlLS in Israel! society, contradictions she do not keep kosher. They live without any tions of the popUlation, and a groWing de­ has not resolved. holiness in their lives, and I feel strange sire for material comfort. She lB 25 and a sabra who sometimes feels when I am with them. I ask myself how they While the two-job ethic still dominates a close kinship with Israel! life and some­ can live like that, without any divinity in Israeli life, there Is a budding interest in times finds It foreign. Sometimes it is beau­ their lives." leisure. That Is best seen in the town center tiful and sometimes It rubs her the wrong Pnlna had a discussion "'lith the young of Tel Aviv, the district between Dizengoff way. couple about the question of their identity Square and Ben Yehuda St., a noisy, cosmo­ Her mixed feel!ngs are perhaps not com­ as nonreligious Jews. "They said they put politan center of shops and cafes that Is mon in a 25-year-old country that has been their trust in God, but there was no real neither Tel Aviv nor Israel, and not the life­ kept together by an Intense nationalist spirit, communication. I didn't want to argue with style of Pnina Kipnis. a pride In all things Israeli. But her mixed them, but,real belief is not just a point of There Is an almost wrenching, violent dif­ feelings clearly illustrate the counter cur­ view. To change from nonreligious to reli­ ference between the world of this town cen­ rents in Israell l!fe, the contradictions and gious to change the whole structure of your ter and life on a kibbutz or almost anywhere the confilcts: life. Orthodoxy Is not just a point ot View." else in Israel. People sit in outdoor sidewalk One chilly midnight In May she joined Not long ago she met a bay who wanted to cafes, actually killing time by drinking ca­ thousands of Israelis who crowded the nar­ date her. "He was attractive but he was not puccinos and espressos and leaflng through row, twisting streets of Jerusalem to watch religious and I just couldn't," she said. "I magazines. In the evenings the young peo­ the full-dress rehearsal of the mil!tary pa­ have a girl friend who sald, "Go marry him. ple, all looking casually modern, congregate rade that was to celebrate the nation's 25th He'll keep his way and you11 keep yours," outside the movie theaters, tirelessly waiting year of statehood. But, no, somcone who keeps himself hely and to absorb the lstest American films, which There had been much argument among learns all day, he's a different person from are frequentlY not the best of their kind. Israelis about that parade and whether a someone Who doesn't believe. There is a great deal of discussion among mUitary celebration was really the proper "I remember him asking me If I wasn't Israelis about the gilded youth of the towns. expression of what Israel Is all about. Yet jealous of nonrellgious girls because they Some do not even like to acknowledge its they crowded the sidewalks from midnight can wear pants Instead of skirts, and I said existence; some see it, do not like it and to the wee hours of the morning, giving up no, that It wasn't important to me. I told attribute It, rightly or wrongly, to a creeping precious hours of sleep, to gawk like chil­ him that orthodoxy Is not only a way of materialism~ dren at the tanks and the half-tracks and the life, it's part of your whole personality," Israelis can be very narrow and provincial arm-swinging and smart-stepping young Pina rejects the arranged marriages that in their attitUdes. Pnlna said she sees this men and young women. They came to see exist among some Jews in her quarter and and uses Israeli newspapers liS an example and It made no difference whether they ap­ particularly among the orthodoX in the of this provincialism. proved or not-the hawks and the doves, adjoining Hasidic neighborhood of Mea "It a Jew fell off a curb in New York and the young and old, rich and poor, atheists She'arim. "I can't simply marry any religious broke his foot, there'd be a story about it and Hasldim: a neat slice of Israeli life. boy," she said. "The basic relationships have in the Israeli newspapers," she said. "Or it Pnlne Kipnis went to see and this Is what to be the same, whether we are talking about someone made an anti-SeInitic remark in she felt. "I had so many mixed feelings. rellglous couples or nonrellgious couples," Detroit, It would find ita way Into print in There was the strength and there was the Pnlna Kipnis was away from home, away Israel. We are very selt-centered," she said, tension of war. It was a war country, and from Israel for five years, from Just before "but it Is needed here. It lB part of our it was not. The soldiers were a cohesive unit, the Six-Day War until a year ago. She lived survival," but each person in it was one person. There with an uncle In the suburbs of Detroit and There Is a narrowness, too, in her orthodoll: were the two realities in the street-the ob­ got a baehelor's degree in child psychology neighborhood. "Whatever I do, everyone else l!gation of the country and the country's from Wayne State University before she re­ knows about," she said. "Everyone makes it obligation to the individual. turned. The time away, and the year back his business to know what everyone else is "When the music came in the line of gave her an unusual perspective on Israell doing. There is no privacy here and it dis­ march it was a rellef. It was llke hoping the life. It changed her but has allowed her to turbs me very much," war character would change to song. The see the changes of the past few years in Sometimes, she said, she hates to go out for Jewish people have so much diversity and Israel very clearly. a walk in the neighborhood with her boy­ so many controversies that sometimes you This is what she sees: friend because it becomes small talk all over feel we need enemies to pUll us together," The Six-Day War was the first war for the neighborhood. she said. her generation. In the beginning, her friends Israel Is a small world. Pnlna could not go Pnina Kipnis lives in Geula, an orthodox regarded it as catastrophiC, but now her gen­ to the midnight parade rehearsal, or a book quarter of Jerusalem. Her father, a Russian eration knows it can. live with limited 1I1rars, fair, or the Walling Wall on a Friday night Immigrant who served In the Haganah, the with wars of short duration, just as it lives Without meeting most of the people she pre-Independence Jewish army, died when with occasional acts of terrorism. knows. "We have taken on the character of a she was 4; her mother, a Latvian, learned She finds herself thinking about bomb­ small town in the United States, where her husband's job as a statistician to support ings from time to time but manages to put everybody knows everybody, and that Is both the family. Both parents were Zionists who them out of her mind. "Otherwise," she said, good and bad. It's a small world, and it seems left Europe for Israei in the 1930s before "people could not go on living and they are that whatever you do affects somebody else," Hitler and the holocaust that resulted in living very normal lives," The closeness is felt espeCially in a religious the extermination of 6 million Jews. Whenever she goes shopping, or when circle, such as Pnina's, but exists in Israeli The family was neither very poor nor rich, she takes tlle bus to school or to her part­ society generally. Its existence has created a and certainly not destined to amass much time job, She mingles with the thousands of phenomenon that the Israelis call "pro­ materially after the father's death. They young Israell men in the army. They are In teksia," the influence one supposedly gets have remained in the three-room apartment uniform and they are armed with subma­ from liVing close enough to know govern­ of a nondescript building of Jerusalem stone, chine guns but she does not stare at them ment officials and bureaucrats. Some Israelis wedged in by other nondescript bUildings of or take particular notice of them. "It's not are fond of saying they don't have to pay the same stone on the sldestreet named frightening at ail to have armed Israeli sol­ their parking tickets or speeding fines be­ Zefanla. The apartment Is old and spotlessly diers in the streets. Just the opposite-it cause they "know someone." Whether that'll clean. Its decorations are few and its furni­ increases my sense of security," she said. actually the. case Is not the point; the fact ture is old-fashioned, but no one minds. There has been a very.considerable increase Is that many Israelis believe it is. Pnlna grew up with a love for Judaism in material well-being in the past few years. There is a surface rudeness to dally life and orthodoxy that Is enmeshed in every de­ Pnlna said she was struck by that change in Israeli cities and Pnlna Kipnis notices it tail of her life. She knows nonobservant Jews more than any other. and is of two Ininds about it. She had no­ from her classes at the University of Tel Aviv, "It's not that people didn't want material ticed, shlce her return from the United where she commutes by bus to work on a things before, but that they now had these States, that young people have stripped many master's degree; she even has acquaintances things, the cars, the refrigerators, the wash­ niceties from their conversationa and man­ ing machines. People have always wanted ners. She is very proud of being Israeli and among het non-religious classmates. But she them, and now they have them." of other Israelis but now finds some of the does not feel close to them. There is a gulf The material changes show up in a host behavior abrupt and bordering on the rude. between Pnlna Kipnis, the only religious girl of little ways: In so many cars and buses On the other hand, she attributes that to a in her class of 20, and the nonobservant stu­ in Tel Aviv that tlle government this spring worthy goal of wanting to strip lite of any dents, just as there is between most religious decided to plan a SUbway. In the television phony veneer, and she mentions the pasted­ and nonobservant Jews in Israel. antennas that have sprouted like wire weeds on smlles of Americans as an example of that The gult can be seen in the way she talks atop the buildings, even the buildings of veneer. about one girl she knows particularly well the Old City of Jerusalem ... Among the "Young Israelis are Interested in tile es­ in her class. The girl lives unmarried with women who no longer have to be content sentials, not in surface politeness, especially her boyfriend. with two dresses, and the teen-agers whose if that surface lB forced," she said, "I can understand that, and although I clothes show the ..'ery latest In CUffed flares Criticism of the government has become a June 18, 1973 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 20003 national pastime, perhaps the national pas­ He spent three months on a Ship packed a Palmach commando, recognizes the change tlme."Consensus Is·not that •important ex­ with 1,600 Jews seeking illegal entry, with and Is prepared to deal with it. cept in periods of crisis, at times of war, and little. food or anything else, dodging the "To bridge the gap," he said, "we h,."e we are not at war at. the moment," Pnina British patrol boats, looking for a way given the young ones the power to decide for said. But there Is a strong feeling of natiO!lal through, until the British captured them themselves. It we hadn't, they wouldn·t be unity, of nationalism. Wblle it's dandy for near Cyprus. The ship was escorted to the with us. It's as simple as that:' Israelis to attack the government, IsraeliS shores of Palestine, and the British made KIBBUTZ KFAR BLUM, ISRAEL take a dim view of outsiders saying the very plans to deport them. The Haganah decided So'adia Gelb is 60 years old, a middle-aged same things. to set off a controlled explosion aboard the klbbutznlk with battered black shoes and The world of Pnina. Kipnis is changing and ship, enough to Immobilize it and keep it and gray, shapeless trousers. has changed much In the past few years. She the illegal immigrants in Palestine. The ex­ Gelb came to Minneapolis from Poland with 1S a worldly orthodox girl whose sophistica­ plosion was too powerful. It kUled 250 Jews his family when he was 12, grew up on the tion has caused her to have mixed feelings and the ship sank. Noy and the rest of the North Side and was graduated from the Uni­ about Israeli society. survivors were stripped of their clothes, sent versity of Minnesota in 1933. He knocked She Is not at all troubled, however, by her to a prison camp and deported. about all over the United States for 13 year;;, g.:;;;.is of marriage and children and playing "We were depressed," he said with his cus­ married a Minneapolis girl, fathered three the traditional role of an orthodox woman In tomary understatement, "It was a very diffi­ children and decided in a moment of pure raising a famlly. She sees no conflict In hav­ cult tin"le, and we were depressed." Zionism to take them all to Israel. ing a career and that role as the keeper of A year and a half later Noy returned to Gelb ended up as a farmer at Kfar Blum, family life. Some Israeli women do, and they Palestine with a Czech army group tilat was a kibbutz in the Upper Galilee. ·are beginning to complain about It. supposed to become pilots. He disappeared "When we came here there were tho\lSands The complalnts came out this spring at a shortly after arrival and joined the klbbtuz of Arabs in the valley," he said. "Our rela­ Hebrew University symposium on "The Sta­ In 1942. tions were quite good. We couldn't have come t\lS of Women In Israeli Universities." Wha.t "When I came to Kfar Ruppin," he said, otherwise. They kept the high ground (the the IsraeU women said at the meeting could "there were tents, a few barracks, swamps Golan Heights) and looked upon us as fools. have been said by a gathering of female and malaria. We slept in the communal We pitched our tents In the swamps. They academicians at the University of Minnesota. shower rooms at night because it was too sold us manure and thought we were "ery The view that emerged from the dlsc\lS­ hot in the tents. But you managed, If you foolish to buy it." slons is that university women are asked to were a little Idealistic .. ." Thirty-nine of the first 40 settlers of Kfar play a double role as mothers and profes­ Noy joined the Palmach and became a com­ Blum contracted malaria, but they slowly sionals but IsraeU society doesn't allow them mando, then an instructor of commandos transformed the swamps into fields of cotton, to compete on equal terms with men. and finally was sent under cover to Cyprus groves of citrus and forage for a herd of The usual kinds of statistics were clted­ to instruct interned Jews In how to sneak cattle. almost half of the students stUdying for into Palestine. Kfar Blum has gone through nine distinct bachelor's degrees and graduating are women, When Palestine became Israel he fought stages of housing, from the settlers' tents to while 27 percent of those getting MAs are in. the Jerusalem corridor. He met his wife In the reinforced concretp,· structure now being women and 13 percent of the Ph. Ds are the War of Independence, and they have built for teen-agers; from outhouses to flush women. Twenty-five of the 500 professors are raised three children on tlie kibbutz. toilets, and from chronic dysentery to a women and six of the 190 full professors Kfar Ruppln is the border settlement disease-free existence. are women. closest to the border In the Galllee. When the Those are dramatic changes, very visible One woman, a university administrator, Six-Day War ended In 1967, the kibbutz was to the old-timers like Gelb. Those changes said she encountered no overt discrimination shelled for three years on an almost da.ily have taken decades. But theTe are other but wondered if she didn't always "look side­ basis by Arab terrorists operating out of changes, more recent changes, and, while less ways" at'her husband's status so as not to Jordan. That time was called the War of At­ visible, these later changes seem to be having outrun him and felt it was very difficult to be trition, the time when the trenches were dug, a more profound impact than the changes both a good mother and a hard-working pro­ the underground shelters were constructed that took decades. fessional. and the children were moved into them. "As we progress economically." Gelb said, The discussion ended with Dr. Rlvka Bar The children lived underground for those "the more you have, the more you need and Yose!. a sociologist who moderated the dls­ tllree years, while the teen-agers and adults the more you want. We used to stay up all c\lSSio11, saylng, "Why sho\tldn't husbands tried to live as normal a life as possible. "We night arguing and talking theory. But not make good fathers, too." discovered," Noy said, "that they cannot any more. For one thing, with the changed break you." economic status you can't be an idealist all (Fourth in a series) It external threats have not caused the kib­ of the time. You get much more practical. butz to change. then the normalcy of the past LIFE ON A KmBUTZ HAS CHANGED It Isn't that our ideology has changed so few years has. (Bt Frank Premack) much; it's less conscious; we do things now "Today," Noy said, "we are less idealistic, out of need and normalcy, and the kids are KIBBUTZ KFAB RUPPIN, ISRAEL.-The tar more practical than we were when I came. much more practical than we were, so much trenches are covered at Kfar Ruppln, ami But I do not regret that." And, as it to prove so tilat many people think they are not Yacob Noy's children no longer live under­ his point, he took his visitor to a community interested in ideology at all. ground at this Jordan River kibbutz. room In midafternoon and produced espresso "Well, they may not be theoreticians, and Grass and flowers grow in the commons and ample slices of pastry cake. there may be much less theorizing and much that was criBB-crossed by the trenches, and "We are becoming more practical with the less vocalizing, b\lt the kids come through In on6 of the underground concrete shelters passing of time," he said, "but we are still a crisis and there Is much more doing," Gell:> has been converted into a discotheque for more idealistic than the cities. You have to said. the teen-agers. remember," he said without any bitterness, KIBBUTZ ElN HARon IHUD, ISRAEL Yacob Noy and the other men of tile kib­ "that While we were being shelled for three butz \tsed to make twlce-dally patrols of the years they were dancing and eating In Tel Renne Frank, 34, came from Golden Valle" barbed wire that separates the kibbut~and Aviv." to this prosperous kibbutz in the Jezreel Israel-from Jordan. Now when Noy and his "If a kibbutz and the kibbutz movement Valley five years ago with her husband. wife go to the wire at the crack of dawn, It does not change with the time," he said "then Moshe, 38, and their three children. They Is to watch the brilliantly plumed birds, not there is something that is wrong, very Intended to stay a year but after a few to look for tile mlnes or tile Arab terrorists wrong. You must grow with the time. Our months decided to stay, period, who once put them in tile ground.. children like cars. TVs, luxuries and you must Eln Harod Thud Is lush and lovely, a bit Life has changed at Kfar Ruppln, just as it give them to them. But we try to teach them like Golden Valley around tile creek, and not has in all of Israel in the past few years. not to want too much luxury. We say, 'If at all a difficult place to live. Us prosperity. The kibbutz movement has spread to 230 somebody can have all of the luxuries, let and what has happened in the five years locations. but only 4 percent of Israel's popu­ them have them.' " the Frank family has lived there, are exam­ lation takes part in this unusual experiment The first ideas and the Initial Ideals of do­ ples of what is happening in the klbb\ltz movement, in all of Israel. in communal living. Klbbutzniks are a de­ Ing without during the time when the ma­ clining fraction of the popUlation (they once Originally agricultural, Wltll grapefruit, laria swamps were turned into orange groves cotton, sugar beets, alfalfa, olives and cows. were 9 percent) but tiley cOlltinue to hold a ha"e given way to different Ideas and ideals­ diSproportionate share of the positions of po­ the kihbutz still has all of those things-but just as tile orange groves have been supple­ its biggest money-maker Is its stainless steel litical and military leadership (at least 20 mented with lndustl'les: just as TV has made percent). . plant. It has become Industrialized, just like So the kibbutzins are important. and what its way to tile kibbutz; just as the old leader­ the whole of Israeli soelety. has happened and Is happening to them 11­ ship Is recognlzlng the wishes of the young. There have been other changes, not per­ lustrates where Israeli society has been and It was bound to happen, and it has hap­ haps, Important In theJIlselves, but sympto­ Is going. pened quickly, In the span of 25 years of matic and symbolic of more important Ta.ke Yacob Noy and Kfa!' Ruppin. for ex­ statehood. although not quickly enough for changes. ample. Born In Czechoslovakia, Noy was many young Israelis. It is happening as it is Television, for one. "There were two sets orphaned as a. child. joined the Zionist youth happenlng in tile rest 01 Israeli society. when we came," Mrs. Frank said. "Then there movement as a teen-ager and became an il­ Yacob Noy, a short, stOCky man who now Is was one in the cultural center, then one In legal immigrant at the age of 18 in 1939. in charge of kibbutz transport and once was the dining room and the coffeehouse and 20004 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE Jzuze 18, 1973 then people began buying their own sets. rated with the fine wood-cut prints he made used for sunning, but for sleeping, for sepa­ Our kibbutz is kind of liberal and not much In his early 20s, He has made none since, rating some of the wall-to-wall mattresses. was said when a few people bought sets on probably because he is too tired from his Large famUies packed Into small apart­ the side. But then a few more bought TVs dawn-to-dusk job on the kibbutz as fixit­ ments are but one symptom of the problems and then a few more and then eventually the man and garbage hauler. of Oriental Jews in Israel. There are other kibbutz decided to buv them for everyone. But he is not unhappy about his job or problems-juvenile delinquency, crime com­ The same thing happelled with electric tea­ about living on the rebuilt kibbutz, a craggy mitted by teen-agel's, prostitution among kettles and refrigerators and radios. Now it's outpost with few of the niceties of a to\\'Il, young girls and formation of gangs. TVs.'· let alone a city. He and his wife reject ma­ The problems do not exist to the degree There was a stage at Ein Harod Ihud, as terial things and values to a very high de­ that they do in an American city. The pov­ there has been at all of the kibbutzim, during gree. and they have become deeply tanned erty from which they spring is not that of which the elders carped abollt the easy life and toughened at Kfar Etzion. an American Indian reservation or a black of the young. But that stage has passed at To them, as well as the few dozen others ghetto, but Israelis find any kind of poverty Ein Harod. and younger couples in their 30s on the hilltop, Kfar Etzion Is Israel. To Myron intolerable. They are also finding it hard to and early 40s are clearly in charge, Joshua. as well as the others, there is a very cure. They have brought more sig!lificant distinct difference between Israeli national­ Take the garbage in Shmuel Hanavl. The changes tban teakettles and TVs: ism and Jewish nationalism. walkways and gutters of Shmuel Hanavi are Young couples have caused the kibbutz to And Myron Joshua sees himself as a Jewish filled with trash, and small boys frequently change its poliey on the raising of little chil­ nationalist. "I see, like many young ortho­ set it on fire. The garbage Is an old problem. dren. Instead of living in children's houses dox. a renewed interest in religion In the and no one has solved it. Not the families away from their parents, they now live at young Israelis." he said. "A return to the who do not like it, because they think that home. sources ... whether it be in the archeology all fa.mllies should stop littering and the "The needs of the pioneers were different:' of Yigael Yadin (who directed the Masada city should clean what is there. Not the city, 1\1rs. Frank said. "They had to go out in the Expedition), or the interest of the young in because the administration believes the fam­ fields to work and they couldn't take the ,Jewish history or biblical study or what have ilies should clean it up. And not the land­ little children with them. But mothers have you. It all has a religious character." lords, because they feel it's a problem for the decided they like raising their own kids and But Myron Joshua is not totally pleased city and tenants to solve. want them at home when they are little. It's Wit;l every aspect of Israeli society. Although The garbage of Shmuel Hanavl is a little a change in ideology." his orthodoxy plays a very key role in his problem. There are bigger problems-the Young people are becoming increasinglY life. he is not at all certain to vote for reli­ problems of integrating Western and Orien­ interested in advanced education and;n find­ gious party candidates in next fall's elections. tal Jews. Two major integration efforts are ing their principal interest in their occupa­ "The religious parties," he said, "must start under way in Shmuel Hanavi. and they are tion, rather than in simply working at any to concern themselves with tIle broad social characteristic of the efforts being used every­ job on the kibbutz. issues, with poverty and class distinctions, where else in Israel to close the gap. "So far," Mrs. Frank said. "they have been not simply with whether people should or One is a community center designed to returning from the universities to the kib­ should not ride public transportation on the bring together the people of Shmuel Hanayi butz, but it's far too early to tell whether Sahbath. and the people of Ramat Eshkol. Another is this will continue to happen in the future, "Getting our own homeland is no solution the integration of the school systems of whether the kibbutz wlll be able to absorb for all the rest of the problems that alnict Shmuel Hanavi and Ramat Eshkol. Both are their specialized work interests." mankind. Like death and taxes," Joshua based on the belief that the gap will be The kibbutzim have turned to ')utsiders said. gradually closed only through massive edu­ for certain work and have accepted them as cational efforts. nonmembers who live in the communal So far, neither attack has been a smash­ society. (Fifth in a series) ing success. But they are new attacks by a The Franks are not members of the kib­ JEWS WHO LIVE IN POVERTY government of Western leadership that once hutz but have been welcomed Into it as paid (By Frank Premack) naively thought the gap would disappear workers. Moshe Frank Is the kibbutz dentist; by Itself in a generation or two. Mrs. Frank is the dental assistant and cul­ JJ,;RUSALEM.-Three generations of the fam­ ily of Moshe Schraga live in three cramped Some Oriental Jews explain thelrdlln­ tural affairs director. cultles and disappointments by attributing KIBBUTZ KFAR ETZ[ON~ ISRAI-;L rooms in the apartments of Shmuel Hanavi, a neighborhood in Jerusalem. Shmuel Hana­ them to deliberate discrimination. by the The road between Jerusalem and Kfar Et­ vi means Samuel the Prophet in the Hebrew Westerners who control the political, social zion has the twists and 'turns of a pretzel language, but it means poverty for the Ori­ and economic life of Israel. There is little gone berserk. ental Jews who live there. evidence of that. Twenty-five years ago. when the new state It is not the only neigbhorhood of poor What has happened is that Israel,· which of Israel decided that Kfar Etzion was the Oriental Jews in Jerusalem, or in Israel. opened Its gates to all Jews regardless of vital outpost on Jerusalem's southern flank, There are otllers, but they are not markedly origin, received waves of immigrants who the road was half its present width. That was different, and Israelis candidly acknOWledge were ill-adapted to its Western needs and when a convoy sent to relieve Kfar Etzlon that the problems of theShmuel Hanavis are Western il1Stitutlons and who came at a was ambushed and destroyed, when Kfar Et­ the most pressing problems of Israel. time when the country was just beginning zion Itself was wiped out. to recover from war and the chaos of inde­ The crux of these problems is what the pendence. Abraham had grazed his flocks on the Israelis call the gap, the disparity between ridges leading to the barren, wind-swept hill­ They came from Asia and North Africa­ top of Kfar Etzlon, and the orthodox Jews Western Jews who first settled the country from Morocco, Tunisia, Iraq, Iran, Yemen, who came to build an agriCUltural commu­ and the Oriental Jews who have since become Turkey, Libya and Syria; they came from nity were as dedicated to combining a rigor­ a majority. societies and cultures of poverty, backward­ ous observance of the Torah with a collec­ Moshe Schraga can see the gap every day ness, slow rhythm of life and lack of interest tive existence as they were to defending the from the windows of his apartment. Right in soclal striving and upward moblllty. outpost from Arab irregulars. Women and next to the low-slung, ugly-looking and gar­ They found themselves lifted out of Thh'd children wej'e evacuated, and the men stayed bage-strewn apartments of Shmuel Hanavi World countrieS and dumped into a rapidly to be annihilated In the 1948 War of Inde­ are the neat new towns of Ramat Eshkol, a developing Western society created by the pendence. neighborhood of American and Western Eu­ first Immigrants from Europe and America. The land became the Arabs' and remained ropean immigrants. They llave far more And they found that they were encouraged that way until retaken by the Israelis in the money and goods, far better jobs and educa­ to have the large famllles that their par­ Six-Day War of 1967. Not long after, the two­ tion, than Moshe Schraga and his family. ents, and parents' parents had; they found dozen children of the men who died at Kfar Most of the families of Shmuel Hanavl that encouragement in a national polley of Etzlon returned to rebuild it. They have been have 5 to 10 children. They must Iiye in the population growth that still exists as anim­ joined by a handfUl of other young couples, same size apartments as the much smaller portant security goal in a small nation of men and women In their 20s and early 30s families of Ramat Eshkol. TIle Moshe Sch­ Jews surrounded by many times more Arabs. who demonstrate dally that pioneering Is not raga family has 9 members: Schraga and At first the government was not at all quite dead in the Israel of 1973. his wife, who left Iran 40 years ago; their prepared to help create a true melting pot. Among them are Myron Joshua. 25, born six children, all horn in Israel, and a grand­ It wanted to, but it didn't have the means. and raised on Minneapolis's North Side; his son. Then It believed It could create one in short wife, Hindy, 24, from New York City, and When the mattresses are spread on the order. their two children, girls of 6 months and 2;" floor and beds at night, there is no room to Now its thinking Is along the realistic lines years. walk ahout, no sexual privacy. There Is so expressed by such people as Menachem Sad­ Myron and Hindy Joshua were settled in little room that the married son sleeps at insky, the director of the three-year-old com­ Kfar Etzion after a ~'ear's visit in Israel and home and his wife sleeps with her parents. munity center serving Shmuel Hanavl and because of their strong desire, as orthodox There is so little room that Mrs. Schraga Ramat Eshkol. Jews. to live on one of the dozen or so reli­ fixes on it as her main problem in life and "We tried to impose Western standards, to gious kibbutZim. says to any Visitor, no matter what his func­ force them on these people," she said. "We Joshua was an art major in college. and tion, "Please. Do us a favor. Please make us were trying to have integration In two years the walls of their spare apartment in the a little porch." If a balcony were attached when it takes 200 years. These people. the lean environment of Kfar Etzion are deco- to the Schraga apartment it would not be people of Shmuel Hanavl, were clearly un- June 18, 1973 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 23005 able to adopt the Western socIal conven­ They dIvIded the ground by families, by to sec that they get In the proper classes; she tions. overnight. Imagine the breakdo...-n In clans, by tribes. The women, clad in the does their paper worl, and arranges their gov­ socIal structure when you tell them such brightest of shawls, produced endless ernment grants; she helps them solve their things as that women are the equal or men. amounts of food from the yellow plastic little problems and arranges social life among "They were lost. On the one hand, they babies' bathtUbs they used to transport It. the new RussIan Immigrants and between the were told that their old traditIons were no Teen-agers produced Instruments and in­ new RussIans and the Israelis. "Most import_ good. And then, on the other hand, we gave stant musIc and dance. ant of all," she said, "Is being theIr friend." them nothing but ImitatIons of Western life There were young and there were old, and In the afternoons she lea'res the office at just thin veneer, and of course that does not they produced an astonishIng tumult. At the absorption center and goes out In the stand up under the hard rubbIng of Israeli dusk they went home--to Shmuel Hanavl and communIty to talk to the new Imm!<'rant life:' all the other Shmuel Hanavis of Israel, women. Walk with her and you w1l1 se~ the Sadinsky has no lIlusions about what has children. They greet her warmly, step what been accomp.!lshed at .the community center. they are doIng to chat and come to her with It has a nIce building, put up wIth the money (Sixth In a series) every Imaginable problem. "Even their gyne­ solicited by the .Jewish Agency from a wealthy A YOUNG WOMAN WHO ENJOYS ARMY LIFE cologIcal problems," Erica said. American Jew. And It has consIderable usage. (By Frank Premack) Stop wIth her at the apartment of the F-ur­ But it has difficulty·ln attracting, and hold­ manksy family, the home of Mrs. Anna Fur­ Ing, the parents and chlldren from Ramat DIMONA, ISRAEL.-Erlca DavIdovich wears the short skirt, shirt and sandals of a young mansky, 48; her husband, Gersh. 54, and their Eshkol. They seem to come with a reluctance daughter, Vera, 17. They came from the that reminded a VisItor of the reluctance of woman in the Israeli army when she works as an unschooled socIal worker among new Soviet Union to Dimona three months ago, many MInneapolis parents to send their chll­ and their problems are the problems of the dren to schools Integrated by paIring. Immigrants In the Negev. She Is 19 and grew up In suburban Tei Soviet Jews who are coming to Israel. "Integration does not come from a build­ Furmansky Is not at home in the after­ lng," Sadlnsky said. "It comes from withIn AvIv with the notion that nearly every young Israeli must serve In the army. ErIca, like noons; he Is at the factory where bedspreacls people and It's a very, very slow process." are made and where he does a simple job. In Nor does It come any more easily from sim­ most Israelis, accepts that notion and feels she Is doing clvlllan work In a m111tary uni­ Russia he was a skilled worker in a furnIture ply combining neighborhood schools. Israeli factory, and hIs new job is not what he likes socIologists and social workers discuss the form. . "For me and the others," she said, "thls to do, but it Is a Job. successes and failures or school integration The daughter Is not at home, either, but In terms that agaIn remInd an American vIsi­ IS not a military service but a national serv­ Ice. We are gIving thIngs and doing things at school where she Is finishing her last year tor of home. School integration In Israel before matriculation. Language Is a problem seems to be workIng faIrly well In neIghbor­ that perhaps we woUld not give and do other­ hoods where teachers and parents were well wise. I don't feel I am missing anything In for her, and she Is goIng to special classes life by serving In the army. We are doing Im­ conducted In RussIan rather than Hebrew trained and prepared beforehand; It seems to so she can finish on schedule. be workIng least well Where It was Installed portant work, and I'm content with my work, rapIdly Without preparatIon. I enjoy It, and I feel very strongly that I'm Anna Furmansky Is home at the new three­ room apartment that Is almost barren of It education Is the key, then the gap be­ doing something more than If I were a secre­ tween OrIental and Western Jews Is enor­ tary in Tel Aviv." furniture. She Is taking care or a little boy mous. Six percent of the OrIental young Erica Davidovich works and Ilves with other the son of a brother, while both parents woric' young Israeli army women In the develop­ She serves tea and tells why there Is IJ~ people finish high school and go to a unI­ furnIture yet. versIty; 38 percent of the Western young ment town of Dlmona In the desert. They people enter a university. befriend, help, teach and live among new "It was very diffiCUlt for us to leave,'; she There are rew success stories In Shmuel immigrants, now maInly Soviet Jews who said. "We had to pay much money (the Soviet Hanavl, perhaps because most of the resIdents have been settled In Dlmona and are 'caus­ 'education tax' extracted from Jews who want are overwhelmed by personal problems and ing Its popUlation to swell. to leave) and we had to walt many months the problems of dally living. New immigrants have problems-forms to before we could come. We were able to bring And there Is little leadershIp among the fill out, bureaucratic red tape to cut through, no money. We brought nothing, really:' neighborhood's resIdents to provIde the spark a new language to learn, a new culture to Mrs. Furmansky,llke all of her mIddle-aged for organizing and plannIng a better life. The absorb-and Israel Is using Its army to help neighbors, spoke no Hebrew when she arrived social workers say they thInk It Is there, but solve those problems. It is not the only use In Israel; and, llke many of her neighbors of the army, but It Is characteristic of the speaks no Hebrew now. She does not go to th~ when a visitor asked to meet 'With the com­ classes for older Immigrants. munIty's leaders, a 10-year-old gIrl was pro­ way the army Is used in Israel and of its duced. She had made a list of the chlldren civlllan nature beneath Its mllltary garb. . ErIca knows why and speaks calmly, in­ in her block, and had decided to check dally The army women at Dlmona are an ex­ slghtfully and without rancor about It to see If they had scrubbed their hands. periment, one that seems to be working well ::She feels she's too old to learn:' Erica said: The few residents who have made It in in two key areas of Israeli life--finding use­ That Is not true, or course, but that Is what Western Israeli society are among the most ful national tasks for young people and help­ she feels and what she feels Is what Is Im­ eager to move out of Shmuel Hanavi. ing new immigrants to get rooted. portant and what we must deal wIth. Hcr One such man, the father of two children, Dlmona is not a pretty town, and It Is not husband works and doesn't have time to put It this way: "When I grew up in Iraq I an easy place in which to live. Its bUildings learn during the day. He feels he Is too tired was so afraid of the Arabs that I didn't go and apartments refiect the standard ugli­ to go to classes at night. That may not be out much as a child. Now, in Shmuel Hanavi ness of Israeli architecture, and Its desert true, but that Is what he feels. I don't like to selid my chlldren outsIde be~ locatIon makes It SUbject to sandstorms and "The daughter Is learning Hebrew at cause I am afraId that they 'Will pIck up bad 120-degree temperatures. school, but Is finishing high school In the habits from the other children. I know I Erica's life In Dlmona Is an example of RussIan language and will need time to catch can't keep my kIds indoors forever, and now ~ow the army has become a key institution up. But she Is learnIng and she wIII catch un In Hebraiclzlng the diverse peoples of Israel. She Is our hope. She wlll become an Israeli,; that they are growing I don't want to live Erica said. ' here anymore. The army Is an artificIal melting pot for "There's a group of teen-agers who take the children of the immigrants. It takes re­ Erlca Davidovich's parents came to Israel hashish under the stairs: I know because ligious and nonobservant Jews, the well-off from RumanIa, and she knows from them I've seen them. I remember when they first and the poor, Oriental Jews and Western some of the problems of new Immigrants. She started takIng dope. They were 12. Now they Jews; It puts them together without distinc­ has a year left of her 20-month army service are 17 and the problem will grow worse and tion or segregatIon, makes them mingle and and would llke to finish it with the new Im­ worse. Maybe that 'Will help you understand works them hard. It provides academic in­ migrants in Dlmona. Her army work will Why I want to take my famlly out of here. structIon for those who need It, and It Is yet carry over into her civlllan life. She Intends Not for me, but for my chlldren:' another. place Where the Hebrew language, to go to a unIversIty, get a degree In socle,l Amidst all the problems of Shmuel Hanavi the natIonal language for Immigrants from work and then find a Job In an absorption Is a warmth that Is quickly felt by a visitor. 102 countries, can be learned. center for new Immigrants, whoever they Enter any apartment building and there are Those things are done within the army may be by that time. countless offers of endless cups 01 tea and Itself, and now the army Is also being used The Imprint that Is being left by army plates of cookies, a hospitality laId on as to Hebraicize new immigrants. to help them serVIce on Erica Is not unusual. The girls she richly as Its poor residents can pOssibly become absorbed Into Israel life. The army lives and works with in Dlmona have all been afford. girls at Dlmona teach Hebrew to the middle­ influenced In similar ways. Or go to the Malmouna, a festival gather­ aged and elderly Immigrants, teach Inuni­ One afternoon six of Erica's coworkers Ing of 50,000 Moroccan Jews who completely grant children In the public schools and act gathered during their work break in the filled a huge park in Jerusalem at the con­ as social welfare workers fOl' new immigrants apartment shared by four o{ them, the usual clusion of Passover. with problems. three rooms in a bUilding of 1mmIgrant {am­ They came by rattling bus from the cIty Erica works the customary six days a week. llIes. They drank tea and relaxed and chatted. and the surrounding villages and towns and She starts at 8 a.m. In the office, or earlier 1f EventUally they got into a serious discussion cre~ted a noisy, motley fair that expressed she is bringing new Immigrants from the air­ of their lives and Israeli llfe. an exchange of great ethnic prIde. They sang and shouted, port. She finishes late at night, sometimes as beBefs that represented a microcosm of the ate and danced, drank without getting late as 11 p.m. She takes new immigrants to th1n1t1ng of young people. drUnk. their first jobs and theIr children to school, All six are sabras, all six are In the army 20006 CONGRESSIONAi RECORD''':'':''S::ENA'TE JiiYll,e c 1S,' 1973' and are working among the new immigrants Some people have to believe in something, now they have found that life in Israel can at Dlmona: but I don't:' be hard, too. A few of the new 1=lgrants Tsila Sharaby, 21, an orthodox Yemenlte Tally: "I can't really answer. It's something became so dissatisfied that they left, and a from Tel Aviv, assists in teaching a first­ , I've been thinking about day and night, but very few of those who left returned to the grade class in an elementary school. She de­ I can't answer yet:' Soviet Union. fied her parents' orthodoxy by volunteering MaIka: "I don't believe in a god, but I be­ The family at Ramle will stay. They have for military service when most orthodox girls lieve that as a Jew I am a man. I see the word problems, but, like most of the new immi· elect to be excused from conscription because as something whIch Includes us all here. I grants, they will not go back. The lives and of religious beliefs. really think that being here in Lsrael is what the problems of the family at Ramle are a Orna Goldberg, 20, from Beersheba, works really unites us:' clear illustration of the lives and problems with young inlmigrants with psychological Michel: "I agree, and I feel that every Jew of this latest wave of new immigrants. problems. has to be here in Israel. A Jew has got a Never mind their names. They left relatives Maya Shteinberg, 21, from Tel Aviv, teaches special character, a special way. We have to behind when they came to Israel, and they Hebrew to adult immigrants. develop this character, this unity. We haven't fear, rightly or wrongly, that if their names MaIka Cohen, 20, Ashkelon, teaches an ele­ done It so far because of our walls, our se· were published their relatives would never be mentary class. curity conditions and our problems, the permitted to leave. Tally Makovsky, 19, Beersheba, Is a lieu­ problems between religious and nonreligious They are the mother, 46; her husband In tenant and the girls' boss. people, and the fact of the Diaspora. But his 60's; their daughter, 22, and her husband, Michel Ben-David, 20, Petnh Tikva, is Tally while there are problems to Jewish unity, 28. The daughter and the son-In-law met en Makovsky's assistant. there are many elements of unity. There Is route to Israel in a transit camp In Vietnam. They talked for several hours and they the common knowledge of the Old Testa­ They were married a month later in Israel' talked about such things as the generation ment as a living book, as history. There Is and she is now pregnant. gap In Israel. knowledge of the country, through walking The father had been married before. His Maya: "My father is 56, my mother 53. the length and breadth of this land, not by first wife and his parents were killed in a They were born in China and my father came driving. There are the holidays which are not Nazi concentration camp in 1942. here when he was 22, when he was still only religious in character but national, na­ The mother and her 11 brothers and sisters young; my mother came later. They were tionalistic:' were taken to Auschwitz In 1944. Four sur­ marrIed here. Tsl!a: "When I see a Jew I see a man who vived-herself, one sister and two brothers. "My mother is nothing like me. She was has been living in Eretz Ylsrael and who gives Each managed to get to Israel, where one, educated and cultured r.broad. I think dif­ of himself for the people and the country. of her brothers was killed serving in the ferently from the way she does, about educa­ As an example, I could give you my parents, Haganah during the 1948 War of Independ­ tion, about life, about the behavior of young who live in Israel, didn't want theIr daughter ence. He was 18 at the time and had been people. For example, until I went to the army, to go to the army but gave of themselves by in the country only three weeks. she didn't think a girl could spend any days letting her go. The mother and her husband, a store­ or nights away from home. But now she's "And I also see a Jew as the man who be­ keeper, applied for exit from the Soviet Union used to it; I've educated her. It was hard for lieves in God, who knows the religion, the for 16 years. They were permitted to leave, her to understand that a girl could spend Torah and who keeps the Commandments, when he reached retirement age and de­ some days away on a trip. the instructions and is bound together with veloped a heart ailment that prevented him "My father is very liberal. a very under­ other Jews by that. from working. standing person. He's open, open to under­ "And I see Jews who live abroad. Some The daughter and son-in-law were sent to standing new ways of life, so I can talk with of them, from the religious point of view, a kibbutz for two months, the older couple' him. But there are many people like my are Jews, but from a national point of views to an absorption center for new Immigrants. mother In Israel, especially when you talk they are not and will not be until they The four now live together In a standard' about girls." are here." three-room apartment. The young couple has Orna: "Both of us-my parents and my­ Orna: "I feel I am a Jew. Jewish history been promised an apartment in Petah T1kva, selt-want to be happy and content. We is part of me, it Interests me and maybe where the son-in-law works, but it has not, mostly think you can gain this In about the whatever has happened to Jews didn't happen been built yet. same ways. There are differences, but they to me but I identify with them. When the four of them came to Israel they are not principal differences. They say they "I feel I am a Jew because I was born In heard there was a language called Hebrew thought the same as I when they were my Israel and grew up here, and even though but they knew nothing about It. In the past, age, and that I will change when I get older. I'm not religious, every holiday Is felt and year they have learned little of the limguage, My father thinks I care about too many I know Why It is celebrated. and still do not converse in It. That is one of thing~, that I'm fighting too many things, "I believe that the most important thing their problems, for it limits their contacts in too many battles that can't be won, too many a Jew can do is to come to Israel. I can't un­ Israeli life to other Soviet Immigrants. They things that can't be changed. There are dif­ derstand Jews who don't want to come here. have no close friends outside the family. ferences, but I don't feel the same way Maya It's such a natural combination-to be a The father is unable to work, so he has does." Jew and to be an Israeli." little to do. The mother and daughter sew Tslla: "There are many differences of opln­ Maya: "That may be natural but to start and peg bedspreads at home. The son-in­ ;on between my parents and myself, but at anew is very hard, certainly very hard at first law coaches and plays on a handball team, the end we try to reach a compromise on for any immigrant. But, then, I think they the same job he had In Lithuania. each one of them. Sometimes I give and discover that it's harder to be a Jew in some The older couple scarcely partake of Is­ sometimes they give. But there has been one other country, that it's like being two parts raeli life but they have adjusted better to time where we didn't reach a compromise at of one thing. living in Israel and have fewer complaints all. "When I was in Germany on a trip a wom­ than the younger couple. "My parents didn't want me to go to the an sat next to me on the bus. We talked A conversation the four had among them-' army. Not only because of their orthodox for a while, quite pleasantly, untl! I told her selves one day illustrated the difference be­ religious beliefs but because they believed I was from Israel. Then she said, 'Oh, a Jew,' tween the generations. that the army Is where 'good' girls get 'spoil­ and I said, 'Yes,' and she moved to another The mother: "I have no regrets, there Is ed' (lose their reputations for chastity, If not seat. She talked very nice until she found no way back. Of course it is difficult, but it their Virginity). They thought I would meet that I was a Jew. That happened in Germany would be difficult to move from one place a different type of life than at home, even a but It could happen anywhere. Anywhere ex­ to another in the U.!'.S.H., it would even be different morality, and certainly more boys. cept Israel. You can go around here with cLfficult to move to America." They also thought It was a waste of time. your head up, you needn't be afraid. The father: "I, too, have no regrets, al-, "But they have changed their minds, slow­ "I'm not religious, not me and not my though we were not poorly off in the U.S.S.H. ly and at least partly, If not completely. They parents. But we are Jews. We are Israelis." I was fed up with our fate; there was no have become convinced because they see that guarantee that Auschwitz WOUldn't happen I want to be a teacher and teaching here in (Last In a series) again, this time in the Sov:et Union. Here, the army will give me seniority when I get FROM AUSCHWITZ TO ISRAEL it Is difficult and there are many little out; and they know that I have not been problems, but here you're standing with a 'spoiled' as a young girl In the army." (By Frank Premack) gun In your hand and if they hit you, you Tsila's last remark, the euphemism she RAMLE, ISRAEL.-Numbers are tattooed on can at least hit back, even if you don't win., chose to describe her parents' concern, her left forearm. "AUSChWitz," she said. "To It's a very strange feeling for a Russian Jew brough a spate of laughter from the other be a Jew is very difficult, but very beautiful:' to know you can defend yourself ... just girls. She joined in, and when the laughing She is a Soviet Jew, the mother of a family the possibility itself of direct self-defense and giggling was over, turned the discussion that arrived in Israel a year ago and has' for Jews." to a favorite topic of all Israelis, young and been settled in Ram1e, midway on the plain Tile son-in-law: "My experienc9 Is differ­ old. What, she asked the other girls, Is your between Jerusalem and Tel Aviv. She Is one ent. I didn·t live through all of the things of identity as a Jew if you are not religious? of 30,000 Russian Jews who arrived in airlifts the older generation. I didn't feel anti-Sem­ Maya: "I get my identity from living in last year. itism so much. I was living a full life in this country, from belonging to this people, They are the newest immigrants in a coun­ the Soviet Union, coaching a team and travel­ from working and living for the same things try of immigrants. Most of them found life' ing. I was satisfied with my life, and when as other Jews working and living In Israel. as Jews difficnlt in the Soviet Union, and my parents decided to go to Israel, I had no June 18, 1973 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 20007 great objections. but I had no great com­ daughters usually do not serve in the army, ing stairs (no elevator) lead to the observa­ plaints about myllfe up to that point,"" because they insist that everyone must keep tory room seventeen feet high and eleven feet The father, showing signs of anger: "The tbe Sabbath, because they only want to sit square. In tbis observatory two light brass chlldren are very short-sighted. They didn't and read the Torah and the Talmud, and field pieces are displayed which were taken know anything of the past. They are used because of them, there is unrest in the coun­ from a Brltish gun-house by young patriots, to a comfortable life. They have been pro­ try. used during the Revolution and named Han­ tected. They are good Jewish children, but The father went home and thought about cock and Adams by Major-General Henry they can't Imagine that things might change; what the shopkeeper had told him. Then one Knox \then Secretary of War). they are not concerned that the ·Holocaust, day a man came to the apartment and asked The Museum at the base contains inter­ the extermination of six million Jews, might him to take a little box and put coins in it esting memorials and relics. The fine marble happen again," for tbe religious school. He took it. statue of General Joseph Warren, who was Son-In-law: "He is ideological and I am "I took the box because I know that some killed in the battle (statue by Henry Dex­ not. I feel a bit lost in Israel without friends, fight, and others build; that some sit and ter), the gun with which Peter Salem, a and many young immigrants feel as I do," learn, wbile others do other things. I am Negro, mortally wounded Major Pitcairn Faiher: "For the young, the religion not llke the religious Jews in Israel, but I (British), who is buried under Christ doesn't exist any more. We are not religious cannot condemn them, and I am wllling to Church, "The Old North Church of Panl Re­ but I know the religion well, but for the talce their little box," vere Fame," in Boston and old prints of Gen­ chlldren, it doesn't exist at all. And for eral Lafayette are particularly interesting. them, the notion of nationality doesn't The corner stone was laid by General La­ exist. If it were not for their parents, they BUNKER HILL DAY fayette, June 17, 1825, Daniel Webster deliv­ wouldn't identify as Jews. They feel they are ering the oration. "A national salute fired at human beings, period. If not for their Mr. KENNEDY. Mr. President, yester­ half past six o'clock· on the evening of July parents, they would have intermarried, day the citizens of Massachusetts cele­ 23, 1842, by the Charlestown Artillery an­ "I'd love to see the sweet idea .of the end brated Bunker Hill Day commemorating notUIced the completion of the MOl11Jment," of nations and nationalities, but my.experi­ the Revolutionary War Battle of Bunker Dedication exercises were held June 17, 1843; ence teaches me otherwise. If it weren't for Hill of June 17, 1775. Though the Amer­ Daniel Webster was again the orator. In tlle the death of six mlllion Jews, I might be icans lost the battle, it was in this action great crowd that day wel'e President Tyler, able to forget. I see it as a duty to make the members of bis Cabinet and a few survivors young see it this way ... because they don't with British soldiers that the Colonists of the Battle. Tbe Monument was designed think much about the past, and not much joined together to protect their liberties by the SCUlptor Romtio Greenough; Solomon about the future, either," and gained the confidence to continue the Willard was the construction architect. Daughter: "Father is right. We feel as struggle. The cost of the shaft alone was about human beinga more than as Jews ... humans I have introduced legislation to estab­ $150,000; the total expenditure was about first and Jews maybe not even second .. ," lish the Boston National Historical Park $200,000. All but $7,000 of this total was Father: "When I was in Russia I felt guilty which would include the Bunker Hill raised by publlc subscription. Bunker HlU about not being an observant Jew, and when Monument. This legislation, which will Monument is truly a monument erected by I came to Israel I hoped the religious feel­ the people to honor "Major-General Joseph ing that had been sleeping in my breast be the subject of public hearings in Bos­ Warren and his associates," would awaken. But when I came here, it did ton on July 17, would preserve these pre­ A large number of the British troops left not happen. Forbidden fruit is sweet and cious sites for generations to come and their crowded camp on Boston Common the here it is not forbidden. assure that visitors during the Bicen­ morning of June 17th, 1775 to embark' for "I went to the WaUlng Wall and 1 expected tennial celebration will not be disap­ Moulton's Point in Charlestown. They to be moved and to be excited, but 1 wasn't pointed in the maintenance of these landed on the "Point" (where now the United awed, I was just curious," historic struc';ures. The citizens of Bos­ States Navy Yard is established) between Son-In-1aw: "I don't like the hypocritical ton, the city of Boston, and the Com­ twelve and one o'clock that afternoon, and, religiosity In Israel at all ... no buses on the about three o'clock, advanced through the Sabbath and all of that. I just can't stand monwealth of Massachusetts have over fields in two wings to the "Battle of Bunlcer's the sight of the religious children, the chil­ the years protected Bunker Hill and Hill" attacking the redoubt and rail fence, dren of the Hasidim. They look sick and other historic sites against time and the This first attack failed; a second attack and undernourished; they look pale. like they toll of constant visitation. I am hopeful repUlse followed; then General Howe (Brit­ were kept. in the dark .•. I don't Ilke the that the Federal Government can be­ ish) massed his troops who had been twice Sabbath resu'ictions; it's my only free day come a partner in this effort through the reinforced, for a third assaUlt, concentrating and 1 can't go anywhere or do anything .•. Boston National Historic Park. the attack upon tbe redoubt. Young immigrants like myself don't like the The ammunition of the Americans was rellgiosity,and neither do the young sabras, I ask unanimous consent that the fol­ lowing historical notes on Bunker Hill nearly exhausted. and after desperate de­ either," fence Colonel Prescott ordered a retreat. It Mother: "I am a Jew, although not a very be printed in the RECORD. was at this time General Joseph Warren fell. rellgious one, perhaps not religious at all. There being no objection, the material mortally wounded, and the loss of the Ameri­ I I But do not mind the Sabbath. am not was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, cans was greater than at any other period oj bothered by Jews who are more observant as follows: the battle. By five o'clock the British had than I. And 1 am a Jew, because the more BUNKER HILL MONUMENT taken possession of the heights. you torture a Jew, the more that Jew becomes The Americans lost the Battle of Bunker a Jew. My experience makes me a Jew." Bunker Hlll 1'.lonument stands on Breed's Hlll, Charlestown, where the Battle of Bun­ HlU, but on that day the United Colonies Father: "You cannot get rid of something won their war for independence. That bat­ you got in your childhood," ker Hlll was fought June 17,1775. In the main path leading to the Monument stands a tle proved Colonial troops could withstand Mother: "We don't hit our heads together British troops in battIe. Said Washington. against the wall to prove that we are Jews. bronze statue of Colonel William Prescott representing the American commander re­ "I am content. The liberties of the count)·v We observe the major holidays, but we are are safe." , not very religious in our practices." straining his Impatient men with his famous Father: "It is not all necessary for a Jew command "Don't fire until you see the whites BUNKER HILL E...... TTLEFIELD AND 1\TONUIVIENT to be religious to call himself a Jew. It is of their eyes," as the enemy advanced up the The extent of the battlefield of Bunker Hill enough for him to know that his father and hill. that can be readily figured out by vishors his father's father were Jews, and whatever Bunker Hm Monument is the second me­ today is restricted to the area enclosing happens, there is this Jewish feeling in his morial erected on this ground: the first a Bunker HillllIonument ;cnowll as Monument soul." Tuscan plllar of wood eighteen feet high Square. The latter is actually at a rectangle The family's discussion continued into the erected In honor of "Major-General Joseph 400 by 417 feet adding up to a plOt just under evening, and they repeated what they bad Warren and his associates" by King Solo­ 4 acres. Thus formally treated, the square is already said. Before the light faded com­ mon's Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons in hardly recognizable as part of the original pletely the father told a story. 1794. A model of tbis memorial is preserved battlefield. TI",e monument itself rests on a He started by pointing to a small box atop in the entrance fioor of the present !.rOllU­ square base of 30 teet at the center of tile television set. The lettering on the box solicits ment. square and rises to a height of 220 feet. coins for a religious school in Israel, and the The Monument occ\lpies the southeast cor­ The erection of the impressive oloelisk of father puts money into it from time to time. ner of the American redoubt which was about granite between 1825 and 1842 was the most He is not very rellgious but he contributes, eight rods square. It is built of granite quar­ grandiose enterprise of its kind undertaken and his st<>ry telL~ why. ried in QUincy. Tbe first railroad in America anyWhere in its day and its construction set One day while shopping in a store in Ism!'l, was built in Quincy to carry this granite from new standards tor size In honoring heroes he noticed two small boxes, Just like the one the (Bunker Hill) quarry to the wharf 011 the from the country's past-standards that were Neponset R!Yel' from which it was trans­ now atop the TV. One box was for a religious to remain unsurpassed until decades school, and one was for the sick and poor. ported to Charlestown by boa.t. The Monu­ tour The poor box was full, and the religious box ment is two hundred and twenty-one feet later the Washington National MJnument in was empty of coins. He asked the storekeeper high (ninety courses of stones) thirty feet the NatIon's Capital was to be completed to why, and the owner said that religious people square at the base and fifteen feet square I\t an elevation of 555 feet. didn't desene any support because their the t"p, Two hundred and ninety-foul' wind- Blinker Hill ,lfonllment was placed on hal-