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Life History and Habitat Requirements of the Oregon Forestsnail, Allogona Townsendiana

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Life History and Habitat Requirements of the Oregon Forestsnail, Allogona Townsendiana Invertebrate Biology ]](]]): 1–11. r 2009, The Authors Journal compilation r 2009, The American Microscopical Society, Inc. DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7410.2009.00168.x Life history and habitat requirements of the Oregon forestsnail, Allogona townsendiana (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Polygyridae), in a British Columbia population Karen M.M. Steensma,1,a Patrick L. Lilley,1,2 and Heather M. Zandberg1 1 Department of Biology, Trinity Western University, Langley, British Columbia, Canada V2Y 1Y1 2 A Rocha Canada, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada V3S 9R3 Abstract. Population size, reproductive timing and habitats, seasonal behaviors, and juvenile activity were assessed in a British Columbia population of the endangered Oregon forestsnail, Allogona townsendiana, over a period of 4 years. Adult snail population size ranged from seven to 47 snails in four  24-m2 sampling sites. The mating period peaked in March and April; adults aggregated in clusters of eight to 14 snails before mating. Pairs of snails were observed to mate for 225 min or more in close proximity to coarse woody debris and stinging nettle, Urtica dioica. Nesting peaked in April–May and resulted in a mean clutch size of 34 eggs (SD 5 9). Hatching for two nests occurred at 63 and 64 d after oviposition. Within hours of hatching, juveniles began dispersing from the nest site; by 1 month most had disappeared. Snails tracked with harmonic radar became less active or aestivated from late July to early September and hibernated from early November to mid-March within leaf litter and soil. Preliminary measurements of growth rate indicate this species takes a minimum of 2 years to reach adulthood and has a typical life span of at least 5 years. Additional key words: conservation, endangered species, harmonic radar, land snail Conservation of terrestrial gastropods has become ecosystems (Prezio et al. 1999; Ovaska & Sopuck of increasing concern in recent years as population 2005). Understanding the life history of a gastropod declines and disappearances continue to be docu- species is therefore crucial not only for conservation mented (Lydeard et al. 2004; Steinitz et al. 2005). of the particular species, but also for broader protec- Urbanization, forestry practices, and other anth- tion of the ecosystem. Ignorance of life cycles, food ropogenic changes, including habitat destruction and web roles, and other ecological features of molluscs introductions of exotic predators, can have strong leaves gaps in overall knowledge of entire ecosystems negative effects on snails with a limited range and and their health, to the detriment of ecosystem man- low-dispersal abilities (Strayer et al. 1986; Baur & agement (Tilman et al. 1994; Poiani et al. 2000). In- Baur 1990; DellaSala et al. 1999; Prezio et al. 1999; deed, the connection between individual species, Hylander et al. 2004). Terrestrial gastropod conserva- ecosystem health, and human health is an important tion is important for several reasons: (1) Land snails point for public education regarding gastropods and and slugs play a significant role in decomposition and other molluscs (Rapport et al. 1998; Horwitz et al. other food web processes (Mason 1970; Richter 1979; 2001; Lydeard et al. 2004). Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in The Oregon forestsnail, Allogona townsendiana Canada [COSEWIC] 2002); (2) they often serve as LEA 1838 (Pulmonata, Polygyridae), is one of few dispersers of plant seeds and important fungal spores large land snails endemic to Pacific Northwest (Richter 1980; Gervais et al. 1998); and (3) they con- coastal forests of North America (Forsyth 2004). tribute to the overall biodiversity and health of eco- The species has been documented from the Willam- logical communities (Richter 1979, 1980). ette Valley of Oregon, the Puget Trough of Wash- Studies in various habitats suggest that terrestrial ington State, and the lower Fraser Valley of British gastropods may serve as critical indicator species for Columbia (BC) (COSEWIC 2002). The current glo- bal status of this species is G3G4 (rounded status: G3—vulnerable) (NatureServe 2008), and it was des- a Author for correspondence. ignated endangered by the Committee on the Status E-mail: [email protected] of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) in 2 Steensma, Lilley, & Zandberg Fig. 1. Location of study site (Trinity Western University Eco- system Study Area near Fort Langley, BC) and other known occurrences of populations of Allogona townsendiana in Canada (Source: British Columbia Con- servation Data Centre). November 2002. Remaining populations are highly Methods fragmented and lie within heavily populated areas subject to urban and agricultural development. Con- Study area servation of A. townsendiana is particularly impera- tive in Canada, as BC populations of this species exist Populations of Allogona townsendiana have been at the northern limits of their range, which may in- identified at several locations in southwestern BC, crease the likelihood that they are genetically distinct including the Ecosystem Study Area (ESA) of Trinity and possess unique ecological adaptations (Scudder Western University (TWU) (Fig. 1). The TWU ESA 1989). near Langley, BC (49.141N, 122.601W) consists of Despite its conservation status, the ecology of the B50 ha of diverse habitats, including riparian areas, Oregon forestsnail is poorly understood. Populations wet meadows, ponds, and mixed conifer–deciduous appear to exist primarily in remnant moist, mixed second-growth forests with large numbers of bigleaf conifer–deciduous forests with open meadows. maple (Acer macrophyllum). The presence of A. town- Further inland it exists only in sheltered ravines and sendiana was first documented at this site in the mid- riparian areas (Kozloff 1976). Members of A. town- 1990s; the population appears to be relatively large sendiana have also been associated with stinging net- (COSEWIC 2002; BC Conservation Data Centre tle (Urtica dioica), although the exact nature of the 2008). The TWU population is well west of sizeable relationship is unknown (Waldock 2002; Forsyth populations at Chilliwack and Agassiz, and is one of 2004). Distribution appears to be patchy throughout only a few populations that exist in protected areas the range (COSEWIC 2002). (BC Conservation Data Centre 2008). The TWU Current conservation planning for A. townsendi- population exists partially on land that is covenan- ana is based on speculation about the habitat require- ted under the BC Ministry of Environment, due to ments at different life history stages. Though a the salmon-producing streams that run through the Recovery Strategy is being prepared in compliance campus, thus shielding it from direct development with Canada’s Species at Risk Act (SARA), no pre- impacts (K.M.M. Steensma & H.M. Silveira, unpubl. vious work exists regarding mating, nesting, juve- data). niles, or seasonal location. This information is a Preliminary surveys, begun in 2000, led to map- crucial precursor to understanding what factors limit ping of the TWU snail populations using GIS in 2003 population distribution and affect long-term viabil- (Silveira 2004). Four areas separated by 50 m ity. We sought to investigate key habitat require- within B10-ha area were identified for study during ments at important seasonal and life history stages preliminary surveys. Field surveys took place from including reproduction, migration, and hibernation. 2003 to 2007 and focused in habitats along existing This article presents an overview of our findings on trails and in previously identified off-trail areas, with the life history of A. townsendiana. care taken to limit damage to snails and their habitat. Invertebrate Biology vol. ]], no. ]], ]] 2009 Life history in Allogona townsendiana 3 Initial estimation of snail densities in four primary Tester (Model HB-2, Kel Instruments Co., Inc., subpopulation sites in 2004 was followed up with Wyckoff, NJ, USA); relative humidity was measured studies of mating, nesting, and juvenile habitats and using a Bacharach Sling Psychrometer (Model 12- behavior through 2006. We tracked movements of 9015, Bacharach Inc., New Kensington, PA, USA). snails using a harmonic direction finder from 2005 to 2007. Nesting Surveys for nesting snails were undertaken 2–3  Population estimates and size distribution per week from the discovery of the first nest until Densities of individuals were assessed within four nests were no longer located. Nests were located 24-m2 sampling sites using the Jolly–Seber mark and when snails were discovered in the process of ovipos- recapture technique (Krebs 1989). Sites were iting. For all nests, we recorded the general location searched for individuals for 30 min each on five con- and substrate. We also counted the number of eggs as secutive days (June 8–12, 2004), with a 24-h interval soon after oviposition as possible. between each sampling event. Each site was sampled at approximately the same time every day: site 1 at Laboratory observations 09:00 hours, site 2 at 10:00 hours, site 3 at 11:30 Detailed observations of a single mating pair in hours, and site 4 at 13:30 hours. We measured the captivity were made on August 10, 2005. Snails were shell diameter of each snail found and on first capture kept in a 4.7-L Penn Plex aquarium with lid, set up to marked them for individual recognition. We applied simulate natural habitat as closely as possible. Wet marks on the portion of shell furthest from the aper- paper towels were used to retain moisture, and water ture, using black permanent marker and a coat of was misted by spray bottle twice per day. Pieces of clear, quick-dry nail enamel to seal the ink. The snails stinging nettle and other vegetative material were were then returned to their original capture locations. provided for food, and the enclosure was cleaned of The weather across the entire 5-d sampling period excess food daily, with paper toweling replaced twice was consistently mild and dry. For each sample site, weekly. The aquarium was kept at 151–181C, and the computer program JOLLY (USGS Patuxent near a window to provide natural day length.
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