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Recovery Plans for Powelliphanta Land Snails

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Recovery Plans for Powelliphanta Land Snails Recovery plans for Powelliphanta land snails 2003–2013 THREATENED SPECIES RECOVERY PLAN 49 By Kath Walker Published by: Department of Conservation P O Box 10-420 Wellington, New Zealand Illustrations Front cover: Powelliphanta lignaria lignaria. Photograph by Rod Morris. Back cover: Variety of Powelliphanta species. Photograph by Gideon Climo. Cartoon p. vii: Andrew Jeffs Line drawing p. ix: Powelliphanta superba mouatae by Pauline Morse Species identification photographs by Gideon Climo, Kath Walker and Tim Skinner. Species distribution maps and snail identification photographs prepared for publication by Graeme Elliott © Copyright June 2003, New Zealand Department of Conservation ISSN 1170-3806 ISBN 0–478–22418–4 This work may be cited as: Walker, K. J. 2003: Recovery plans for Powelliphanta land snails. Threatened Species Recovery Plan 49. Department of Conservation, Wellington, x + 208 p. + 64 plates. CONTENTS Abstract 1 1. Background 2 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 How many species are there? 3 1.3 The biology and ecology of Powelliphanta 4 1.4 Are Powelliphanta populations declining? 5 1.5 Causes of snail decline 6 1.5.1 Habitat destruction 6 1.5.2 Predators 6 1.6 Are translocations a solution to snail decline? 8 1.7 Current conservation status 9 2. Powelliphanta recovery plan scope, goal and issues 10 3. The recovery plans 13 3.1 Powelliphanta marchanti 14 3.2 Powelliphanta “Maungaharuru” 19 3.3 Powelliphanta traversi traversi 23 3.4 Powelliphanta traversi florida 27 3.5 Powelliphanta traversi latizona 29 3.6 Powelliphanta traversi tararuaensis 32 3.7 Powelliphanta traversi koputaroa 35 3.8 Powelliphanta traversi otakia 40 3.9 Powelliphanta hochstetteri hochstetteri 44 3.10 Powelliphanta hochstetteri anatokiensis 47 3.11 Powelliphanta hochstetteri obscura 50 3.12 Powelliphanta hochstetteri bicolor 54 3.13 Powelliphanta hochstetteri consobrina 58 3.14 Powelliphanta gilliesi gilliesi 60 3.15 Powelliphanta gilliesi “Haidinger” 63 3.16 Powelliphanta gilliesi montana 66 3.17 Powelliphanta gilliesi subfusca 68 3.18 Powelliphanta gilliesi aurea 70 3.19 Powelliphanta gilliesi brunnea 73 3.20 Powelliphanta gilliesi kahurangica 77 3.21 Powelliphanta gilliesi jamesoni 80 3.22 Powelliphanta gilliesi “Heaphy” 83 3.23 Powelliphanta gilliesi compta 86 3.24 Powelliphanta gilliesi fallax 88 3.25 Powelliphanta “Parapara” 91 3.26 Powelliphanta superba superba 93 3.27 Powelliphanta superba richardsoni 96 3.28 Powelliphanta superba harveyi 98 3.29 Powelliphanta superba mouatae 100 3.30 Powelliphanta superba prouseorum 103 3.31 Powelliphanta superba “Gunner River” 105 3.32 Powelliphanta annectens 108 3.33 Powelliphanta lignaria lignaria 111 3.34 Powelliphanta lignaria lusca 113 3.35 Powelliphanta lignaria oconnori 115 3.36 Powelliphanta lignaria ruforadiata 118 3.37 Powelliphanta lignaria unicolorata 121 3.38 Powelliphanta lignaria rotella 124 3.39 Powelliphanta lignaria johnstoni 127 3.40 Powelliphanta “Buller River” 130 3.41 Powelliphanta “patrickensis” 133 3.42 Powelliphanta spedeni spedeni 136 4. Strategies for poorly-known Powelliphanta 141 4.1 Powelliphanta “Egmont” 142 4.2 Powelliphanta “Urewera” 145 4.3 Powelliphanta superba “Gouland Range” 149 4.4 Powelliphanta “Anatoki Range” 151 4.5 Powelliphanta “Lodestone” 153 4.6 Powelliphanta “Owen” 155 4.7 Powelliphanta “Nelson Lakes” 157 4.8 Powelliphanta “Baton” 160 4.9 Powelliphanta “Garabaldi” 162 4.10 Powelliphanta “Matiri” 164 4.11 Powelliphanta “Matakitaki” 166 4.12 Powelliphanta “Kirwans” 169 4.13 Powelliphanta gagei 171 4.14 Powelliphanta fletcheri 173 4.15 Powelliphanta rossiana rossiana 176 4.16 Powelliphanta rossiana “Fox” 178 4.17 Powelliphanta “Haast” 180 4.18 Powelliphanta “vittatus” 183 4.19 Powelliphanta spedeni lateumbilicata 186 4.20 Powelliphanta fiordlandica 188 5. Research priorities 190 5.1 Population biology 190 5.2 Improvement of pest control 190 5.3 Conservation status 191 6. Acknowledgements 193 7. References 194 Appendix 1 Common and scientific names of species mentioned in the text 195 Appendix 2 Phenogram (UPGMA) of 55 Powelliphanta populations. 200 Appendix 3 Taxonomy of Powelliphanta used in this plan, including proposed revisions and additions 201 Appendix 4 Powelliphanta populations known to have originated from artificial 203 translocations. Appendix 5 Summary of recommended recovery actions for Powelliphanta 204 taxa, listed in decreasing order of threat within Department of Conservation areas. Appendix 6 Glossary of technical terms. 208 LIST OF PLATES 1. Distribution of Powelliphanta 2. Powelliphanta marchanti 3. Powelliphanta “Maungaharuru” 4. Powelliphanta traversi traversi 5. Powelliphanta traversi florida 6. Powelliphanta traversi latizona 7. Powelliphanta traversi tararuaensis 8. Powelliphanta traversi koputaroa 9. Powelliphanta traversi otakia 10. Powelliphanta hochstetteri hochstetteri yellow-based form 11. Powelliphanta hochstetteri hochstetteri brown-based form 12. Powelliphanta hochstetteri anatokiensis 13. Powelliphanta hochstetteri obscura 14. Powelliphanta hochstetteri bicolor 15. Powelliphanta hochstetteri consobrina 16. Powelliphanta gilliesi gilliesi 17. Powelliphanta gilliesi “Haidinger” 18. Powelliphanta gilliesi montana 19. Powelliphanta gilliesi subfusca 20. Powelliphanta gilliesi aurea 21. Powelliphanta gilliesi brunnea 22. Powelliphanta gilliesi kahurangica 23. Powelliphanta gilliesi jamesoni 24. Powelliphanta gilliesi “Heaphy” 25. Powelliphanta gilliesi compta 26. Powelliphanta gilliesi fallax 27. Powelliphanta “Parapara” 28. Powelliphanta superba superba 29. Powelliphanta superba richardsoni 30. Powelliphanta superba harveyi 31. Powelliphanta superba mouatae 32. Powelliphanta superba prouseorum 33. Powelliphanta superba “Gunner River” 34. Powelliphanta annectens 35. Powelliphanta lignaria lignaria 36. Powelliphanta lignaria lusca 37. Powelliphanta lignaria oconnori 38. Powelliphanta lignaria ruforadiata 39. Powelliphanta lignaria unicolorata 40. Powelliphanta lignaria rotella 41. Powelliphanta lignaria johnstoni 42. Powelliphanta “Buller River” 43. Powelliphanta “patrickensis” 44. Powelliphanta spedeni spedeni 45. Powelliphanta “Egmont” 46. Powelliphanta “Urewera” 47. Powelliphanta superba “Gouland Range” 48. Powelliphanta “Anatoki Range” 49. Powelliphanta “Lodestone” 50. Powelliphanta “Owen” 51. Powelliphanta “Nelson Lakes” 52. Powelliphanta “Baton” 53. Powelliphanta “Garabaldi” 54. Powelliphanta “Matiri” 55. Powelliphanta “Matakitaki” 56. Powelliphanta “Kirwans” 57. Powelliphanta gagei 58. Powelliphanta fletcheri 59. Powelliphanta rossiana rossiana 60. Powelliphanta rossiana “Fox” 61. Powelliphanta “Haast” 62. Powelliphanta “vittatus” 63. Powelliphanta spedeni lateumbilicata 64. Powelliphanta fiordlandica NOTES ABOUT THE ILLUSTRATIONS: (i) Species distribution maps: solid red dots represent sites from which shells have recently been collected; red stippling represents the known or reliably presumed range of the taxon. (ii) Shells selected for photographs represent the range of morphological characteristics within each taxon. Broken shells were used when no intact empty shells could be found. The scale indicates the size of both the profiles and the bird’s-eye views of the shells in each photograph. Abstract This is the first edition of recovery plans for the many species and subspecies of Powelliphanta—a genus of threatened large land snails. The plans support a 20-year vision or goal: to maintain the diversity of Powelliphanta in the New Zealand landscape by restoring representative populations of each subspecies to an ecologically viable and humanly visible size by the year 2023. Each plan, however, recommends actions for the next 10 years. Though quantitative information on the density of Powelliphanta before European settlement is scarce, live snails (and shells) of many lowland and upland Powelliphanta species are much rarer now than they were 20 years ago. Our knowledge of the ecology of these snails is limited, but because their shells leave a record of the cause of death, it is overwhelmingly clear that the main causes of mortality in all populations today are human induced. Powelliphanta are declining primarily because introduced brushtail possums (Appendix 1), ship rats, pigs and, less frequently, thrushes and hedgehogs prey on eggs, juveniles and adults of Powelliphanta year round. More catastrophically, but nowadays less frequently, Powelliphanta are declining as their forest and tussock grassland habitats are destroyed. To enable the populations of Powelliphanta to recover, possums, ship rats and pigs need to be reduced to very low numbers in the immediate future, but it is not yet clear whether this strategy on its own would be sufficient to restore the worst-affected populations. Nor is it clear whether pulsed, rather than continuous, pest control would be sufficient. Because many populations are now at very low levels and study of the group began only recently, this plan takes the approach of simultaneously applying existing knowledge to management recommendations while undertaking research to increase what we know about snail recovery. Major themes are: obtaining accurate data on current population trends; establishing long-term legal protection for the remaining snail habitat; excluding stock and predators from small accessible snail colonies by fencing; determining optimum possum-control regimes, and facilitating a wider participation in the conservation of Powelliphanta by the dissemination of information. The inclusion in this plan of a distribution map and snail shell identification photograph for each subspecies
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