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Outdoor Occurrence of Stored-Product Pests (Coleoptera) in the Vicinity of a Grain Store

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Outdoor Occurrence of Stored-Product Pests (Coleoptera) in the Vicinity of a Grain Store Vol. 41, No. 2: 86–89 Plant Protect. Sci. SHORT COMMUNICATION Outdoor Occurrence of Stored-Product Pests (Coleoptera) in the Vicinity of a Grain Store ZUZANA KUČEROVÁ, RADEK AULICKÝ and VÁCLAV STEJSKAL Department of Stored-Product Pest Control, Division of Phytomedicine, Research Institute of Crop Production, Prague-Ruzyně, Czech Republic Abstract KUČEROVÁ Z., AULICKÝ R., STEJSKAL V. (2005): Outdoor occurrence of stored-product pests (Coleoptera) in the vicinity of a grain store. Plant Protect. Sci., 41: 86–89. The species composition, frequency and abundance of insect pests (Coleoptera) occurring outside a grain store were explored. Wheat bait traps were used for pest monitoring; they were changed every month from April to September. For the first time the outdoor occurrence of primary and secondary stored-product pests was docu- mented in the Czech Republic. Seven species of Coleoptera were found outside the grain store. Pest abundance and frequency were in high correlation. The primary pest Sitophilus granarius was dominant. Keywords: Coleoptera; S. granarius; grain bait traps; outdoor infestation Infested grain residues are often present in insuf- Our preliminary investigation was focussed on ficiently cleaned empty grain stores (KUČEROVÁ et outdoor infestation. The aim of this work was to al. 2003) in the Czech Republic and are a serious study the composition, frequency and abundance source of infestation for the next bulk of grain to be of stored product pests (Coleoptera) outside a grain stored (STEJSKAL & KUČEROVÁ 1996). Spillage and store because this type of information, though grain residues very often occur outside the stores essential for effective IPM programs, is absent and may also be correlated with pest occurrence. not only in the Czech Republic but also in other IPM practices are mostly directed toward detecting European countries. and controlling pests inside storage facilities or within the commodity, not in the outdoor vicin- MATERIAL AND METHODS ity of the store (DOWDY & MCGAUGHEY 1994). Yet some of the stored-product pests are highly The research was conducted in the proximity of a mobile and temporarily and spatially patchy in flat grain store in Central Bohemia. The occurrence distribution (CAMPBELL et al. 2002); therefore, of pests outside the facility was analysed. Wheat information on pest population occurrence, ecology bait traps were used to simulate the presence of and behaviour in the vicinity of storage facilities grain residues outside the store. The monitoring is important both for effective monitoring and was done from spring to autumn of 2004, during controlling of stored-product pests. which period normal management practices were Supported by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic, Project No. MZE 0002700603. 86 Plant Protect. Sci. Vol. 41, No. 2: 86–89 conducted in the store, including regular chemical chine – exposure time 2 min, mesh size 1 × 1 mm), control (June). the beetles were then removed, identified and Outdoor trapping was conducted around the pe- counted. rimeter of the grain facility. The grain store (50 by 20 m) had a concrete wall construction. Five bait RESULTS traps were placed outside the store at the base of the wall, 5 m apart from each other, close to ven- The occurrence, abundance and dynamic of tilation openings. The bait trap was designed to particular species in the outside baits during the capture crawling insects (Coleoptera): bags (size monitoring period are shown in Figure 1. Seven 15 by 10 cm) made from plastic netting (size of the species were found, including the four important mesh openings 2 × 2 mm) each held 100 g of whole primary pests Sitophilus granarius (Linné, 1758), wheat grains. The first set of bait traps was placed Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens, 1831), Tribo- in their outside locations in the middle of March. lium castaneum (Herbst, 1797) and Oryzaephilus The traps were replaced by new ones always after surinamensis (Linné, 1758), and three secondary 1 month of exposure, altogether 6 times. pests, Typhaea stercorea (Linné, 1758), Ahasverus The 30 exposed baits were analysed in the labora- advena (Waltl, 1832) and Cryptophagus sp. The tory. Each bait was separately sifted (sieving ma- number of pest species and their abundance in- Typhaea stercorea Tribolium castaneum Sitophilus granarius Oryzaephilus surinamensis Cryptophagus sp. .8.04–20.9.04 30 CryptolestesCryptolestes fer ferugineusrugineus Ahasverus advena Typhaea stercorea Tribolium castaneum Sitophilus granarius Oryzaephilus surinamensis Cryptophagus sp. 23.7.04-30.8.04 30.8.04-20.9.04 23.7.04–30.8.04 CryptolestesCryptolestes fer ferugineusrugineus Ahasverus advena Typhae stercorea Tribolium castaneum Sitophilus granarius Oryzaephilus surinamensis Cryptophagus sp. 15.6.04–23.7.04 CryptolestesCryptolestes fer ferugineusrugineus Ahasverus advena Typhaea stercorea Tribolium castaneum Sitophilus granarius Oryzaephilus surinamensis Cryptophagus sp. 10.5.04-15.6.04Cryptolestes 15.6.04-23.7.04 ferrugineus 10.5.04–15.6.04 Cryptolestes ferugineus Ahasverus advena Typhaea stercorea Tribolium castaneum Sitophilus granarius Oryzaephilus surinamensis Cryptophagus sp. Cryptolestes ferrugineus 13.4.04–10.5.04 Cryptolestes ferugineus Ahasverus advena Typhaea stercorea Tribolium castaneum Sitophilus granarius Oryzaephilus surinamensis Figure 1. Occurrence of pests sp. Cryptophagus sp. (abundance = number of speci- 16.3.04-13.4.04 13.4.04-10.5.04 16.3.04–13.4.04 CryptolestesCryptolestes fer ferugineusrugineus Ahasverus advena mens/1 grain bait, mean and SD) in outdoor grain traps during the 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 observed period (6 months) 87 Vol. 41, No. 2: 86–89 Plant Protect. Sci. 120 Figure 2. Average abundance and frequency of separate (%) frequency beetle pest species in outdoor grain traps 100 abundance A.a. = Ahasverus advena 80 C.f. = Cryptolestes ferrugineus 60 C.sp. = Cryptophagus sp. 40 O.s. = Oryzaephilus surinamensis S.g. = Sitophilus granarius 20 T.c. = Tribolium castaneum 0 T.s. = Typhae stercorea A.a. C.f. C.sp. O.s. S.g. T.c. T.s. Species 70 y = 0.746x – 14.191 60 R 2 = 0.9402 50 40 30 Abundance 20 10 0 -10 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Figure 3. Correlation between abundance Frequency and frequency of captured species in outdoor creased with time, reached a maximum in May and often in mouldy grain in stores, but their natural June, then declined rapidly during July, but did not environment is in wide open spaces. Their presence drop to the 0 level. Overall frequency and abun- in outdoor baits can indicate either immigration dance and their close correlation (r = 0.9) for all in traps from the store or a feral population in captured species are presented in Figures 2 and 3. proximity of the traps. The highly mobile internal grain feeder S. granarius Migration of grain pests into and out of a stor- was the most frequent and abundant pest. age facility is generally influenced by a complex of various factors (biological, physical, techno- DISCUSSION logical). Frequency and abundance of pests in the outdoor traps was probably particularly affected by These results confirmed for the first time that changes in the conditions inside the neighbouring various stored beetle pests, both primary and store during the observed period (e.g. absence of secondary, can occur and survive in grain residues grain, followed by chemical control in summer). outside and near to a grain store during the temper- In spite of chemical control implemented inside ate period of the year in Czech farm conditions. the store, some pests (Sitophilus, Cryptolestes, The species composition recorded in the outside Ahasverus) survived outside till the new crop was grain traps includes both strictly synanthropic spe- put into storage. Such a situation poses a risk for cies and those that occur partially or predominantly the cleanliness of the commodity stored closeby in open nature. Pest immigration in grain traps because only a few pest specimens are sufficient can thus originate from both the anthropogenic for starting another population increase. DOWDY indoor and natural outdoor locations. For example, and MCGAUGHEY (1994) found e.g. that farms in the synanthropic species S. granarius is normally the USA with a high number of stored product found only in stores, not in open nature (HOWE insects outside of storage facilities also had a high 1965). Weevils (and other primary grain pests) can number of insects in the stored grain. The poten- then emigrate from inside sources into baits. On tial for outside populations to influence inside the other hand, Cryptophagus species are found populations has implications for the effectiveness 88 Plant Protect. Sci. Vol. 41, No. 2: 86–89 of different management and monitoring tools References (CAMPBELL & MULLEN 2004). Residual outdoor populations represent po- CAMPBELL J.F., MULLEN M.A., DOWDY A.K. (2002): tential hazardous foci of re-infestation of stored Monitoring stored-product pests in food processing commodities inside a grain store. A continuation plants: a case study using pheromone trapping, contour of this preliminary research focused on details mapping and mark-recapture. Journal of Economic of the interactions between inside and outside Entomology, 95: 1089–1101. populations is needed. CAMPBELL J.F., MULLEN M.A. (2004): Distribution and dispersal behaviour of Trogoderma variabile and Plodia CONCLUSIONS interpunctella outside a food processing plant. Journal of Economic Entomology, 97: 1455–1464. 1. Serious primary pests, such as S. granarius, DOWDY A.K., MCGAUGHEY W.H. (1994): Seasonal ac- T. castaneum, O. surinamensis and C. ferrugineus, tivity of stored-product insects in and around farm- can occur and survive outside in the vicinity of a stored wheat. Journal of Economic Entomology, 87: grain storage facility during the temperate period 1351–1358. of the year in the Czech Republic. HOWE R.W. (1965): Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera, 2. Untreated grain residues outdoors are suit- Curculionidae) breeding in acorns. Journal of Stored able destinations for pest colonisation and can Products Research, 1: 99–100.
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