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Physical Disturbance As a Non-Chemical Approach to Control Weevils in Stored Maize

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Physical Disturbance As a Non-Chemical Approach to Control Weevils in Stored Maize Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2020 Physical disturbance as a non-chemical approach to control weevils in stored maize Mike Sserunjogi Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Recommended Citation Sserunjogi, Mike, "Physical disturbance as a non-chemical approach to control weevils in stored maize" (2020). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 18233. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/18233 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Physical disturbance as a non-chemical approach to control weevils in stored maize by Mike Sserunjogi A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Agricultural and Bio-systems Engineering Program of Study Committee: Carl J. Bern, Co-major Professor Thomas J. Brumm, Co-major Professor Dirk E. Maier The student author, whose presentation of the scholarship herein was approved by the program of study committee, is solely responsible for the content of this thesis. The Graduate College will ensure this thesis is globally accessible and will not permit alterations after a degree is conferred. Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2020 Copyright © Mike Sserunjogi, 2020. All rights reserved. ii DEDICATION Working in the rural communities of Kamuli – Uganda, paved the way for my passion in global food security. I dedicate this thesis to the Iowa State University Uganda Program (ISU-UP) under the Center for Sustainable Rural Livelihoods (CSRL) at Iowa State University. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... viii NOMENCLATURE ...................................................................................................................... xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................ xii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. xiv CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION ................................................................................1 General Objectives .................................................................................................................... 2 Literature Review ...................................................................................................................... 2 What is Maize? ..................................................................................................................... 2 Maize Production ................................................................................................................. 4 Maize Consumption ............................................................................................................. 6 Storage of Harvested Maize ................................................................................................. 8 Post-Harvest Losses of Stored Maize ................................................................................... 9 Maize Weevils .................................................................................................................... 10 Physical Disturbance of Grains .......................................................................................... 12 Steel Grain Bins.................................................................................................................. 15 Stirring Machines ............................................................................................................... 16 References ............................................................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER 2. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN AUTOMATED PHYSICAL DISTURBANCE MACHINE TO CONTROL GRAIN STORAGE INSECT PESTS .................22 Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 22 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 23 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................................ 24 Machine Design and Construction ..................................................................................... 24 Jars and Screens.................................................................................................................. 25 Motor .................................................................................................................................. 27 Control System ................................................................................................................... 27 Circuit Layout..................................................................................................................... 29 Maize and Maize Weevils .................................................................................................. 30 Results and Discussion ............................................................................................................ 30 Testing the Disturbance Machine ....................................................................................... 30 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 32 References ............................................................................................................................... 32 Appendix: Drawings of the physical disturbance machine ..................................................... 33 iv CHAPTER 3. PHYSICAL DISTURBANCE TIME INTERVAL FOR CONTROL OF MAIZE WEEVILS IN STORED MAIZE .....................................................................................34 Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 34 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 35 Methods and Materials ............................................................................................................ 37 Maize and Weevils ............................................................................................................. 37 Experimental Design and Set Up ....................................................................................... 37 Response Measurements .................................................................................................... 39 Data Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 40 Results and Discussion ............................................................................................................ 40 Live Maize Weevils............................................................................................................ 40 Moisture Content ................................................................................................................ 43 Test Weight ........................................................................................................................ 44 Broken Corn and Foreign Materials ................................................................................... 45 Insect Damage .................................................................................................................... 47 Mold Damage ..................................................................................................................... 48 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 51 References ............................................................................................................................... 51 Appendix: Raw data of the experiment determining the physical disturbance time interval that best controls maize weevils while maintaining the quality of stored maize. ...... 53 CHAPTER 4. MECHANICAL STIRRING OF MAIZE STORED IN ON-FARM STEEL BINS TO CONTROL MAIZE WEEVILS ....................................................................................58 Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 58 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 59 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................................ 61 Steel Grain Bins.................................................................................................................. 61 Maize and Maize Weevils
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