DOCSLIB.ORG

Discursive and Practical Challenges in Global Health: Pesticide- Related Health Impacts in Ecuadorian Banana Production

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Discursive and Practical Challenges in Global Health: Pesticide- Related Health Impacts in Ecuadorian Banana Production DISCURSIVE AND PRACTICAL CHALLENGES IN GLOBAL HEALTH: PESTICIDE- RELATED HEALTH IMPACTS IN ECUADORIAN BANANA PRODUCTION by BENJAMIN WESLEY BRISBOIS B.Sc. McGill University, 2001 M.E.S. York University, 2006 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES (Healthcare and Epidemiology) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) October 2014 © Benjamin Wesley Brisbois, 2014 Abstract This dissertation aims to inform more equitable and effective practice in the emerging field of global health. To address this overriding question of how principles of equity and effectiveness can best be implemented, I critically analyze discursive and practical challenges facing Northern researchers as they approach health problems in the global South, and explore solutions to these challenges. This exploration employs a case study on the articulation of a specific problem in a specific, nominally ‘Southern’, setting: pesticide- related health effects in Ecuador's banana-producing El Oro province. I employ three methodological approaches, in three substantive chapters. Chapter 2 uses discourse analysis to understand how Latin American research sites are framed in peer-reviewed pesticide epidemiology articles. These articles often employ geographic representations of Latin America as inexplicably underdeveloped to demonstrate the need for pesticide research and health sector interventions, typically exhibiting ‘mainstream’ (Northern) public health institutional dynamics. I also show how some epidemiologists are pursuing more politically engaged approaches, in an uneasy negotiation with epidemiology's disciplinary norms. Chapter 3 reports on ethnographic pesticide risk perception work in El Oro, drawing on theories from anthropology and human geography. I document how pesticide risk perception narratives reflect El Oro's position in unstable global commodity chains. Scalar elements of these narratives combine individual and structural explanations for health problems in complex ways. In Chapter 4, I describe a political ecology of health explanation of pesticide exposure in El Oro. I employ a modified meta-narrative methodology, complemented by ii ethnographic fieldwork, to synthesize literature relevant to the pathways – biological, political economic, environmental and cultural – leading to pesticide-related impacts in El Oro. This analysis complements Chapters 2 and 3 in making the case for empowerment- based participatory approaches to pesticide exposure problems (and, by extension, to global health more generally), with special attention to international linkages, environmental complexity and political economy. The introduction, conclusion and 'linking' material between chapters serve to enhance the coherence of the dissertation by providing additional material not appropriate for inclusion in the three chapters, including elements of reflexivity. iii Preface The research for this dissertation was carried out within a partnership linking universities in Canada and Ecuador to address environmental health issues. The partnership, under the leadership of Drs. Jerry Spiegel and Annalee Yassi in Canada, and Dr. Jaime Breilh in Ecuador, began in 2004 with funding from the Canadian International Development Agency to initiate a Masters Program in Public Health with an Ecosystem Approach (Parkes et al., 2009; Spiegel et al., 2011). I conceived the research described in this dissertation to complement and build on research done by students and researchers involved in studying pesticide-health issues in Ecuador in connection with this Masters program. Building on the CIDA-funded work, a research program has undertaken more recently to address the health effects of the global food system in Canada and Ecuador, funded through a Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) grant to Dr. Jerry Spiegel. This CIHR-funded research program is entitled Think, Eat and Grow Green Globally (TEG3), and I designed my research – in collaboration with Dr. Spiegel, my supervisor – to inform its ongoing development, especially an epidemiology study within it focusing on pesticides and health in Ecuadorian banana production. In addition, I contributed to the design and grant proposal for TEG3, especially a project within it employing a modification of Greenhalgh et al.’s (2005) meta-narrative synthesis methodology. Chapter 4 of this dissertation employs this methodology, the development of which drew on discussions between Dr. Spiegel, other TEG3 co-investigators, and me. My remaining committee members also obviously contributed to the design of the research reported on in this dissertation through informal iv discussions and by reviewing and giving feedback on my dissertation proposal. I independently carried out all data collection and analysis myself. Chapter 2 has been published [Brisbois BW (2014) Epidemiology and ‘developing countries’: Writing pesticides, poverty and political engagement in Latin America. Social Studies of Science, 44(4), 600-624. doi:10.1177/0306312714523514]. This journal is published by Sage. I carried out all of the analysis for this paper, and wrote the manuscript myself. Drs. Jerry Spiegel, Leila Harris and Peter Cramer helped me to conceive the methodology for the paper, and provided comments on a draft version prior to its publication (in addition to the journal’s anonymous reviewers). The research reported on in this dissertation was approved by UBC’s Behavioural Research Ethics Board, under Certificate #H11-01427 for the project entitled ‘Pesticides, bananas and health’. v Table of contents Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... ii Preface ..................................................................................................................................... iv Table of contents ...................................................................................................................... vi List of tables ............................................................................................................................ ix List of figures ............................................................................................................................ x List of abbreviations ................................................................................................................ xi Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Global health and political power .......................................................................................... 1 1.2 Discursive dimensions of global health ................................................................................. 5 1.3 Practical challenges in global health .................................................................................... 10 1.4 Case study: Pesticide exposure in Ecuador’s banana-producing El Oro province ............... 11 1.5 Methodology and dissertation structure ............................................................................... 18 1.5.1 Chapter 2: Epidemiology and ‘developing countries’: Writing pesticides, poverty and political engagement in Latin America ........................................................................................ 20 1.5.2 Chapter 3: 'A question of culture': Pesticides and health in the banana capital of the world…… .................................................................................................................................... 22 1.5.3 Chapter 4: Bananas, pesticides and the political ecology of health on Ecuador’s southern coast: A modified meta-narrative approach to targeting research and interventions in global health ................................................................................................................................. 25 1.5.4 Between-chapter material ............................................................................................. 27 1.6 Reflexivity ............................................................................................................................ 27 1.6.1 Student life ................................................................................................................... 28 1.6.2 About the author ........................................................................................................... 30 Chapter 2: Epidemiology and ‘developing countries’: Writing pesticides, poverty and political engagement in Latin America ................................................................................... 37 2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 37 2.2 Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 40 vi 2.2.1 Frame analysis (quantitative sample) ........................................................................... 40 2.2.2 Sensitivity analysis: Disciplinary conventions and writing choices in the mixed sample ………… ...................................................................................................................................... 43 2.3 Results .................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Characiformes, Stevardiinae, Characidae) from the Pacific Coast of Northwestern Ecuador, South America
    Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 38.2 (2015) 241 A new species of Bryconamericus (Characiformes, Stevardiinae, Characidae) from the Pacific coast of northwestern Ecuador, South America C. Román–Valencia, R. I. Ruiz–C., D. C. Taphorn B., P. Jiménez–Prado & C. A. García–Alzate Román–Valencia, C., Ruiz–C., R. I., Taphorn B., D. C., Jiménez–Prado, P. & García–Alzate, C. A., 2015. A new species of Bryconamericus (Characiformes, Stevardiinae, Characidae) from the Pacific coast of northwestern Ecuador, South America. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, 38.2: 241–252, Doi: https://doi.org/10.32800/ abc.2015.38.0241 Abstract A new species of Bryconamericus (Characiformes, Stevardiinae, Characidae) from the Pacific coast of northwes- tern Ecuador, South America.— A new species of Bryconamericus (Characiformes, Characidae, Stevardiinae) is described from the Pacific coast of northwestern Ecuador, South America. The new species is distinguished from all congeners by the presence in males of bony hooks on the caudal fin rays (vs. absence). The different layers of pigment that constitute the humeral spots have differing degrees of development and structure that are independent of each other. Brown melanophores are distributed in a thin, vertical, superficial layer of the epithelium (layer 1) and in another deeper (layer 2) that overlaps the first and is centered over the lateral–line. B. ecuadorensis has a horizontally oval or elliptical shape layer 2 pigment in the anterior humeral spot (vs. a rectangular or circular layer 2). The new species further differs in having an anterior extension of the caudal peduncle spot (vs. no anterior extension of the caudal peduncle spot) and by having a dark lateral stripe overlaid by the peduncular spot and by the regularly distributed pigmentation on scales on the sides of the body (vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Successful Malaria Elimination in the Ecuador–Peru Border Region: Epidemiology and Lessons Learned Lyndsay K
    Krisher et al. Malar J (2016) 15:573 DOI 10.1186/s12936-016-1630-x Malaria Journal CASE STUDY Open Access Successful malaria elimination in the Ecuador–Peru border region: epidemiology and lessons learned Lyndsay K. Krisher1, Jesse Krisher2, Mariano Ambuludi3, Ana Arichabala3, Efrain Beltrán‑Ayala3,4, Patricia Navarrete3, Tania Ordoñez3, Mark E. Polhemus2, Fernando Quintana5, Rosemary Rochford6, Mercy Silva3, Juan Bazo7 and Anna M. Stewart‑Ibarra2* Abstract Background: In recent years, malaria (Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum) has been successfully con‑ trolled in the Ecuador–Peru coastal border region. The aim of this study was to document this control effort and to identify the best practices and lessons learned that are applicable to malaria control and to other vector-borne diseases. A proximal outcome evaluation was conducted of the robust elimination programme in El Oro Province, Ecuador, and the Tumbes Region, Peru. Data collection efforts included a series of workshops with local public health experts who played central roles in the elimination effort, review of epidemiological records from Ministries of Health, and a review of national policy documents. Key programmatic and external factors are identified that determined the success of this eradication effort. Case description: From the mid 1980s until the early 2000s, the region experienced a surge in malaria transmission, which experts attributed to a combination of ineffective anti-malarial treatment, social-ecological factors (e.g., El Niño, increasing rice farming, construction of a reservoir), and political factors (e.g., reduction in resources and changes in management). In response to the malaria crisis, local public health practitioners from El Oro and Tumbes joined together in the mid-1990s to forge an unofficial binational collaboration for malaria control.
    [Show full text]
  • RES1 13.Pdf (3.450Mb)
    PAN AMERICAN HEALTH FIRST MEETING ORGANIZATION 18-22 JUNE 1962 ADVISORY COMMITTEE WASHINGTON, D.C. ON MEDICAL RESEARCH PLAGUE IN THE AMERICAS : /:rmrican Sanitary Bur-a:. iAUG g 8 1962 Ref: RES 1/13 12 JUNE 1962 PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION Pan American Sanitary Bureau, Regional Office of the WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION WASHINGTON, D.C. ,J RES 1/13 PLAGUE IN THE AMERICAS Table of Contents Page 1 Introduction 2 General Remarks 9 Present Status of Plague in Venezuela 19 Present Status of Plague in Ecuador 41 Present Status of Plague in Perú 60 Present Status of Plague in the United States 68 List of Research Needs in Perú, Venezuela and / Ecuador 72 Research Ilan Cutline for Plague Studies in a Peruvian Focus 81 Research Plan Cutline for Plague Studies in Venezuela. RES 1/13 PLAGUE IN THE AMIERICAS ' SECTION A INTRODUCTION Since the birth of the 'en American Health Organiza+ion plague has been an important albeit diminishing problem of the member countries. The initial meeting of the Organization, then knawn as the International Sanitary Bureau, was the First International Senitary Convention held in Whrashington D.C. from 2 to 4 December, 1902. One of +he main concerns of the founders was: "The adoption of measures for tle disposal of garbage and wastes to prevent the spread of bubonic plaeue and o+her diseases". In the years following, the application of classical -methods has driven plasue in+o the endemic foci of today. lhile current control and containmnent neasures have been more or less successfhl, it has become obrious 'hat before further progress can be made against plague it will be necessary to undertake a +horough study of the nature of the disease in its presen+ circumstances.
    [Show full text]
  • El Área Septentrional Andina : Arqueología Y Etnohistoria
    EL ÁREA SEPTENTRIONAL ANDINA Arqueología y etnohistoria EL ÁREA SEPTENTRIONAL ANDINA Arqueología y etnohistoria Sara Rodicio García, Angel Riesco Terrero, J. F Bouchard, Diógenes Patiño, Jean Pierre Tihay , Pierre Usselmann, Mercedes Guinea, José Ramón Iglesias, Andrés Gutiérrez,Nicolas Guillaume-Gentil, Karen Stothert, Amelia Sánchez, César Veintimilla, María del Carmen Molestina, Paulina Terán, John Scott, Jorge Marcos y Bogomil Obelic. Compiladores Mercedes Guinea, Jorge Marcos y J.F. Bouchard Coedición Colección Biblioteca Abya - Yala 59 EL ÁREA SEPTENTRIONAL ANDINA Arqueología y etnohistoria Sara Rodicio García, Angel Riesco Terrero, J. F Bouchard, Diógenes Patiño, Jean Pierre Pierre Usselmann, Mecedes Guines, José Ramón Iglesias, Andrés Gutiérrez,Nicolas Guillaume-Gentil, Karen Stothert, María del Carmen Molestina, Paulina Terán, John Scott y Jorge Marcos. Colección: Biblioteca Abya-Yala No. 59 1a Edición Co-edición 1998 Ediciones Abya-Yala Av. 12 de Octubre 14-30 y Wilson Casilla 17-12-719 Télf: 562-633/506-217/506-251 Fax: (593 2) 506255 e-mail: [email protected] Quito, Ecuador IFEA Contralmirante Montero 141 LIMA 18 Casilla 18-1217 Télef:: 447-60-70 Fax: 511-445-76-50 E-Mail:[email protected] Autoedición: Abya-Yala Editing Quito, Ecuador ISBN: 9978-04-412-4 Impresión Digital: Docutech Impreso en Quito-Ecuador, 1998 INDICE PRESENTACIÓN...................................................................... 7 Sara Rodicio García y Angel Riesco Terrero Minas de Oro “Santa Bárbara” en los Cañaris..................... 9 J.F Bouchard Tumaco-La Tolita: un litoral de intercambio en el período prehispánico.............................................................. 29 Diógenes Patiño Sociedades complejas en Tumaco: Asentamiento, subsistencia e intercambio.............................................................................. 43 Jean Pierre Tihay y Usselmann Pierre Ambientes húmedos de la costa pacífica ecuatorial (Colombia y Ecuador) y uso antrópico: geodinámica y aportes de los sensores remotos.......................................
    [Show full text]
  • Facultad De Ciencias Empresariales Carrera De
    FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS EMPRESARIALES CARRERA DE ADMINISTRACIÓN DE HOTELERÍA Y TURISMO ANÁLISIS DEL POTENCIAL TURÍSTICO DEL CANTÓN CHILLA, PROVINCIA DE EL ORO, ECUADOR LITARDO FIGUEROA ANTONIO FERNANDO LICENCIADO EN ADMINISTRACIÓN DE HOTELERÍA Y TURISMO MACHALA 2020 FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS EMPRESARIALES CARRERA DE ADMINISTRACIÓN DE HOTELERÍA Y TURISMO ANÁLISIS DEL POTENCIAL TURÍSTICO DEL CANTÓN CHILLA, PROVINCIA DE EL ORO, ECUADOR LITARDO FIGUEROA ANTONIO FERNANDO LICENCIADO EN ADMINISTRACIÓN DE HOTELERÍA Y TURISMO MACHALA 2020 FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS EMPRESARIALES CARRERA DE ADMINISTRACIÓN DE HOTELERÍA Y TURISMO EXAMEN COMPLEXIVO ANÁLISIS DEL POTENCIAL TURÍSTICO DEL CANTÓN CHILLA, PROVINCIA DE EL ORO, ECUADOR LITARDO FIGUEROA ANTONIO FERNANDO LICENCIADO EN ADMINISTRACIÓN DE HOTELERÍA Y TURISMO CALLE IÑIGUEZ MELISSA PAULINA MACHALA, 13 DE MARZO DE 2020 MACHALA 13 de marzo de 2020 caso práctico - Titulación por Antonio Fernando Litardo Figueroa Fecha de entrega: 11-feb-2020 01:19p.m. (UTC-0500) Identificador de la entrega: 1255588925 Nombre del archivo: caso_practico_titulacion_ANTONIO_LITARDO.docx (1.82M) Total de palabras: 8479 Total de caracteres: 45798 RESUMEN El cantón Chilla Ubicado en la parte alta de la Provincia El Oro, pertenece a la Cordillera de los Andes y cuenta con recursos turísticos tanto naturales y culturales, el análisis del sistema turístico permitió entender de manera clara el desarrollo de la oferta y la demanda en mencionado cantón; cabe mencionar que el objetivo de esta investigación es identificar el producto potencial
    [Show full text]
  • Ecuador: Private Sector Cooperatives and Integrated Rural Development
    ECUADOR: PRIVATE SECTOR COOPERATIVES AND INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT AID PROJECT IMPACT EVALUATION REPORT NO. 59 Helen Eo Soos, Economist, Team Leader (Bureau for Africa, AID) Clemence J. Weber, Agricultural Economist (Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean, AID) J. Jude Pansini, Anthropologist (Consultant, Beacho/QER Corporation) Silvia Alvarez, Anthropologist (Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral-Espol) C6sar A. Jaramillo L., Nonformal Education Specialist (Instituto Tecnico Equinoctial) U.S. Agency for International Development January 1986 The views and interpretations expressed in this report are those of the authors and should not be attributed to the Agency for International Development. TABLE OF CONTENTS Project Data Sheet...........................................ix Glossary of Abbreviations............................ ,,.......xi Map ........................................................ ..xiii 1. Project Setting ........................................... 1 2. Project Description ......................................2 3. Project Impact: Findings and Analysis ...................2 AID and Cooperative Federations in Ecuador..........3 3.1.1 Credit Unions................................3 -3.1.2 Agricultural Cooperatives ......,.............4 The Improved Rural ~ifeProgram.. ...................5 Agricultural Cooperatives and Integrated Rural Development,.... ..................................6 3.3.1 Improvements in Income and Quality of Life...7 3.3.2 Demand for Multisectoral Services............8 3.3.3 Sequencing of
    [Show full text]
  • Rights-Based Approaches in Ecuador's Fishery for Mangrove
    Rights-based Approaches in Ecuador’s Fishery for Mangrove Cockles Christine M. Beitl, Nikita Gaibor Department of Anthropology, University of Maine, USA Office of Technical & Scientific Sub direction, Instituto Nacional de Pesca, Letamendi y La Ria, Guayaquil, Ecuador Abstract The fishery for ark clams or mangrove cockles (Anadara tuberculosa and A. similis) has been culturally and economically important in communities that depend on mangrove forests throughout the Pacific coast of Latin America since pre-Columbian times. In Ecuador, more than 3 000 artisanal fishermen manually harvest bivalve molluscs of the genus Anadara. However, this fishery has been vulnerable to harvesting pressures and habitat destruction. For almost three decades, researchers and international organizations have increasingly recognized the value of Territorial Use Rights in Fisheries (TURFs) as a tool for achieving marine conservation and socially equitable outcomes in fisheries management. Since 2000, the Ecuadorian government began granting mangrove concessions to local fishing associations to promote mangrove conservation and sustainable use in fisheries. Many of those fishing associations designed management plans for benthic resources (such as cockles and crabs) similar to TURF arrangements in other parts of the world. This paper explores how these institutional arrangements contribute to the goals of sustainability with particular attention to challenges and tradeoffs. The mangrove concessions have created conditions that promote habitat health necessary for fishery productivity while strengthening resource rights, enabling communities to pursue sustainable fishing-based livelihoods for present and future generations. On the other hand, the creation of exclusive access rights for particular user groups has also exacerbated tensions among independent cockle gatherers that feel they are increasingly losing access to their customary fishing grounds.
    [Show full text]
  • ECUADOR LOCAL BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (PRODEL) Cooperative Agreement #518-A-00-08-00002-00
    ECUADOR LOCAL BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (PRODEL) Cooperative Agreement #518-A-00-08-00002-00 st Fiscal Year 2010 1 Quarter Progress Report January 31, 2010 Submitted by: Submitted to: Sarah Mattingly, Hugo Ramos, USAID/Ecuador FIELD-Support LWA, AED Steve Beard, Program Manager, ACDI/VOCA DISCLAIMER The authors views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. ACRONYM LIST AACRI Río Intag Small Coffee Producer’s Association AAPPSME Agro-artisan Association of Producers of Dry Medicinal Plants of Ecuador AED Academy for Educational Development ANECAFÉ National Association of Coffee Exporters APECAEL Specialty Coffee Association of Loja APECAM Specialty Coffee Association of Small Growers of Marcabeli-Balsas APECAP Association of Ecological Producers of Palanda - Chinchipe APEOSAE Organic Farming Exporter’s Association APEOSAE Small Organic Farming Exporter’s Association APROCA Atacames Cacao Producers Association APROCAM Association of Cocoa Producers of Muisne APROCASH Shushufindi Cacao Producers Association ASOGUABO Association of Small Banana Producers of Guabo BCS Bio Control Systems BCS ÖKO Bio Control Systems Garantie C&D Conservation & Development CABP Certification of Agricultural Best Practices CAF Andean Development Corporation CEDEIN Indigenous Development Center CFN National Financial Corporation CONFITECA Ecuadorian Candy Company CORPEI The Ecuadorian Export and Investments Corporation DCA Development Credit
    [Show full text]
  • “I Was Working!” Women Smugglers on Ecuador's Borders
    “I was working!” Women Smugglers on Ecuador’s Borders CLAUDIA VERONICA DONOSO* Abstract: Intersectional inequalities supported by systems of oppression based on gender, class, race and geographical location led women to become smugglers in Ecuador’s border provinces of Carchi and El Oro. These systems have fostered unequal access to paid work. Customs control, police and military subsumed under national security further aggravate women’s access to an income. In 2011, the Ecuadorian government launched the Comprehensive Security Plan to complement its militarized response to security threats, like smuggling. Although this initiative incorporated a human security discourse, it did not recognize the diversity of women's experiences of inequality. Drawing on Black feminism’s idea of intersectionality, matrix of domination and feminist critiques of national security, the concept of “feminist critical human security” is advanced. Women smugglers are characterized as criminals by the discourse of border security authorities. However, smuggling has become an alternative to the lack of job opportunities in the border region. Key words: Border; Ecuador; intersectionality; smuggling; women; work. Resumen: Desigualdades interseccionales apoyadas por sistemas de opresión basados en género, clase, raza y ubicación geográfica motivaron a mujeres que viven en las provincias fronterizas de Carchi y El Oro en Ecuador a convertirse en contrabandistas. Estos sistemas han fomentado el acceso desigual al trabajo remunerado. El control aduanero, la policía y los militares motivados por la seguridad nacional agravan aún más el acceso de las mujeres a un ingreso. En el 2011, el gobierno ecuatoriano lanzó el Plan de Seguridad Integral para complementar su respuesta militarizada a las amenazas de seguridad, como el contrabando.
    [Show full text]
  • Closure of Artisanal Small Scale Gold Mining Processing Plants in Ecuador
    Journal of Management and Sustainability; Vol. 5, No. 2; 2015 ISSN 1925-4725 E-ISSN 1925-4733 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Closure of Artisanal Small Scale Gold Mining Processing Plants in Ecuador Brandon Nichols1, Marcello Veiga1, Dirk van Zyl1 & Andre Moura Xavier1 1 Norman B. Keevil Institute of Mining Engineering, University of British Columbia, Canada Correspondence: Andre Moura Xavier, Norman B. Keevil Institute of Mining Engineering, University of British Columbia, Canada. E-mail: [email protected] Received: February 11, 2015 Accepted: March 3, 2015 Online Published: May 31, 2015 doi:10.5539/jms.v5n2p41 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jms.v5n2p41 Abstract Political tension over the discharge of artisanal mine tailings into the Puyango-Tumbes River in Ecuador, which flows into northern Peru, has prompted the closure of the responsible artisanal small gold processing plants and the construction of central processing and communal tailings facility. A coordinated effort on behalf of the federal government, miners, and the local community to develop and fund the project and bring it to completion is underway with the goal of eliminating riverine tailings disposal in the area and reclaiming the current artisanal gold processing plants. The authors propose that any approach to closure planning of ASGM must be: (1) economic and feasible to the community and miners, (2) reasonable for individuals in the community to implement on their own, and (3) expedient, as the process may not follow conventional closure techniques but instead be adapted to function within the ASGM context. The goal of this paper is to reflect on the closure process developed for the artisanal gold processing plants, their dismantlement and reclamation.
    [Show full text]
  • Croat T. B. & J. R. D. Salvador, 1995, Contributions to the Araceae Flora
    46 AROIDEANA, Vol. 18 Contributions to the Araceae Flora in Northwestern Pichincha Province,Ecuador Part 1: Anthurlum of ENDESA Reserve Thomas B. Croat Missouri Botanical Garden P.O. Box 299 St. Louis, Missouri 63166-0299, USA Jimena Rodriguez de Salvador Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Ecuador Quito, Ecuador All drawings are by IiUgo Salvador ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION This is the first in a planned series of local The ENDESA reserve is a biological pre­ florulas leading to the complete revision of serve located on the lower slopes ofVolcan the Araceae for Ecuador. The ENDESA re­ Pichincha in the northwestern part of the serve, operated by the Universidad Catolica Province of Pichincha at 0003'N, 79°07'W. is located in central Ecuador in an area of It was established in 1981 by the Corpor­ Premontane rain forest. The flora, now ation (Enchapes Decorativos, S.A.), a sub­ known to have 76 species of Araceae is still sidiary of the Corporacion Forestal Juan poorly known except for Anthurium, the Manuel Durini, in conjunction with the subject of this revision. Thirty-two species Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Ecuador of Anthurium are treated. Ten new species for the purpose of conducting investiga­ and one new variety are described. New tions on the flora and fauna of the region taxa are Anthurium balslevii Croat &J. Rod­ Qaramillo & Jorgensen, 1989). riguez, A. cabuyalense Croat & J. Rodri­ It is located between 650 and 800 m in guez, A. cupulispathum Croat & J. Rodri­ a region of Premontane rain forest (Hold­ guez, A. hebetatilaminum Croat &J. Rod­ ridge Life Zone System) south of km 113 riguez, A.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrated Assessment of Trade Liberalization and Trade-Related Policies
    Integrated Assessment of Trade Liberalization and Trade-Related Policies A Country Study on the Banana Sector in Ecuador New York and Geneva, 2002 NOTE The views and interpretation reflected in this document are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect an expression of opinion on the part on the United Nations Environment Programme. UNEP/ETB/2002/5 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION ISBN 92-807-2218-2 ISSN 1683-8157 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Project Overview The international trade in bananas is one of the most important economic activities for Ecuador, and is very significant in terms of labour and use of natural resources. Given that bananas have become one of the most controversial commodities within the multilateral trade system in recent years, Ecuadorian policy making and current and future negotiations must focus on achieving better conditions for the Ecuadorian people. To do so, policy measures must promote sustainable development in the banana industry, inform negotia- tors, increase transparency, achieve joint positions and generate national capacity in other sectors such as government, academia, and the private sector. To direct policy making and to conduct current and future negotiations with the goal of sustainable development, the relationship between international trade and sustainable development must be established. Without determination of the effects of trade liberaliza- tion, the possibility of convincing policy makers to adopt measures that might signify a sacrifice in terms of income and in this case, market share, is remote. To distinguish the effects of trade liberalization from the effects of economic growth is difficult. However, this assessment attempts to define the effects of trade liberalization as derived from structural adjustment policies in Ecuador from 1980 to 1999, as well as the effects of the application of international trade policies for the same period.
    [Show full text]