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El Área Septentrional Andina : Arqueología Y Etnohistoria

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El Área Septentrional Andina : Arqueología Y Etnohistoria EL ÁREA SEPTENTRIONAL ANDINA Arqueología y etnohistoria EL ÁREA SEPTENTRIONAL ANDINA Arqueología y etnohistoria Sara Rodicio García, Angel Riesco Terrero, J. F Bouchard, Diógenes Patiño, Jean Pierre Tihay , Pierre Usselmann, Mercedes Guinea, José Ramón Iglesias, Andrés Gutiérrez,Nicolas Guillaume-Gentil, Karen Stothert, Amelia Sánchez, César Veintimilla, María del Carmen Molestina, Paulina Terán, John Scott, Jorge Marcos y Bogomil Obelic. Compiladores Mercedes Guinea, Jorge Marcos y J.F. Bouchard Coedición Colección Biblioteca Abya - Yala 59 EL ÁREA SEPTENTRIONAL ANDINA Arqueología y etnohistoria Sara Rodicio García, Angel Riesco Terrero, J. F Bouchard, Diógenes Patiño, Jean Pierre Pierre Usselmann, Mecedes Guines, José Ramón Iglesias, Andrés Gutiérrez,Nicolas Guillaume-Gentil, Karen Stothert, María del Carmen Molestina, Paulina Terán, John Scott y Jorge Marcos. Colección: Biblioteca Abya-Yala No. 59 1a Edición Co-edición 1998 Ediciones Abya-Yala Av. 12 de Octubre 14-30 y Wilson Casilla 17-12-719 Télf: 562-633/506-217/506-251 Fax: (593 2) 506255 e-mail: [email protected] Quito, Ecuador IFEA Contralmirante Montero 141 LIMA 18 Casilla 18-1217 Télef:: 447-60-70 Fax: 511-445-76-50 E-Mail:[email protected] Autoedición: Abya-Yala Editing Quito, Ecuador ISBN: 9978-04-412-4 Impresión Digital: Docutech Impreso en Quito-Ecuador, 1998 INDICE PRESENTACIÓN...................................................................... 7 Sara Rodicio García y Angel Riesco Terrero Minas de Oro “Santa Bárbara” en los Cañaris..................... 9 J.F Bouchard Tumaco-La Tolita: un litoral de intercambio en el período prehispánico.............................................................. 29 Diógenes Patiño Sociedades complejas en Tumaco: Asentamiento, subsistencia e intercambio.............................................................................. 43 Jean Pierre Tihay y Usselmann Pierre Ambientes húmedos de la costa pacífica ecuatorial (Colombia y Ecuador) y uso antrópico: geodinámica y aportes de los sensores remotos........................................ 67 Mercedes Guinea La Metalurgia del cobre en la costa norte del Ecuador durante el período de integración.................. 83 José Ramón Iglesias y Andrés Gutiérrez Evidencias Líticas de los procesos de apropiación y procesamiento en la actividad de subsistencia de la cultura Atacames, Esmeraldas, Ecuador..................... 111 Nicolas Guillaume-Gentil Patrones de asentamiento en el piemonte andino, en la Alta Cuenca del Río Guayas:Proyecto La Cadena-Quevedo-La Maná, Ecuador............................... 157 Karen E. Stothert, Amelia Sánchez y César Veintimilla Intercambio y Producción de Cerámica durante el período Guangala Temprano en la Cordillera Colonche-Chongón, Ecuador..................... 207 María del Carmen Molestina Trasferencias ideológicas en la sierra norte (Ecuador)........ 235 Dra. Paulina Terán G. El mercado prehispánico y la sobreposición ideológica del siglo XVI, en el Valle de Quito........................ 257 John F. Scott El estilo Chorrera y su influencia en los Andes septentrionales............................................................ 277 Jorge. G. Marcos A Reassessment of the Chronology of the Ecuadorian Formative............................................................ 395 Jorge Marcos y Bogomil Obelic 14C and TL chronology for the Ecuadorian formative....... 347 PRESENTACIÓN En este volumen se recogen la mayor parte de las ponencias que fue- ron presentadas en el Simposio El Área Ecuatorial Andina: Regionaliza- ción, Periodización e Intercambio, que tuvo lugar dentro del 49 Congreso Internacional de Americanistas, del 7-9 de Julio de 1997, en la ciudad de Quito. El objetivo prioritario de la reunión fue la de brindar un marco pa- ra la difusión y común discusión de las últimas investigaciones realizadas en el área, con el fin de avanzar en la definición de las características que la individualizan dentro de la Macroárea Andina. La biodiversidad del Área Ecuatorial Andina generó formas preco- ces de organización social, diferentes adaptaciones medio ambientales y varias redes de intercanbio entre distintas regiones y con otras sociedades de Andinoamérica y Mesoamérica. En consecuencia, las ponencias que si- guen, presentan una gran variedad temática, que puede afectar, en cierta medida a la coherencia del presente volumen, pero que ofrece a cambio la ventaja de mostrar una visión de conjunto de las actuaciones que se están llevando a cabo con toda su complejidad, poniendo de manifiesto las difi- cultades de cumplir el objetivo propuesto, las zonas en blanco y los temas olvidados, e invitando a la reflexión a cerca de las necesidades a cubrir en futuras investigaciones. De los dos grandes apartados, Arqueología y Etnohistoria, este últi- mo ha quedado en esta ocasión en franca minoría. Solo una ponencia aborda el conocimento de las sociedades ecuatorianas andinas a partir de la documentación hispánica: un detallado estudio de la mineria Cañari (Rodicio-Riesco). El resto quedan dentro del campo de la Arqueología, pri- mando los temas sobre patrones de asentamiento y distintos aspectos eco- nómicos y de explotación territorial de las diferentes culturas, seguidos por los temas cronológicos e ideológicos. Respecto a la localización geográfica de los trabajos presentados, un rápido vistazo al índice, nos muestra que la Costa Norte es el área que más atención recibe, seguida del Guayas y la Sierra Norte. Sobre la cultura La Tolita-Tumaco, en este orden para (Bouchard) y Tumaco-Tolita para (Pa- 8 / Varios Autores tiño) los autores citados nos hablan preferentemente de su sistema de in- tercambio, el primero, y el segundo de los mecanismos empleados por es- ta sociedad compleja para subsistir en un ambiente tan difícil. Las técnicas de teledetección (Thihay-Usselmann) ayudan a la identificación de cómo estos grupos resolvían sus problemas adaptativos. Más al sur mi aporta- ción (Guinea) continua en la línea de anteriores Congresos de Americanis- tas de dar a conocer los materiales recuperados en las excavaciones de Ata- cames, en este caso los metales, los objetos implicados en su elaboración y su papel en el comercio costero. (Iglesias-Gutierrez) extraen del material lí- tico la información sobre diferentes actividades de subsistencia en el mis- mo poblado. Los investigadores del Proyecto La Cadena-Quevedo-La Maná pre- sentan patrones de asentamiento (Guillaume-Gentil) de esta zona del pie- demonte andino al norte del río Guayas. Al suroeste, en la cordillera Chongo-Colonche, la ponencia de (Stothert, Sánchez y Veintimilla), nos informa sobre datos económicos y patrón de asentamiento en la cultura Guangala. En la Sierra Norte, el análisis de los ajuares funerarios, en un ca- so (Molestina) y el espacial, en otro (Terán) llevan a sus autoras por el in- trincado camino de las trasferencias y superposiciones ideológicas. Solo dos de los autores se han animado con temas más globales. El horizonte estilístico del Formativo Tardio (Scott), los problemas cronoló- gicos del Formativo Temprano (Marcos). Finalmente, junto con los otros dos coordinadores del simposio quiero agradecer la confianza y colaboración de todos los participantes y espero que el lector, tanto el que busque un dato preciso como el que quie- ra documentarse en general sobre el Área encuentre el texto de utilidad. No desearía terminar sin destacar muy especialmente la insustituible y re- conocida ayuda de María del Carmen Molestina en la edición de este vo- lumen Mercedes Guinea MINAS DE ORO “SANTA BÁRBARA” EN LOS CAÑARIS Sara Rodicio García Angel Riesco Terrero Universidad Complutense de Madrid RESUMEN La documentación que presentamos, existente en el Archivo Gene- ral de Indias, sobre las minas de oro de Santa Bárbara, interesa, tanto pa- ra documentar su temprano establecimiento (anterior a 1545) y gran ren- dimiento (más de 34,000 pesos de oro en ese año), cuanto para esclarecer algunos datos sobre el gobierno de Gonzalo Pizarro por aquel tiempo. Hay documentos de un siglo después referentes al mismo río Santa Bárbara (hoy Gualaceo) que nos ponen en contacto con el territorio Cañari. 10 / Varios Autores INTRODUCCIÓN El rasgo que al estudiar la cultura de los Cañaris todos sus investi- gadores destacan, es la abundancia del oro utilizado como material o co- mo ornamentación en los objetos que de ella nos han llegado: coronas o tiaras, pendientes, lentejuelas y adornos diversos, jarras, hachas incluso, cascos o capacetes para cubrir la cabeza, petos sobre el pecho, bastones y aun lanzadardos con incrustaciones o revestimiento de oro. Se ha ponde- rado sus técnicas metalúrgicas de laminado, soldadura y juntura de oro y plata; en cuanto al peso en oro de los tesoros auríferos recobrados en tum- bas del área cañari decía Max Uhle: ”Algunas contenían muy poco, pero de otras se habían sacado cantidades inmensas. Una tumba de Sigsig contenía cuarenta y cuatro libras y otra, más de dos quintales. De una tumba de Ucur se recogieron más de cuatrocientas libras de metal precioso; y se ha- bla de otras en las cuales se encontraron centenares de libras de oro”1. Entre esas otras aludidas en último lugar hay que destacar las tum- bas exploradas en la colina de Chordeleg, donde González Suárez, precisa- mente por la riqueza y notable número de tumbas supone que “hubo un templo y las sepulturas de los régulos de toda una comarca estaban alrede- dor del santuario”2. Y el mismo gran historiador del Ecuador en su “Atlas” nos da una descripción geográfica detallada según la cual Chordeleg está
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